Gels最新文献

{"title":"Advances in Gel-Based Electrolyte-Gated Flexible Visual Synapses for Neuromorphic Vision Systems.","authors":"Wanqi Duan, Yanyan Gong, Jinghai Li, Xichen Song, Zongying Wang, Qiaoming Zhang, Yuebin Xi","doi":"10.3390/gels12040346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flexible electrolyte-gated synaptic field-effect transistors (EGFETs) have emerged as a promising platform for neuromorphic visual systems, owing to their low-voltage operation, diverse synaptic plasticity, and exceptional mechanical flexibility. In particular, gel-based electrolytes, including hydrogels and ion gels, play a pivotal role as functional gate dielectrics, enabling efficient ion transport and strong ion-electron coupling through electric double-layer (EDL) formation. By leveraging these unique properties at the semiconductor/gel interface, EGFETs can effectively emulate essential biological synaptic behaviors, including short-term and long-term plasticity under optical stimulation. The inherent compatibility of EGFETs with a broad range of semiconductor channels, gel electrolytes, and flexible substrates enables the development of wearable and conformable neuromorphic platforms that seamlessly integrate sensing, memory, and signal processing within a single device architecture. Recent advances in gel material engineering, such as polymer network design, ionic modulation, and nanofiller incorporation, have significantly improved ion transport dynamics, interfacial stability, and device performance. Despite remaining challenges related to ion migration stability, multi-physical field coupling, and large-area device uniformity, these developments have substantially advanced the practical potential of gel-based systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the operating mechanisms, gel-based material systems, synaptic functionalities, mechanical reliability, and future prospects of flexible electrolyte-gated visual synapses, highlighting their considerable potential for next-generation intelligent perception and artificial vision technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13115916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multifunctional Shape-Adaptive Bilayer Hydrogel for Acute Hemostasis, Wound Repair, and Insect Bite Defense.","authors":"Rongyan He, Wenhui Yan, Qiuyu Cao, Chun Zhang, Yuxiu Ye, Yao Chen, Shaoxian Wu, Fei Han, Sulan Luo","doi":"10.3390/gels12040347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fieldwork carries a high risk of irregular, non-compressible traumatic wounds, which often initiate a vicious cycle of \"traumatic bleeding-insect bite-secondary infection\". Conventional dressings cannot combine rapid hemostasis with physical protection against venomous insects, creating an urgent demand for multifunctional field trauma dressings. To solve this problem, this study developed a shape-adaptive bilayer hydrogel that concurrently provides rapid hemostasis, promotes wound repair, and acts as a robust physical barrier. The hydrogel adopts a layered design: the bottom layer (PPTY) achieves autogelation within 3 s upon blood contact, while the top armor protective layer (AP) withstands pressures up to 942 kPa. By incorporating chitosan and sodium citrate into the AP precursor solution, the hydrogel achieved in situ formation within 50 s and developed a stable self-renewing armor layer. The tightly bonded bilayer showed complementary functions. In rat models of femoral artery puncture and tail vein bleeding, PPTY-AP hydrogel significantly reduced blood loss and shortened hemostasis time. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrated excellent tissue adhesion and moisture retention capacity, promoting full-thickness skin wound healing. This multifunctional, rapidly deployable hydrogel presents a promising solution for field trauma management and offers a new design paradigm for advanced wound dressings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13115842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-Immobilization of SpyTag-Cyclized Enzymes on a γPFD-SpyCatcher Hydrogel to Address Broad Specificity.","authors":"Ming-Yue Huang, Qing-Yi Su, Tao Wei, Fu-Xing Niu","doi":"10.3390/gels12040348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The broad substrate specificity of enzymes, while advantageous for catalytic diversity, often leads to undesired side reactions and reduced product yields in engineered metabolic pathways. To address this challenge, we developed a programmable protein scaffold based on a self-assembled γPFD-SpyCatcher hydrogel for the in vivo co-immobilization of SpyTag-cyclized cascade enzymes, enabling the co-immobilization of cascade enzymes in a spatially organized manner. Enzymes with broad substrate specificities were linearly fused with SpyTags, facilitating their spatial organization on the nanoscaffold within engineered <i>E. coli</i> to ensure directed catalytic flux. Using this strategy, the yields of pinene and caffeoyl-CoA were enhanced by 5.8-fold (reaching 94.5 mg/L) and 2.4-fold (reaching 78.6 mg/L), respectively, compared to free enzyme systems. This work establishes an effective approach to mitigate the limitations posed by broad enzyme specificity and demonstrates its potential for applications in synthetic biology and industrial biotechnology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13116799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Evolution and Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity of Sol-Gel Derived Co₃O₄ Thin Films as a Function of Annealing Temperature.","authors":"H I Barragán-Méndez, Y J Acosta-Silva, S Rivas, S Gallardo-Hernández, A Méndez-López","doi":"10.3390/gels12040345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thin-film cobalt oxides have attracted increasing attention due to their visible-light activity and potential environmental applications. In this work, Co₃O₄ coatings were prepared on glass substrates through a sol-gel dip-coating process followed by thermal treatment at 450, 500, and 550 °C. Structural characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Diffraction patterns, together with the Raman spectra, indicate the formation of the cubic spinel phase of Co₃O₄, while sharper diffraction peaks appeared at higher annealing temperatures, indicating improved crystallinity of the films. Surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM observations revealed continuous polycrystalline coatings, whereas AFM measurements showed clear variations in surface topography and roughness produced by thermal treatment. Wettability measurements obtained from contact angle (CA) analysis indicate modifications in the surface properties of the films as the annealing temperature changes. Optical characterization performed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed strong absorption in the visible region with an indirect band gap close to 1.58 eV. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation. Degradation efficiencies of approximately 93.9%, 97.4% and 98.7% were obtained after 5 h for films annealed at 450, 500, and 550 °C, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13115438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzyme-Loaded Liposomal Edible Hydrogel Films to Enhance Lactase Activity in Perline Mozzarella.","authors":"Esin Yilmaz, Ayse Avci, Elif Sezer, Muhammad Sohail Arshad, Zeeshan Ahmad, Israfil Kucuk","doi":"10.3390/gels12040343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lactase enzyme-based products experience challenges including residual lactose that result in lactose intolerance. The purpose of this study was to develop polyelectrolyte polysaccharide-enriched lactase-encapsulated liposomal hydrogel films as an edible coating of Perline Mozzarella cheese that delivers enzymes along with the product on the side of absorption in the small intestine. Coatings were investigated for shelf-life enhancement and in vitro enzyme release behaviour. Two different polymeric hydrogel film formulations were evaluated: lactase-encapsulated liposome-enriched chitosan (PCLLa) and lactase-encapsulated liposome-enriched polyelectrolyte chitosan and sodium alginate (CLLA). Lactase-encapsulated liposomes (mean particle size: 176 nm) were produced using 20% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i> lactase enzyme and 8% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> lecithin using probe sonication. The edible hydrogel film coatings were applied on Perline Mozzarella cheese using the standard dip-coating method. Shelf-life characteristics of all samples were evaluated using pH, colour change, dry matter determination, microbial evaluation, and sensory analysis. CLLA coatings increased shelf life up to 60 days, displaying a pH of 5.48, continued normal colour, enhanced humidity balance, minimal bacterial growth, and the highest scores for sensory values when compared to both PCLLa (coatings) and the bare cheese substrate (control) samples. Furthermore, CLLA coatings provided greater stability for liposomes within the polyelectrolyte polymeric edible hydrogel film structure. Hence, the combination of liposomes with polyelectrolyte edible hydrogel films provides a novel strategy to enhance lactase enzyme encapsulation (for intolerance), stability, and delivering ability to the small intestine as well as improving the shelf life of coated cheese products.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13116243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"pH as a Design Tool for Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrogelators: Triggers, Structural Control, and Orthogonal Assembly.","authors":"Rie Kakehashi","doi":"10.3390/gels12040344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) have attracted growing attention as versatile alternatives to conventional polymeric thickeners and gelators, owing to their ability to form three-dimensional fibrillar networks through non-covalent self-assembly and to undergo reversible sol-gel transitions in response to external stimuli. Among the various stimuli that can be exploited, pH represents a particularly attractive trigger given its direct relevance to biological and physiological environments. This review focuses on three categories of pH-responsive LMWGs that have shown notable progress over the past decade yet remain relatively underexplored in the literature. First, N-oxide-type hydrogelators are discussed, with emphasis on amide amine oxide-based surfactants and pyridine-N-oxide frameworks. The pH-dependent protonation of the N-oxide moiety modulates intermolecular hydrogen bonding, thereby governing self-assembly and gel formation. The structural versatility of these gelators enables rational tuning of aggregate morphology and confers clear pH and temperature responsiveness. Second, recent advances in phenylboronic acid-based LMWGs are highlighted. Although boronic acid derivatives have long been studied as dynamic crosslinking units in polymeric hydrogels, 3-isobutoxyphenylboronic acid was recently identified as the first example of phenylboronic acid functioning as an LMWG, in which gelation is driven primarily by hydrogen bonding and pH responsiveness is exploited for stimuli-triggered gel disruption rather than gel formation. Third, pH-responsive orthogonal self-assembly systems are reviewed. Representative examples include multicomponent hybrid hydrogels combining pH-activated LMWGs with polymer gelators for controlled drug release, pH-triggered self-sorting of two LMWGs without any polymeric component, and bio-based orthogonal hydrogels composed of a glucolipid LMWG and cellulose nanocrystals. For each system, both advantages and remaining limitations are critically assessed. Collectively, this review aims to provide a timely overview of emerging trends in pH-responsive LMWG research and to offer perspectives on the rational design of next-generation stimuli-responsive soft materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13116995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147767943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Digestibility and Structural Evaluation of Pea Protein-Based Emulsion-Filled Gels Designed for Dysphagia-Friendly Nutrition.","authors":"Ieva Bartkuvienė, Viktorija Eisinaitė, Evren Golge, Vilma Petrikaitė, Daiva Leskauskaitė","doi":"10.3390/gels12040342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the structural, rheological, and digestive properties of plant-based emulsion-filled gels (EFGs) formulated for dysphagia-friendly nutrition. EFGs were created using a pea protein-κ-carrageenan (PP-κ-CAR) matrix that incorporated oil droplets stabilized by pea protein (EFG-PP), soy lecithin (EFG-PP/LEC), or mono-/diglycerides (EFG-PP/MDG). All formulations met the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative Level 6 requirements and showed improved viscoelastic properties compared to the hydrogel control. The interfacial composition determined how the oil droplets influenced the gel network, with droplets in EFG-PP and EFG-PP/MDG contributing to greater reinforcement, whereas those in EFG-PP/LEC resulted in a weaker and more deformable structure. Among the formulations, EFG-PP/LEC demonstrated the most suitable properties for dysphagia management, including the lowest yield stress, softest texture, and highest protein hydrolysis (54%) and free fatty acid release (7.35 µmol/mL). These effects were associated with weaker oil-matrix interactions and greater enzymatic accessibility. The findings highlight the importance of interfacial design in tailoring EFG structure and digestibility for safe, energy-dense diets for individuals with dysphagia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13115537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple-Dynamic-Bond Cross-Linked Injectable Antibacterial Hydrogel Sealants with Self-Healing for Wound Healing.","authors":"Tingting Wei, Yunrui Cao, Shuo Yang, Yu Song, Yanjun Liu, Hu Hou, Jie Xu, Changhu Xue","doi":"10.3390/gels12040340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic wounds resulting from bacterial infection remain one of the main challenges in clinical practice. There is a pressing need to develop an injectable hydrogel sealant with multifunctional properties, including remodeling capabilities, self-healing, painless removal, and antibacterial activity, to promote tissue remodeling. In this work, aldehyde carboxymethylated agarose (ACMA) is employed for the first time as a bio-template. Dopamine (DA) is introduced onto the ACMA template via a reversible Schiff-base reaction, endowing it with biomineralization properties to synthesize DA-modified ACMA-Ag nanoparticles (ACMA-DA-Ag). Further, the prepared ACMA-DA-Ag, which possesses both antibacterial activity and injectable behavior, is incorporated into a guar gum hydrogel through the formation of borate/diol bonds, thereby forming a multiple-dynamic-bond crosslinked network. This hydrogel demonstrates adequate mechanical strength, injectability, remodeling capabilities, and self-healing performance. It can reassemble into a new hydrogel within 4 ± 0.6 min upon simple physical contact, and supports tissue adhesion. Furthermore, the hydrogel effectively covers irregular-shaped wound and can be removed without causing secondary injury. More importantly, this multifunctional hydrogel is cost-effective, easy to synthesize, and simple to use, significantly accelerating skin regeneration and promoting the formation of skin appendages, such as hair follicles. The outcome of this research not only serves a tissue sealant for wound healing, but also presents a new strategy for creating novel polysaccharide-based biomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13115437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of EPS Gel Coating and Lactic Acid Bacteria in Preserving Strawberry Postharvest Quality.","authors":"Dahiana Erazo Anacona, Daniela Neira Garzón, Anna María Polanía Rivera, Cristina Ramírez-Toro, German Bolívar Escobar","doi":"10.3390/gels12040341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-harvest economic losses in the strawberry industry are predominantly driven by disease caused by food-contaminating fungi and the loss of physicochemical quality. The gel-like matrix of the edible coating (EC) serves as a carrier for delivering lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This structured network, characterized by its excellent adhesion and film-forming stability, maintains fruit integrity and delivers antifungal properties to control pathogens. This study tested an exopolysaccharide coating with <i>L. plantarum</i> A6 to assess its impact on strawberry shelf life and quality stored at 4 °C and 30 °C for eight days. Through the analysis of physicochemical properties, it was possible to observe that weight loss increased during storage time in all treatments except for strawberries coated (CF) at 4 °C, with 2.43 ± 0.2%. Regarding firmness, after 8 days of storage the greatest difference occurred in the fruit uncoated (UF) exposed to 30 °C decreased 30.93%, whereas the CF group showed a reduction of 2.04%, showing a significant difference between these treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, the CF at 4 °C had a value of 3.98 ± 0.3 N after eight days of storage, which is close to that of fresh fruit, indicating the effectiveness of the coating. In terms of microbiological results, the mesophilic and mold counts were lower in the treatment at 4 °C with coating (3.6 log CFU/g and 4.48 log CFU/g) than in the treatment stored at 30 °C (5.78 log CFU/g and 6.04 log CFU/g). The shelf-life estimate determined that CF stored at 4 °C could be preserved for 15 days and those stored at 30 °C for 6 days. Finally, sensory evaluation determined that CF stored at 4 °C were well-accepted in terms of attributes such as taste, sweetness, firmness, and flavor. These findings underscore the effectiveness of coating, not only in improving the storage quality of strawberries, but also in ensuring their sensory acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13115376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Dipeptite-Based Organogelators as Separators of Cationic Dye Cyristal Violet from Water.","authors":"Gülşen Kaya, Mehmet Çolak, Halil Hoşgören, Necmettin Pirinccioglu","doi":"10.3390/gels12040337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12040337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of new advanced functional materials from low-molecular-weight gelators and their new potential applications have occupied a considerable place in research. The present study involves the design of dipeptide-based organogelators with enhanced hydrogen bonding network potentials and phase-selective capacities, possessing a minimum gelation concentration of 0.2-0.4% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> in different fluids. Seven new dipeptide organogelators were prepared based on a one-step reaction from two-component salt forms, the combination of Nε-alkanoyl-L-lysine ethyl ester with N-alkanoyl-L-amino acids (L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-phenylalanine), with high yields of up to 90. All the gel materials were extremely stable at room temperature, having a shelf life of several months, and formed gels in pharmaceutical fluids such as ethyl palmitate, ethyl myristate, and ethyl laurate, 1,2-propanediol, and liquid paraffin (oils widely used in pharmaceutical formulations), which meet the criteria of biological materials delivery. Their gelation properties were evaluated by rheological measurements. A very significant breakthrough in the current study is that organogels remove the toxic dye, crystal violet (CV), from water in a phase-selective manner with an extremely low gelator concentration. The dye and gelators are successively recovered via ethanol precipitation after the completion of the phase extraction process. Molecular dynamic calculations provide evidence for the 3D structures of the gels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13116262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}