Gels最新文献

{"title":"Injectable Magnetic-Nanozyme Based Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Multimodal DLBCL Therapy.","authors":"Min Yan, Jingcui Peng, Haoan Wu, Ming Ma, Yu Zhang","doi":"10.3390/gels11030218","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), accounting for 31% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, remains recalcitrant to conventional therapies due to chemoresistance, metastatic progression, and immunosuppressive microenvironments. We report a novel injectable Fe₃O₄@DMSA@Pt@PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel system integrating magnetothermal therapy (MHT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and immunomodulation. Under alternating magnetic fields (AMF), the system achieves rapid therapeutic hyperthermia (50 °C within 7 min) while activating pH/temperature-dual responsive peroxidase (POD) -like activity in Fe₃O₄@DMSA@Pt nanoparticles. Catalytic efficiency under tumor-mimetic conditions was significantly higher than Fe₃O₄@DMSA controls, generating elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Flow cytometry revealed 75.9% apoptotic cell death in A20 lymphoma cells at 50 °C, significantly surpassing CDT alone (24.5%). Importantly, this dual mechanism induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) characterized by 4.1-fold CRT externalization, 68% HMGB1 nuclear depletion, and 40.74 nM ATP secretion. This triggered robust dendritic cell maturation (92% CD86⁺/CD80⁺ DCs comparable to LPS controls) and T cell activation (16.9% CD25⁺/CD69⁺ ratio, 130-fold baseline). Our findings validate the therapeutic potential of magnetothermal-chemodynamic synergy for DLBCL treatment, paving the way for innovative multi-mechanism therapeutic strategies against DLBCL with potential clinical translation prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multifunctional γ-Polyglutamic Acid Hydrogel for Combined Tumor Photothermal and Chemotherapy.","authors":"Xiaoqing Jia, Shige Wang","doi":"10.3390/gels11030217","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient and precise cancer therapy remains a challenge due to limitations in current treatment modalities. In this study, we developed a multifunctional hydrogel system that integrates photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy to achieve combined tumor treatment. The hydrogel, composed of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), fifth-generation polyamide-amine dendrimers (G5), and polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiency and temperature-responsive drug release properties. The hydrogel exhibited a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 45.6% under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Drug release studies demonstrated a cumulative hydrophilic anticancer drug doxorubicin DOX release of 79.27% within 72 h under mild hyperthermia conditions (50 °C). In vivo experiments revealed a significant tumor inhibition rate of 82.3% with minimal systemic toxicity. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluations reveal that the hydrogel demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, photothermal stability, and biodegradability. Unlike conventional hydrogel systems, our γ-PGA-based hydrogel uniquely integrates a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer with polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, providing a smart and responsive platform for precise cancer therapy. This multifunctional hydrogel system represents a promising platform that combines PTT precision and chemotherapy efficacy, providing a robust strategy for advanced and safer cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel-Based Biomaterials: A Patent Landscape on Innovation Trends and Patterns.","authors":"Ahmed Fatimi, Fouad Damiri, Nada El Arrach, Houria Hemdani, Adina Magdalena Musuc, Mohammed Berrada","doi":"10.3390/gels11030216","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hydrogel patent landscape is characterized by rapid growth and diverse applications, particularly in the biomedical field. Advances in material science, chemistry, novel manufacturing techniques, and a deeper understanding of biological systems have revolutionized the development of hydrogel-based biomaterials. These innovations have led to enhanced properties and expanded applications, particularly in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and tissue engineering, positioning hydrogels as a pivotal material in the future of biomedical engineering. In this study, an updated patent landscape for hydrogel-based biomaterials is proposed. By analyzing patent documents, classifications, jurisdictions, and applicants, an overview is provided to characterize key trends and insights. The analysis reveals that hydrogel-related patents are experiencing significant growth, with a strong focus on biomedical applications. Foundational research in hydrogel formation remains dominant, with 96,987 patent documents highlighting advancements in crosslinking techniques, polysaccharide-based materials, and biologically active hydrogels for wound care and tissue regeneration. The United States and China lead in hydrogel-related patent filings, with notable contributions from Europe and a high number of international patents under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system, reflecting the global interest in hydrogel technologies. Moreover, emerging innovations include biodegradable hydrogels designed for tissue regeneration, wearable hydrogel-based sensors, and advanced therapeutic applications such as chemoembolization agents and vascular defect treatments. The increasing integration of bioactive elements in hydrogel systems is driving the development of multifunctional biomaterials tailored to specific medical and environmental needs. While this study focuses on patent trends, the alignment between hydrogel research and patenting activities underscores the role of patents in bridging scientific discoveries with industrial applications. Future research could explore patent citation analysis and impact assessments to gain deeper insights into the technological significance of hydrogel-related inventions. Finally, a selection of the top 10 recent active and granted patents in the field of hydrogel-based biomaterials is presented as an illustrative example of innovation in this area and to illustrate cutting-edge innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Encapsulating Bioactive Irish Honey into Pluronic-Based Thermoresponsive Hydrogels and Potential Application in Soft Tissue Regeneration.","authors":"Daniel P Fitzpatrick, Emma Browne, Carmel Kealey, Damien Brady, Siobhan Kavanagh, Sinead Devery, Noel Gately","doi":"10.3390/gels11030215","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honey has been recognised for centuries for its potential therapeutic properties, and its application in wound healing has gained attention due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. With the rapid increase in multidrug resistance, there is a need for new or alternative approaches to traditional antibiotics. This paper focuses on the physicochemical changes that occur when formulating honey into Pluronic F127 hydrogels. The manual incorporation of honey, irrespective of quality type, presented the amelioration of Pluronic's capacity to undergo sol-gel transitions, as investigated by parallel plate rheology. This novel finding was attributed to the formation of fractal aggregates via the hydrogen-bonding-induced irreversible aggregation of honey-PF127 micelles, which subsequently dominate the entire hydrogel system to form a gel. The hydrogen bonding of micelles was identified through Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). This is the first known study to provide physicochemical insight into the effects that honey incorporation has on the thermogelation capacity of Pluronic F127 hydrogels for downstream dermal wound applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11941932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Vaginal Health with a Zinc-Containing Vaginal Hydrogel.","authors":"Dávid Rátonyi, Barbara Kozma, Attila G Sipos, Zoárd Tibor Krasznai, Bence Kozma, Peter Takacs","doi":"10.3390/gels11030214","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vulvovaginal symptoms affect up to 39% of women. These symptoms have a significant impact on quality of life and are often linked to imbalances in the vaginal microbiota. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of a zinc-containing hydroxyethyl cellulose-based hydrogel in 37 women with different vulvovaginal symptoms (itching, burning, irritation, pain, dryness, discharge, and odor). Over 12 weeks, participants applied the gel intravaginally with both assessments conducted at baseline and follow-ups. Results revealed substantial improvements in symptoms, including reductions in vaginal discharge, itching, and burning, as measured by the Vulvovaginal Symptom Questionnaire (VSQ-21), with scores decreasing from 10.78 ± 3.66 at baseline to 3.17 ± 4.16 at week 12 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Vaginal Health Index (VHI) scores improved significantly, from 20.78 ± 1.74 at baseline to 23.64 ± 2.59 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) zinc levels decreased from 110 ± 102 µg/L at baseline to 62 ± 48 µg/L at week 4 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), increased to 80 ± 55 µg/L at week 8 (<i>p</i> = 0.04), and reached 99 ± 92 µg/L by week 12 (NS). A correlation analysis showed an inverse relationship between baseline CVL zinc levels and VSQ-21 scores (r = -0.3586, <i>p</i> = 0.034), while no significant correlation was observed with VHI scores (r = -0.0187, <i>p</i> = 0.9545). Vaginal pH levels decreased significantly, dropping from 4.03 ± 0.42 to 3.71 ± 0.48 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These findings support the gel's role as an effective, nonhormonal, drug-free, and local adjunct treatment for a variety of vulvovaginal symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11941910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Cell Seeding Density and Material Stiffness on Chondrogenesis of Human Stem Cells Within Soft Hydrogels, Without the Use of Exogenous Growth Factors.","authors":"Arianna De Mori, Nadide Aydin, Giada Lostia, Alessia Manca, Gordon Blunn, Marta Roldo","doi":"10.3390/gels11030213","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into chondrocytes provided with the appropriate environmental cues. In this study, we loaded human adipose-derived stem cells (hAdMSCs) into collagen/alginate hydrogels, which have been shown to induce chondrogenesis in ovine bone marrow stem cells without the use of any exogenous chondrogenic growth factors. We examined the influence of hydrogel stiffness (5.75 and 6.85 kPa) and cell seeding density (1, 2, 4, and 16 × 10⁶ cells/mL) on the chondrogenic induction of hAdMSCs, without exogenous differentiation growth factors. Over time, the behaviour of the hAdMSCs in the scaffolds was investigated by analysing the amount of DNA; their morphology; their cell viability; the expression of chondrogenic genes (RT-qPCR); and the deposition of collagen I, collagen II, and aggrecan. The results showed that all scaffolds supported the acquisition of a rounded morphology and the formation of cell aggregates, which were larger with higher cell seeding densities. Furthermore, the cells were viable within the hydrogels throughout the experiment, indicating that high cell density did not have a detrimental effect on viability. All the conditions supported the upregulation of chondrogenic genes (SOX9, COL2A1, SOX5, and ACAN). By comparison, only the highest cell seeding density (16 × 10⁶ cells/mL) promoted a superior extracellular matrix deposition composed of collagen II and aggrecan with limited production of collagen I. These molecules were deposited in the pericellular space. Furthermore, no histological difference was noted between the two stiffnesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11941925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Effect of pH and Neutralizing Solution Molarity on the Rheological Properties of Chitosan Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Sofia Jansen de Medeiros Alves, Matheus Araújo Santos, João Emídio da Silva Neto, Henrique Nunes da Silva, Milena C S Barbosa, Marcus Vinicius Lia Fook, Rômulo Feitosa Navarro, Suédina Maria de Lima Silva","doi":"10.3390/gels11030212","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels are promising materials for biomedical applications due to their tunable properties. Despite significant research on optimizing the mechanical and rheological properties of chitosan hydrogels, a comprehensive analysis incorporating pH and molarity of the neutralizing solution is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by evaluating how these factors influence the rheological characteristics of chitosan hydrogels. The hydrogels were prepared using an acidic blend and were neutralized with sodium hydroxide solutions. Rheological characterization demonstrated that all samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with viscosity decreasing under shear stress. Hydrogels with higher pH values exhibited lower viscosity, which is attributed to the reduced protonation and weaker electrostatic repulsion between chitosan chains. In contrast, more acidic conditions resulted in increased viscosity and greater chain entanglements. NaOH concentration impacted gel stability; lower concentrations resulted in more stable gels, whereas higher concentrations increased crosslinking but compromised integrity at elevated pH. These findings provide essential insights for optimizing chitosan hydrogels with customized properties, making them highly suitable for specific biomedical applications, such as advanced 3D-printed wound dressings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Amino-Acid-Derived Ionic Liquids for Extracting Cellulose from Waste Biomass to Prepare Cellulose Aerogel Adsorbents.","authors":"Yun Deng, Qiusheng Zhao, Shuai Nian, Ziyan Sha, Lin Fu, Ian Beadham, Xiaolan Xiao, Changbo Zhang","doi":"10.3390/gels11030210","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the feasibility of cellulose extraction from lignocellulosic waste biomass using ionic liquids-a sustainable and efficient approach-for preparing cellulose aerogel adsorbents, we employed a fully green amino acid-derived ionic liquid, cysteine nitrate ([Cys][NO₃]), for cellulose separation from diverse biomass sources. The extracted cellulose, with a purity range of 83.8-93.9%, was processed into cellulose aerogels (CAs) via a conventional aerogel preparation protocol. The resulting CA exhibited promising adsorption capacities, including 0.2-11.6 mg/g for Na⁺, 4.4-19.9 mg/g for Ca²⁺, 4.15-35.6 mg/g for Mg²⁺, and 1.85-13.3 mg/g for Cd²⁺, as well as 9.7-17.7 g/g for engine oil. These results demonstrate the presence of effective mass transfer channels in the CA, proving that the cellulose's fibrillation capacity was preserved in the pre-treatment. This study illuminates the potential of this green, straightforward method for preparing aerogels from cellulose derived from waste biomass, with promising applications in wastewater treatment and material recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads.","authors":"Taesoon Jang, Soyeong Yoon, Jin-Hyuk Choi, Narae Kim, Jeong-Ann Park","doi":"10.3390/gels11030211","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Industrial textile wastewater containing both heavy metals and dyes has been massively produced. In this study, semi-interpenetrating polymer network structures of sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/κ-carrageenan (CG) aerogel beads were synthesized for their simultaneous reduction. The SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were synthesized through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method using naturally abundant biopolymers without toxic cross-linkers. The SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were spheres with a size of 3.8 ± 0.1 mm, exhibiting total pore areas of 15.2 m²/g and porous structures (pore size distribution: 0.04-242.7 μm; porosity: 93.97%) with abundant hydrogen bonding, high water absorption capacity, and chemical resistance. The adsorption capacity and mechanisms of the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were investigated through kinetic and isotherm experiments for heavy metals (Cu(II), Pb(II)), cationic dye (methylene blue, MB), and anionic dye (acid blue 25, AB)) in both single and binary systems. The maximum adsorption capacities of the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads based on the Langmuir model of Cu(II), Pb(II), and MB were 85.17, 265.98, and 1324.30 mg/g, respectively. Pb(II) showed higher adsorption affinity than Cu(II) based on ionic properties, such as electronegativity and hydration radius. The adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and MB on the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads was spontaneous, with heavy metals and MB exhibiting endothermic and exothermic natures, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional Hydrogel Microneedles (HMNs) in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics.","authors":"Hossein Omidian, Sumana Dey Chowdhury","doi":"10.3390/gels11030206","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogel microneedles (HMNs) have emerged as a transformative platform for minimally invasive drug delivery and biosensing, offering enhanced bioavailability, controlled drug release, and real-time biomarker detection. By leveraging swelling hydrogels, nanomaterial integration, and stimuli-responsive properties, HMNs provide precision medicine capabilities across diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, challenges remain in mechanical stability, as hydrogel-based MNs must balance flexibility with sufficient strength for skin penetration. Drug retention and controlled release require optimization to prevent premature diffusion and ensure sustained therapeutic effects. Additionally, biosensing accuracy is influenced by variability in interstitial fluid extraction and signal transduction. Clinical translation is hindered by regulatory hurdles, scalability concerns, and the need for extensive safety validation in human trials. This review critically examines the key materials, fabrication techniques, functional properties, and testing frameworks of HMNs while addressing these limitations. Furthermore, we explore future research directions in smart wearable MNs, AI-assisted biosensing, and hybrid drug-device platforms to optimize transdermal medicine. Overcoming these barriers will drive the clinical adoption of HMNs, paving the way for next-generation patient-centered therapeutics and diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}