Gels最新文献

{"title":"Confined Mg²⁺-Directed Interfacial Evolution of Primary Structural Units of Mg-MOF-74 on Platelet Clinoptilolite for CO₂/CH₄, CH₄/N₂, and CO₂/N₂ Separations.","authors":"Nan Sun, Tiejun Ma, Shengquan Liu, Tallat Munir, Bang Xu, Jihong Sun","doi":"10.3390/gels12100902","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controlling MOF nucleation on zeolite surfaces remains challenging when metal ions are freely supplied in solution, often resulting in poorly regulated interfaces. Herein, Mg²⁺-exchanged platelet clinoptilolite (Mg-PCP) was used as a confined metal source to direct the in situ growth of Mg-MOF-74-related sol-gel species (primary structural units, abbreviated as PSUs) without adding external Mg²⁺ salts. Using 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (DHTA) as a ligand, the structure features of the prepared PSU@Mg-PCPs revealed the progressive evolution of the disordered Mg-DHTA coordination species into locally ordered, unsaturated Mg-MOF-74-related interfacial subunits, accompanied by gradual interfacial roughening and coordination ordering. The evolving interfaces regulated the adsorption and separation behaviors of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂. At 298 K, PSU@Mg-PCP-10 exhibited apparent CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ separation factors of 24.23 and 15.01, respectively, higher than those of Mg-PCP (7.83 and 9.01). Meanwhile, PSU@Mg-PCP-180 achieved the highest CO₂ uptake of 1.60 mmol g^-1 at 273 K. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the separation behaviors originated from the combined effects of micropore blockage and preferential CO₂ adsorption at Mg²⁺ sites and newly formed interfacial regions. This confined-metal-source strategy provides a metal-efficient route for tailoring zeolite-MOF interfaces and tuning gas-separation performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress of Polyacrylamide Gels for Oilfield Applications: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ruiqiang Dong, Guanyu Chen, Daoyong Li, Xinyue Cui, Qianbing Lin, Xingyao Gao, Shiyu Zhang, Lianghui Guo, Fei He","doi":"10.3390/gels12100903","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the middle-to-late stage of reservoir development, widespread high-permeability channeling exacerbates ineffective water circulation and impairs crude oil recovery. This work explores polyacrylamide (PAM) gels intended for oilfield profile control and water shut-off. It comprehensively compares gelation behaviors and performance metrics of diverse cross-linking and modification strategies, and pinpoints critical unresolved research gaps. Four representative PAM-gel systems are analyzed in detail, including organic-crosslinked, metal-crosslinked, nano-composite-modified, and delayed-crosslinker formulations. The results show that polyethyleneimine (PEI) cross-linked gels achieve a storage modulus of 780 kPa at 110 °C, which is superior to the conventional hydroquinone-hexamethylenetetramine (HQ-HMTA) system. Metal-crosslinked gels are prone to syneresis and structural instability above 70 °C. Nanocomposite modification significantly enhances gel comprehensive properties: nano-silica improves thermal resistance to 155.5 °C; modified nano-graphite doubles storage modulus (G'), shortens gelation time by half, and maintains 76.5% of initial modulus after 60-day aging at 130 °C; TOCN-reinforced gels preserve structural integrity under high-salinity environments at 140 °C for 108 h. Delayed-release cross-linkers can extend gelation time up to 17 days to meet the demands of deep in situ profile control. Furthermore, the emerging data-driven paradigm of artificial-intelligence-assisted gel optimization is also reviewed, together with its current limitations. Future research priorities cover intelligent responsive gel materials, environmentally benign cross-linkers, and unified evaluation specifications for heterogeneous reservoirs. This paper reviews over 100 core publications from 2000 to 2026 based on the Web of Science and Engineering Village databases. Different from existing studies, this work emphasizes the molecular crosslinker mechanisms, nanomodification reinforcement, and field performance variations of PAM gel systems, and concludes the major technical bottlenecks for their application in harsh reservoirs. Meanwhile, it quantitatively compares the performance of modified PAM gel formulations and clarifies the applicable temperature ranges of different crosslinker schemes, providing technical references for the development of PAM plugging agents for complex oil reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNN Surrogate-Assisted Multi-Objective Optimization for Inverse Process Design of SBS-Modified Asphalt Gels.","authors":"Zongyuan Wu, Xiaoyu Ma, Jiaming Yang, Mengxin Qiu, Yang Sun, Decai Wang","doi":"10.3390/gels12100901","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt is a typical physical polymer gel whose macroscopic performance is governed by the coupled effects of processing parameters, material composition, and microstructural characteristics. While machine learning has enabled accurate forward prediction of gel properties, a systematic method to inversely determine optimal processing conditions from desired performance targets remains lacking. This study proposes a surrogate-assisted multi-objective optimization framework that bridges forward prediction and inverse design for SBS-modified asphalt gels. A single multi-output deep neural network (DNN) surrogate was trained to predict penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity at 135 °C. After correcting the data-splitting procedure, the independent test-set R² values ranged from approximately 0.981 to 0.994 across the four outputs. NSGA-II was then used to identify scenario-specific Pareto-optimal processing conditions. Three representative Pareto solutions, including the balanced, high-softening-point, and high-ductility solutions, were experimentally validated. Across the 12 prediction-measurement comparisons, the relative deviations ranged from approximately 0.86% to 2.62%. The framework provides a bounded-domain approach for converting forward property prediction into experimentally testable processing recommendations for SBS-modified asphalt gels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spunlace Cotton Nonwoven-Reinforced Sodium Alginate/Bamboo Charcoal Photothermal Hydrogel Evaporator for Solar-Driven Water Purification.","authors":"Haifeng Zhang, Guangfu Chen, Hao He, Xia Zhu, Tonggang Liu","doi":"10.3390/gels12100899","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solar-driven interfacial evaporation offers a low-energy and sustainable route for seawater desalination and the purification of complex water matrices. However, freestanding hydrogel evaporators often suffer from insufficient mechanical robustness and interfacial salt accumulation under high-salinity conditions. Herein, a spunlace cotton nonwoven/sodium alginate/bamboo charcoal (SC/SA/BC) composite interfacial evaporator was fabricated through a facile impregnation-ionic crosslinking strategy, using a spunlace cotton nonwoven (SC) as the reinforcing scaffold, sodium alginate (SA) as the hydrophilic hydrogel matrix, and bamboo charcoal powder (BC) as the photothermal component. The Ca²⁺-crosslinked SA network immobilized the bamboo charcoal particles and formed continuous hydrated mass-transport pathways, while the spunlace fibrous network provided capillary water-supply channels and robust mechanical support. Consequently, SC/SA/BC exhibited substantially improved mechanical performance compared with the freestanding SA/BC hydrogel. Under 1 sun irradiation using a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, SC/SA/BC achieved an evaporation rate of approximately 1.80 kg m^-2 h^-1 and maintained stable performance during 8 h of continuous operation. The evaporation-condensation process markedly reduced the concentrations of major ions in natural seawater and effectively retained nonvolatile dyes. Through the synergistic integration of a spunlace fibrous scaffold, a hydrated hydrogel network, and a bamboo-charcoal-based photothermal component, the proposed evaporator simultaneously achieved mechanical reinforcement, sustained water supply, efficient photothermal conversion, and salt-tolerant operation. This work provides a promising strategy for constructing structurally stable and readily fabricated solar interfacial evaporation materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Polyimide Modified Polymethylsilsesquioxane Aerogels for Thermal Insulation.","authors":"Ziqi Zhu, Junyong Chen, Defang Pan, Guanghui Wu","doi":"10.3390/gels12100898","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inherent brittleness of silica aerogels severely limits their practical application in thermal protection. To address this issue, polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) wet gels were fabricated via an aqueous sol-gel method, and polyimide (PI) was introduced through in situ polymerization to construct an inorganic-organic continuous framework with PI in situ bridging and interfacial coating, thus successfully preparing the Si/PI composite aerogel. This composite achieves synergistic enhancements in mechanical, thermal insulation, hydrophobic and flame-retardant properties. The flexible PI network effectively alleviates stress concentration, and the compressive modulus of the composite aerogels increased with the PI content, reaching 7.52 MPa for Si/PI-80 and 23.78 MPa for Si/PI-100. The thermal conductivity stays below 0.036 W·m^-1·K^-1 with favorable low thermal conduction stability. The Si-CH₃ groups in PMSQ provide excellent hydrophobicity with a maximum water contact angle of 145.6°. Meanwhile, the char-forming effect of PI at high temperatures counteracts the negative impact of methyl groups on flame retardancy, endowing the aerogel with self-extinguishing behavior and high thermal stability. This work offers a novel strategy for designing high-strength multifunctional silica-based aerogels, which exhibit promising application prospects in aerospace, building energy conservation and high-end thermal protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-SiO₂/Polymer Composite Gel Fluid-Loss Reducer for High-Temperature, Salt-Resistant Water-Based Drilling Fluids: Performance and Mechanism.","authors":"Luman Liu, Jingping Liu, Yuan Geng, Ren Wang, Beiqiao Meng, Shifeng Gao, He Li, Zhe Xu, Yi An, Yuanwei Sun","doi":"10.3390/gels12100895","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymeric gel fluid-loss reducers for water-based drilling fluids often undergo performance deterioration under combined high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. In this study, an organic-inorganic nanocomposite gel fluid-loss reducer, SiO₂@P-DAS, was synthesized through aqueous free-radical polymerization using N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium styrene sulfonate, and KH-570-modified nano-SiO₂. The corresponding polymer gel without nano-SiO₂, P-DAS, was used as the control. FTIR results were consistent with the presence of modified nano-SiO₂ in the composite gel. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that its initial decomposition temperature increased from 245 °C for P-DAS to 252 °C for SiO₂@P-DAS. At a concentration of 3.0 wt%, the post-aging API filtrate volume of SiO₂@P-DAS was 3.8 mL, compared with 4.8 mL for P-DAS after aging at 220 °C for 16 h. Under HTHP conditions of 220 °C and 3.5 MPa, the corresponding filtrate volumes were 33.33 and 49.67 mL, respectively. SiO₂@P-DAS also maintained lower fluid loss under NaCl and CaCl₂ contamination. At 5 wt% CaCl₂, its post-aging API filtrate volume was 6.8 mL, 58.0% lower than that of P-DAS. In weighted drilling fluids with densities of 1.4-2.0 g/cm³, the post-aging API and HTHP filtrate volumes remained within 2.4-3.2 and 24.6-26.2 mL, respectively. Zeta-potential, particle-size, and filter-cake observations suggest that polymer adsorption and hydration, together with the contribution of modified nano-SiO₂ to particle packing and filter-cake continuity, improve filtration control. These results demonstrate the potential of SiO₂@P-DAS as a nanocomposite gel fluid-loss reducer for high-temperature and salt-contaminated water-based drilling fluids.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Biomarker to Trigger: Biological Calibration of Stimuli-Responsive Gels Toward Precision Periodontal Therapy.","authors":"Lovre Martinović, Roko Šantić, Ena Kuliš, Dinko Martinović, Laura Jurina Kumrić, Marko Kumrić, Joško Božić","doi":"10.3390/gels12100897","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endogenous stimuli-responsive gels are designed to alter drug release or matrix behavior in periodontal sites, but their responsiveness is often demonstrated under conditions that may not represent the biological compartment encountered after placement. This comprehensive review examined whether proposed periodontal triggers have been biologically calibrated. Targeted searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, publisher websites, and backward and forward citations identified human studies measuring periodontal pH, proteases, redox conditions, oxygen tension, microbial metabolites, and glucose, together with gel studies using the same cues. Human pH measurements ranged from mildly acidic to alkaline and did not support a universal activation window. Protease-responsive systems had the strongest mechanistic rationale, although recombinant-enzyme testing was not equivalent to native-fluid cleavage. Hydrogen peroxide-responsive gels were generally evaluated under challenge conditions above the limited direct gingival crevicular fluid evidence and without physiological antioxidant buffering. Oxygen-generating systems did not directly sense local oxygen tension. Some glucose challenges overlapped reported human GCF measurements, but calibration to defined periodontal sites and treatment conditions remained unverified. Across trigger classes, preclinical efficacy seldom isolated responsiveness from payload and carrier effects. Future studies should use compartment- and treatment-matched measurements, realistic input-output testing under flow and buffering, patient-derived fluids, and controls that isolate cue-dependent material behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Five-Decade Perspective on the Evolution of Gelatin and Collagen Technologies and Materials Used in Medical Devices.","authors":"Aubrey Woodroof, Gail Naughton, Michelle Montgomery","doi":"10.3390/gels12100896","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collagen and gelatin have been incorporated into medical devices for more than five decades because they combine biological familiarity with practical material versatility. This narrative historical perspective examines how these materials progressed from hemostatic agents, wound coverings, and collagen-stabilized devices toward more deliberately engineered wound-contacting matrices and regenerative biomaterials. The discussion integrates selected peer-reviewed literature with first-hand historical knowledge from authors involved in the development of several technologies. The first part summarizes the material basis for collagen and gelatin use, including their structural differences, biocompatibility, biodegradability, cell interactions, absorbency, processability, and emerging recombinant or animal-free platforms. The second part summarizes selected clinical developments, beginning with collagen fixation chemistry for tissue heart valves and then examining Biobrane, TransCyte, AWBAT, and PermeaDerm as examples of evolving temporary skin-substitute design. Across these technologies, device performance depended not only on the biological material but also on adherence, fluid transport, porosity, transparency, manufacturability, and clinical handling. The available evidence is heterogeneous and includes preclinical studies, clinical comparisons, and first-hand development reports. Future progress will require better material characterization, independent and adequately powered clinical studies, and designs that balance biological function with manufacturability, cost, regulatory clarity, and ease of use.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Photocrosslinked Methacrylated Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Incorporating Hesperidin-Loaded Liposomes for Wound Dressing Applications.","authors":"Di Wang, Jiahua Li, Yongxia Wang, Zhiyuan Bao, Wanfu Yue","doi":"10.3390/gels12100894","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hesperidin (HES) is a natural flavonoid with antioxidant activity; however, its poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability limit its biomedical applications. In this study, HES-loaded liposomes (HES-LPs) were prepared by thin-film hydration and incorporated into a methacrylated silk fibroin (SilMA) hydrogel to construct a photocrosslinked composite hydrogel for potential wound dressing applications. Successful methacrylation of SilMA was confirmed by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy. HES-LPs exhibited a mean particle size of 87.13 ± 0.84 nm, a zeta potential of -3.80 ± 0.49 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 72.48%, and a drug loading of 4.62%. The composite hydrogel exhibited good antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. It also exhibited sustained HES release, good cytocompatibility, and enhanced L929 fibroblast migration. Overall, the composite hydrogel represents a candidate wound-dressing platform supported by preliminary in vitro evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of PANI- and PEDOT:PSS-Incorporated GelMA Hydrogels for Neuronal Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Cells.","authors":"Gayeon Pyo, Ha Som Yu, Yeontae Kang, Hansol Lee, Hyun Jong Lee","doi":"10.3390/gels12100892","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels12100892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conductive hydrogels are widely pursued for neural tissue engineering, but the conventional route of polymerizing conductive monomers in situ requires toxic monomers or organic solvents and is incompatible with cell encapsulation. Here, conductive hydrogels were prepared in a single step by dispersing pre-polymerized polyaniline (PANI) particles or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanoparticles into a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) precursor and photocrosslinking, giving a simpler, cell-friendly route from an injectable precursor; the two polymers were compared directly within a single platform. PEDOT:PSS was uniformly integrated, whereas PANI progressively aggregated, and these differences in dispersibility were reflected in the microstructure, mechanical properties, and swelling behavior of the hydrogels. Both polymers increased the electrical conductance of the hydrogels; the increase was statistically significant for PANI but small in magnitude, and the cellular outcomes diverged in the opposite direction. Over 7 days, the PEDOT:PSS 0.2% group supported SH-SY5Y metabolic activity comparable to GelMA, whereas PANI reduced it. After neuronal induction, neurite outgrowth appeared most extensive in the PEDOT:PSS 0.2% hydrogels, with co-detection of βIII-tubulin, MAP2, and synaptophysin. Cells could also be encapsulated within the precursor and photocrosslinked in situ, remaining viable in all groups, demonstrating that the one-step route is compatible with three-dimensional cell-laden constructs. Because the conductance differences were small and ran opposite to the biological outcome, these findings indicate that the performance of GelMA-based conductive hydrogels is associated with polymer dispersibility, surface chemistry, and mechanical properties rather than with bulk conductance, and point to dispersion stability rather than intrinsic conductivity as the primary design variable at cell-compatible loadings, with GelMA/PEDOT:PSS as a candidate platform for neural tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}