Gels最新文献 - Book学术

The Thermodynamic and Gelation Properties of Ovalbumin and Lysozyme. 卵清蛋白和溶菌酶的热力学和凝胶性质。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060470

Lifeng Wang, Rongcheng Li, Siyi Lv, Yulin Liu, Shuaifu Fang, Jingnan Zang, Mingmin Qing, Yujie Chi

{"title":"The Thermodynamic and Gelation Properties of Ovalbumin and Lysozyme.","authors":"Lifeng Wang, Rongcheng Li, Siyi Lv, Yulin Liu, Shuaifu Fang, Jingnan Zang, Mingmin Qing, Yujie Chi","doi":"10.3390/gels11060470","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060470","url":null,"abstract":"Ovalbumin (OVA) and lysozyme (LYZ) are the predominant globular proteins in egg white and play a crucial role in influencing thermal stability and colloidal behavior. In this study, the thermal and conformational stability of OVA and LYZ under various physicochemical conditions including pH (5-9), protein concentrations (5, 10, and 20%), heating rates (2.5, 5, and 10 °C/min), sugars (sucrose and glucose), and salts (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) was systematically investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), aiming to elucidate their behavior within colloidal and gel-forming systems. The denaturation temperatures (Td) of OVA and LYZ in water (5% w/v, 5 °C/min) were 80.22 °C and 77.46 °C, respectively. The Td of LYZ and OVA decreased with protein concentration, heating rate, and CaCl2. OVA thermal stability was improved with increasing pH, but the stability of LYZ was decreased. Sugars enhanced the thermal stability of OVA and LYZ. In contrast, NaCl and KCl increased OVA stability but reduced LYZ stability. LYZ exhibited nearly 100% reversibility during the second heating cycle in water. Sugars maintained reversibility at approximately 90% for LYZ. However, the presence of salts diminished the reversibility. In contrast, OVA was completely denatured in water and sugar and salt solutions.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tensile Resistance and Fracture Mechanisms of Silica Aerogels Reinforced by Nanotube-Graphene Hybrid Networks. 纳米管-石墨烯杂化网络增强二氧化硅气凝胶的抗拉性能及断裂机理。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060471

Lin Guo, Mu Du, Jiaqian Li, Wei Li, Mingyang Yang, Gongming Xin

{"title":"Tensile Resistance and Fracture Mechanisms of Silica Aerogels Reinforced by Nanotube-Graphene Hybrid Networks.","authors":"Lin Guo, Mu Du, Jiaqian Li, Wei Li, Mingyang Yang, Gongming Xin","doi":"10.3390/gels11060471","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060471","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their outstanding thermal insulation and ultralight structure, silica aerogels suffer from inherent mechanical fragility, making the investigation of their mechanical behavior crucial for expanding their practical utility in advanced applications. To enhance their mechanical performance, this study introduces a dual-phase reinforcement strategy by anisotropically incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) sheets into the aerogel matrix. Using molecular dynamic simulations, we systematically investigate the tensile behavior and pore structure evolution of these hetero-structured composites. The results reveal a non-monotonic dependence of tensile strength on loading ratio, distinguishing three strain-dependent reinforcement regimes. High loading content (11.1%) significantly improves strength under low strain (0-26%), whereas low loading levels (1.8%) are more effective at preserving structural integrity under large strain (44-50%). Moderate loading (5.1%) yields balanced performance in intermediate regimes. While increasing carbon content reduces initial pore size by partially filling the framework, tensile deformation leads to interfacial debonding and the formation of larger pores due to CNT-GO hybrid structure interactions. This work elucidates a dual reinforcement mechanism-physical pore confinement and interfacial coupling-highlighting the critical role of nanostructure geometry in tuning strain-specific mechanical responses. The findings provide mechanistic insights into anisotropic nanocomposite behavior and offer guidance for designing robust porous materials for structural and functional applications.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microencapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BXM2 in Bamboo Shoot-Derived Nanocellulose Hydrogel to Enhance Its Survivability. 植物乳杆菌BXM2在竹笋纳米纤维素水凝胶中的微胶囊化以提高其生存能力。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060465

Yajuan Huang, Qiao Guan, Yirui Wu, Chaoyang Zheng, Lingyue Zhong, Wen Xie, Jiaxin Chen, Juqing Huang, Qi Wang, Yafeng Zheng

{"title":"Microencapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BXM2 in Bamboo Shoot-Derived Nanocellulose Hydrogel to Enhance Its Survivability.","authors":"Yajuan Huang, Qiao Guan, Yirui Wu, Chaoyang Zheng, Lingyue Zhong, Wen Xie, Jiaxin Chen, Juqing Huang, Qi Wang, Yafeng Zheng","doi":"10.3390/gels11060465","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060465","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel approach for enhancing the survivability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BXM2 using bamboo shoot-derived nanocellulose hydrogels. Nanocellulose hydrogels, composed of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were developed as protective matrices for probiotics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the successful formation of hydrogen-bonded networks between PVA and nanocelluloses, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the ternary PVA-CNF-CNC hydrogel exhibited a dense, hierarchical porous structure, effectively encapsulating probiotics with an encapsulation efficiency of 92.56 ± 0.53%. Under simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the encapsulated probiotics maintained 8.04 log CFU/g viability, significantly higher than that of free bacteria (3.54 log CFU/mL). The hydrogel also enhanced heat tolerance (6.58 log CFU/mL at 70 °C) and freeze-drying survival (86.92% viability), outperforming binary systems. During 60-day storage at 4 °C and 25 °C, encapsulated probiotics retained viability above the critical threshold (≥6 log CFU/unit), whereas free cells declined rapidly. These findings highlight the potential of PVA-CNF-CNC hydrogel as an efficient delivery system to improve probiotic stability in food applications.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interpretable Machine Learning Analysis of Design Factors in Hydrogel Supercapacitors. 水凝胶超级电容器设计因素的可解释机器学习分析。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060464

Liying Xu, Siqi Liu, Dandan Hu, Junhao Liu, Yuze Zhang, Ziqiang Li, Zichuan Su, Daxin Liang

{"title":"Interpretable Machine Learning Analysis of Design Factors in Hydrogel Supercapacitors.","authors":"Liying Xu, Siqi Liu, Dandan Hu, Junhao Liu, Yuze Zhang, Ziqiang Li, Zichuan Su, Daxin Liang","doi":"10.3390/gels11060464","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060464","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationships between design factors is crucial for the development of hydrogel supercapacitors, yet the relative importance and interdependencies of material properties and operating conditions remain unclear. This study employs interpretable machine learning to analyze the design factors that affect hydrogel supercapacitor performance, using 232 experimental samples from 41 recent studies. SHAP analysis was implemented to quantify parameter importance and reveal feature interactions among 16 key design parameters, including polymer types, electrolyte formulations, and operating conditions. Results show that synthetic vinyl polymers most strongly influence specific capacitance, while conductive polymers predominantly affect cycle stability. Ionic conductivity emerged as the most impactful parameter despite moderate feature importance, indicating complex nonlinear relationships. Critical interdependencies between polymer concentration and electrolyte formulation suggest that optimal design requires coordinated parameter selection rather than independent optimization. This interpretable framework provides quantitative insights into design factor hierarchies and parameter interdependencies, offering evidence-based guidelines for rational material selection in hydrogel supercapacitor development.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antifouling Mussel-Inspired Hydrogel with Furanone-Loaded ZIF-8 for Quorum Sensing-Mediated Marine Antifouling. 具有呋喃酮负载ZIF-8的贻贝启发水凝胶用于群体感应介导的海洋防污。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060466

Yanbin Xiong, Junnan Cui, Xiaodan Liu, Haobo Shu, Pan Cao

{"title":"Antifouling Mussel-Inspired Hydrogel with Furanone-Loaded ZIF-8 for Quorum Sensing-Mediated Marine Antifouling.","authors":"Yanbin Xiong, Junnan Cui, Xiaodan Liu, Haobo Shu, Pan Cao","doi":"10.3390/gels11060466","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060466","url":null,"abstract":"Marine biofouling, the process of marine microorganisms, algae, and invertebrates attaching to and forming biofilms on ship hulls, underwater infrastructure, and marine equipment in ocean environments, severely impacts shipping and underwater operations by increasing fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and corrosion risks, and by threatening marine ecosystem stability via invasive species transport. This study reports the development of a hydrogel-metal-organic framework (MOF)-quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) antifouling coating on 304 stainless steel (SS) substrates. Inspired by mussel adhesion, a hydrophilic bionic hydrogel was first constructed via metal ion coordination. The traditional metal ion source was replaced with a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) loaded with 2-(5H)-furanone (HF, a QSI) without altering coating formation. Physicochemical characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and the diffraction of x-rays (XRD) confirmed successful HF loading into ZIF-8 with intact crystal structures. Antifouling tests showed HF@ZIF-8 enhanced antibacterial inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (97.28%) and Escherichia coli (>97%) and suppressed Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 pigment synthesis at 0.25 mg/mL (sub-growth concentration). The reconstructed PG/PVP/PEI/HF@ZIF-8 coating achieved 72.47% corrosion inhibition via synergistic anodic protection and physical shielding. This work provides a novel green approach for surface antifouling and drag reduction, highlighting MOF-loaded QSIs as promising additives to enhance the antifouling performance of hydrogel coatings, anti-corrosion performance, and QSI performance for sustainable marine engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hydrogels in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Types, Mechanisms, and Applications. 水凝胶在兽医疫苗开发：类型，机制和应用。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060468

Peisen Zhao, Yuwei Yang, Lingxue Yu, Guoxin Li, Dandan Zhu

引用次数: 0

Effect of Cassia Gum on the Gel Properties of Wheat Flour-Tapioca Starch-Based Batter and the Oil Absorption Capacity of Fried Small Yellow Croaker. 决明胶对小黄鱼面糊凝胶性能及油炸小黄鱼吸油能力的影响。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060469

Guilian Ran, Qiang Zhang, Yiping Liao, Liufang Xu, Qiang Zou

{"title":"Effect of Cassia Gum on the Gel Properties of Wheat Flour-Tapioca Starch-Based Batter and the Oil Absorption Capacity of Fried Small Yellow Croaker.","authors":"Guilian Ran, Qiang Zhang, Yiping Liao, Liufang Xu, Qiang Zou","doi":"10.3390/gels11060469","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060469","url":null,"abstract":"High oil content in breaded fried small yellow croaker (BFYC) was reduced using composite batter gels consisting of tapioca starch, wheat flour, and different concentrations of cassia gum (CG; 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%). The effects of CG on the oil absorption capacity of BFYC and potential mechanisms were investigated. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that CG addition could enhance the viscoelasticity of the batter by increasing its storage modulus and loss modulus. Furthermore, FTIR and X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that CG interacts with starch through noncovalent interactions, increasing the relative crystallinity from 9.29% to 16.49%, which promoted the formation of a gel layer. This structural improvement effectively inhibited oil absorption. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that within the 0-0.8% CG range, the batter's denaturation temperature increased from 78.23 °C to 82.08 °C with higher CG concentrations, indicating prolonged gelatinization and enhanced thermal stability that further reduced oil penetration. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that CG increased the proportion of tightly bound and weakly bound water in the batter, thereby improving water retention capacity and reducing moisture loss during frying. Microscopic structural observations and Sudan Red-staining tests confirmed that at 0.8% CG concentration, the crust exhibited the lowest porosity with approximately 40% reduction in surface fat content compared to the control group. In conclusion, CG addition significantly improves batter properties and reduces oil content in fried products, providing theoretical support for the development of low-fat fried foods.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Varying Synthesis Parameters of Potato Starch Aerogel for Aerospace Applications. 航空航天用马铃薯淀粉气凝胶合成参数的变化。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060467

Jacob Staker, Daniel A Scheiman, Janice Mather, Jamesa L Stokes, Haiquan Guo

引用次数: 0

Microfluidic Synthesis of Magnetic Silica Aerogels for Efficient Pesticide Removal from Water. 磁性二氧化硅气凝胶的微流控合成及其对水中农药的高效去除。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060463

Dana-Ionela Tudorache Trifa, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Alexandra-Cătălina Bîrcă, Denisa Alexandra Florea, Marius Rădulescu, Bogdan-Ștefan Vasile, Roxana Trușcă, Dan-Eduard Mihaiescu, Tony Hadibarata, Alexandru-Mihai Grumezescu

{"title":"Microfluidic Synthesis of Magnetic Silica Aerogels for Efficient Pesticide Removal from Water.","authors":"Dana-Ionela Tudorache Trifa, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Alexandra-Cătălina Bîrcă, Denisa Alexandra Florea, Marius Rădulescu, Bogdan-Ștefan Vasile, Roxana Trușcă, Dan-Eduard Mihaiescu, Tony Hadibarata, Alexandru-Mihai Grumezescu","doi":"10.3390/gels11060463","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060463","url":null,"abstract":"Aerogels have gained much interest in the last decades due to their specific properties, such as high porosity, high surface area, and low density, which have caused them to be used in multiple and varied fields. As the applicability of aerogels is tightly correlated to their morpho-structural features, special consideration must be allocated to the fabrication method. An emerging technique for producing nanostructured materials with tailored morphology and dimensions is represented by continuous-flow microfluidics. In this context, this work explores the synergic combination of aerogel-based materials with microfluidic synthesis platforms to generate advanced nanocomposite adsorbents for water decontamination. Specifically, this study presents the novel synthesis of a magnetic silica-based aerogel using a custom-designed 3D microfluidic platform, offering enhanced control over nanoparticle incorporation and gelation compared to conventional sol-gel techniques. The resulting gel was further dried via supercritical CO2 extraction to preserve its unique nanostructure. The multi-faceted physicochemical investigations (XRD, DLS, FT-IR, RAMAN, SEM, and TEM) confirmed the material's uniform morphology, high porosity, and surface functionalization. The HR-MS FT-ICR analysis has also demonstrated the advanced material's adsorption capacity for various pesticides, suggesting its adequacy for further environmental applications. An exceptional 93.7% extraction efficiency was registered for triazophos, underscoring the potential of microfluidic synthesis approaches in engineering advanced, eco-friendly adsorbent materials for water decontamination of relevant organic pollutants.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Case Study on Fish Gelatin/Microcrystalline Cellulose Biomaterial Inks for Extrusion-Based Bioprinting. 鱼明胶/微晶纤维素生物材料油墨挤出生物打印的案例研究。

IF 5 3区化学

Gels Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/gels11060458

Yubo Tao, Jinbao Du, Tong Hu, Peng Li, Ling Pan, Fangong Kong, Jingfa Zhang

{"title":"A Case Study on Fish Gelatin/Microcrystalline Cellulose Biomaterial Inks for Extrusion-Based Bioprinting.","authors":"Yubo Tao, Jinbao Du, Tong Hu, Peng Li, Ling Pan, Fangong Kong, Jingfa Zhang","doi":"10.3390/gels11060458","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11060458","url":null,"abstract":"The development of printable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and cost-effective bioinks, or biomaterial inks, remains a focal point in extrusion-based bioprinting research. In this study, fish gelatin (FG) was reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to formulate biomaterial inks. These FG/MCC composite inks were fabricated into 3D scaffolds using an extrusion bioprinter. The influence of MCC concentration on printability was systematically evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between MCC and FG, indicating molecular-level interactions. Notably, MCC incorporation enhanced the rheological properties of the ink and significantly improved the compressive strength of printed scaffolds. Furthermore, MCC content modulated key scaffold characteristics, including porosity, degradation rate, swelling behavior, and microarchitecture. These findings demonstrate that FG/MCC composite hydrogels exhibit optimal properties for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, offering a promising platform for tissue engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0