Gels最新文献

{"title":"Novel Buccal Xanthan Gum-Hyaluronic Acid Eutectogels with Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties.","authors":"Valentina Anuța, Mihaela-Alexandra Nica, Răzvan-Mihai Prisada, Lăcrămioara Popa, Bruno Ștefan Velescu, Ioana Cristina Marinas, Diana-Madalina Gaboreanu, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Florentina Iuliana Cocoș, Cristian Andi Nicolae, Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu","doi":"10.3390/gels11030208","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Buccal drug delivery systems often struggle with poor drug solubility, limited adhesion, and rapid clearance, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. To address these limitations, we developed a novel hybrid eutectogel composed of xanthan gum (XTG), hyaluronic acid (HA), and a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) system (choline chloride, sorbitol, and glycerol in 2:1:1 mole ratio), incorporating 2.5% ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug. The formulation was optimized using a face-centered central composite design to enhance the rheological, textural, and drug release properties. The optimized eutectogels exhibited shear-thinning behavior (flow behavior index, <i>n</i> = 0.26 ± 0.01), high mucoadhesion (adhesiveness: 2.297 ± 0.142 N·s), and sustained drug release over 24 h, governed by Higuchi kinetics (release rate: 237.34 ± 13.61 μg/cm²/min^1/2). The ex vivo residence time increased substantially with NADES incorporation, reaching up to 176.7 ± 23.1 min. An in vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation showed that the eutectogel reduced λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema within 1 h and that its efficacy was sustained in the kaolin model up to 24 h (<i>p</i> < 0.05), achieving comparable efficacy to a commercial 5% IBU gel, despite a lower drug concentration. Additionally, the eutectogel presented a minimum inhibitory concentration for Gram-positive bacteria of 25 mg/mL, and through direct contact, it reduced microbial viability by up to 100%. Its efficacy against <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, combined with its significant anti-inflammatory properties, positions the NADES-based eutectogel as a promising multifunctional platform for buccal drug delivery, particularly for inflammatory conditions complicated by bacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheology and Printability of Hydroxyapatite/Sodium Alginate Bioinks Added with Bovine or Fish Collagen Peptides.","authors":"Mario Milazzo, Roberta Rovelli, Claudio Ricci, Teresa Macchi, Giuseppe Gallone, Serena Danti","doi":"10.3390/gels11030209","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high biocompatibility and the key role of collagen in bone extracellular matrix make it useful for tissue engineering. However, the high demand, costs, and challenges of extracting good-quality collagen have led to the use of collagen derivatives and search for non-human alternatives. This study investigates fish and bovine collagen peptides (Coll_f and Coll_b, respectively) as sustainable sources for 3D-printed bone scaffolds by developing and characterizing peptide-incorporated alginate/hydroxyapatite-based bioinks. The chemical analysis revealed structural similarities between the peptides, while rheological tests showed a slightly higher viscosity of Coll_f-based inks, which improved shape fidelity during the printing process. Upon oscillating rheological tests, both the Coll_f and Coll_b-based ink formulations demonstrated a solid-like behavior at frequencies higher than 0.4 Hz, which is crucial for maintaining the printed structure integrity during extrusion. Although Coll_b-based inks exhibited better pore printability, Coll_f-based inks achieved superior resolution and geometry retention. Macro-porous structures printed from both inks showed good accuracy, with minimal shrinkage attributed to hydroxyapatite. Both the produced inks had a high gel fraction and swelling behavior, with Coll_b-based outperforming Coll_f-based inks. Finally, both ink formulations resulted to be cytocompatibile with human dermal fibroblasts. These findings position Coll_f- and Coll_b-based inks as promising alternatives for bone tissue scaffolds, offering a sustainable balance between performance and structural stability in 3D printing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11941987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Newly Designed Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Membrane for Simultaneous Cr and Mn Speciation in Waters.","authors":"Penka Vasileva, Irina Karadjova","doi":"10.3390/gels11030205","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A sol-gel approach was used to prepare a thin hydrogel membrane based on an organic-inorganic polymer matrix embedded with pre-synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The organic polymers utilized were poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene oxide) 400 (PEO) while tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) served as a precursor for the inorganic silica polymer. AuNPs were synthesized using D-glucose as a reducing agent and starch as a capping agent. A mixture of PVA, PEO, pre-hydrolyzed TEOS, and AuNP dispersions was cast and dried at 50 °C to obtain the hybrid hydrogel membrane. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of the nanocomposite membrane were analyzed using TEM, SEM, XRD, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The newly designed hybrid hydrogel membrane was utilized as an efficient sorbent for the simultaneous speciation analysis of valence species of chromium and manganese in water samples via solid-phase extraction. This study revealed that Cr(III) and Mn(II) could be simultaneously adsorbed onto the PVA/PEO/SiO₂/AuNP membrane at pH 9 while Cr(VI) and Mn(VII) remained in solution due to their inability to bind under these conditions. Under optimized parameters, detection limits and relative standard deviations were determined for chromium and manganese species. The developed analytical method was successfully applied for the simultaneous speciation analysis of chromium and manganese in drinking water and wastewater samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Hydrogels: A Tour D'horizon of Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Soumya Narayana, B H Jaswanth Gowda, Umme Hani, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, Zahrah Ali Asiri, Karthika Paul","doi":"10.3390/gels11030207","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels are innovative materials characterized by a water-swollen, crosslinked polymeric network capable of retaining substantial amounts of water while maintaining structural integrity. Their unique ability to swell or contract in response to environmental stimuli makes them integral to biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. Among these, \"smart\" hydrogels, sensitive to stimuli such as pH, temperature, and light, showcase reversible transitions between liquid and semi-solid states. Thermoresponsive hydrogels, exemplified by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), are particularly notable for their sensitivity to temperature changes, transitioning near their lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of approximately 32 °C in water. Structurally, PNIPAM-based hydrogels (PNIPAM-HYDs) are chemically versatile, allowing for modifications that enhance biocompatibility and functional adaptability. These properties enable their application in diverse therapeutic areas such as cancer therapy, phototherapy, wound healing, and tissue engineering. In this review, the unique properties and behavior of smart PNIPAM are explored, with an emphasis on diverse synthesis methods and a brief note on biocompatibility. Furthermore, the structural and functional modifications of PNIPAM-HYDs are detailed, along with their biomedical applications in cancer therapy, phototherapy, wound healing, tissue engineering, skin conditions, ocular diseases, etc. Various delivery routes and patents highlighting therapeutic advancements are also examined. Finally, the future prospects of PNIPAM-HYDs remain promising, with ongoing research focused on enhancing their stability, responsiveness, and clinical applicability. Their continued development is expected to revolutionize biomedical technologies, paving the way for more efficient and targeted therapeutic solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the Impact of Gel Electrolytes on the Performance of Organic Electrochemical Transistors.","authors":"Mancheng Li, Xiaoci Liang, Chuan Liu, Songjia Han","doi":"10.3390/gels11030202","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gel electrolyte-gated organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising bioelectronic devices known for their high transconductance, low operating voltage, and integration with biological systems. Despite extensive research on the performance of OECTs, a precise model defining the dependence of OECT performance on gel electrolytes is still lacking. In this work, we refine the device model to comprehensively account for the electrical double layer (EDL)'s capacitance of the gel electrolyte. Both experimental data and theoretical calculations indicate that the maximum transconductance of the OECT is contingent upon ion concentration, drain voltage, and scan rate, highlighting a strong correlation between the transconductance and the hydrogel electrolyte. Overall, this model serves as a theoretical tool for improving the performance of OECTs, enabling the further development of bioelectronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate Microparticle Loading on Rheology, Microstructure, and Processability of Hydrogel-Based Inks for Bioprinted and Moulded Scaffolds.","authors":"Mercedes Pérez-Recalde, Evelina Pacheco, Beatriz Aráoz, Élida B Hermida","doi":"10.3390/gels11030200","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resorbable microparticles can be added to hydrogel-based biocompatible scaffolds to improve their mechanical characteristics and allow localised drug delivery, which will aid in tissue repair and regeneration. It is well-known that bioprinting is important for producing scaffolds personalised to patients by loading them with their own cells and printing them with specified shapes and dimensions. The question is how the addition of such particles affects the rheological responsiveness of the hydrogels (which is critical during the printing process) as well as mechanical parameters like the elastic modulus. This study tries to answer this question using a specific system: an alginate-gelatine hydrogel containing polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) microparticles. Scaffolds were made by bioprinting and moulding incorporating PHBV microspheres (7-12 μm in diameter) into alginate-gelatine inks (4.5 to 9.0% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). The microparticles (MP) were predominantly located within the polymeric matrix at concentrations up to 10 mg MP/mL ink. Higher particle concentrations disrupted their spatial distribution. Inks pre-crosslinked with 15 mM calcium and containingMPat concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 mg/mL demonstrated rheological characteristics appropriate for bioprinting, such as solid-like behaviour (G' = 1060-1300 Pa, G″ = 720-930 Pa), yield stresses of 320-400 Pa, and pseudoplastic behaviour (static viscosities of 4000-5600 Pa·s and ~100 Pa·s at bioprinting shear rates). Furthermore, these inks allow high printing quality, assessed through scaffold dimensions, filament widths, and printability (Pr > 0.94). The modulus of elasticity in compression (E) of the scaffolds varied according to the content of MP and the manufacturing technique, with values resembling those of soft tissues (200-600 kPa) and exhibiting a maximum reinforcement effect with 3 mg MP/mL ink (bioprinted E = 273 ± 28 kPa; moulded E = 541 ± 66 kPa). Over the course of six days, the sample's mass and shape remained stable during degradation in simulated body fluid (SBF). Thus, the alginate-gelatine hydrogel loaded with PHBV microspheres inks shows promise for targeted drug delivery in soft tissue bioengineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11941948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Natural Rubber-Polyzwitterion Composite Hydrogel for Highly Enhanced Marine Anti-Biofouling.","authors":"Ye Sun, Dominic John, Yuxin Yan, Xueliang Feng, Qingrong Wei, Chunxin Ma, Zhenzhong Liu, Haimei Mao, Tuck-Whye Wong, Yun Chen","doi":"10.3390/gels11030203","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyzwitterion (PZW) hydrogel has excellent marine anti-biofouling performance, but it is difficult to effectively work for a long time in natural seawater due to its weak mechanical strength. In this study, a new natural rubber (NR)-PZW composite hydrogel has been reported for long-term anti-biofouling by simply dispersing NR latex into the poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) hydrogel network. First of all, owing to the PZW hydrogel network having an anti-polyelectrolyte effect, this NR-PZW hydrogel can provide outstanding anti-biofouling performance, including broad-spectrum anti-bacteria, anti-algae, and anti-protein properties in marine environments. Furthermore, it has a composited natural rubber nanoparticle with a hydrophilic negatively charged outer protein membrane, which can uniformly disperse in the hydrogel to significantly improve its mechanical properties. Therefore, this composited hydrogel can provide not only highly enhanced tensile strength (0.52 MPa) but also ultra-high breaking elongation (738%), which can effectually resist harsh seawater environments. As a result, the NR-PZW composite hydrogel can achieve excellent anti-biofouling performance for more than 3 months within a real marine environment. This work can provide an excellent, robust polyzwitterionic hydrogel for long-term marine anti-biofouling, which will also inspire new strategies for anti-biofouling materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Quality Application of Crayfish Muscle in Surimi Gels: Fortification of Blended Gels by Transglutaminase.","authors":"Hongyi Wang, Qiang Li, Mengru Yang, Hong Wang, Mengtao Wang, Lin Lin, Jianfeng Lu","doi":"10.3390/gels11030204","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The application of crayfish muscle in surimi products is a potential way to promote their processing and ensure that it is of a high value. In this study, a one-way completely randomized design was used to prepare mixed surimi gels with different proportions of crayfish muscle. The effect of transglutaminase (TGase) on the improvement in the structural properties, water-binding capacity, micromorphology and protein conformation of blended gels was explored using mass spectrometry, centrifugation, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of thus study were analyzed by one-way ANOVA showed that in the absence of TGase, crayfish muscle made the microstructure of the blended gel looser and rougher, with a reduction in the strength of the gel and a decrease in the water holding capacity. The addition of 0.6% TGase was able to ameliorate this negative effect by promoting the formation of key chemical bonds and changes in protein conformation, which ultimately led to the enhancement of the crayfish-surimi blended gel properties. Practically, this study provides a viable strategy for incorporating crayfish into surimi products, enabling the development of novel, high-quality seafood products with improved texture and moisture retention, thereby enhancing consumer appeal and reducing waste in crayfish processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11941840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swelling Behavior, Biocompatibility, and Controlled Delivery of Sodium-Diclofenac in New Temperature-Responsive P(OEGMA/OPGMA) Copolymeric Hydrogels.","authors":"Zorana Rogic Miladinovic, Maja Krstic, Edin Suljovrujic","doi":"10.3390/gels11030201","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the synthesis and properties of innovative poly(oligo(alkylene glycol)) methacrylate hydrogels synthesized via gamma radiation-induced copolymerization and the crosslinking of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA) and oligo(propylene glycol) methacrylate (OPGMA) at varying mole fractions. Our primary objective is to investigate the impact of copolymerization on the swelling properties of P(OEGMA/OPGMA) hydrogels compared to their homopolymeric counterparts, namely, POEGMA and POPGMA, which exhibit distinct volume phase transition temperatures (<i>VPTT</i>s) of around 70 and 13 °C, respectively, under physiological conditions. To this end, a comprehensive library of smart methacrylate-based hydrogel biomaterials was developed, featuring detailed data on their swelling behavior across different copolymer molar ratios and physiological temperature ranges. To achieve these objectives, we conducted swelling behavior analysis across a wide range of temperatures, assessed the pH sensitivity of hydrogels, utilized scanning electron microscopy for morphological characterization, performed in vitro biocompatibility assessment through cell viability and hemolysis assays, and employed diclofenac sodium as a model drug to control drug delivery testing. Our findings demonstrate that the newly synthesized P(OEGMA₄₀/OPGMA₆₀) copolymeric hydrogel exhibits desirable characteristics, with <i>VPTT</i> close to the physiological temperatures required for controlled drug delivery applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expansion and Delivery of Human Chondrocytes on Gelatin-Based Cell Carriers.","authors":"Krishi Patel, Derya Ozhava, Yong Mao","doi":"10.3390/gels11030199","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11030199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cartilage damage is common in sports injuries and cartilage-related diseases, such as degenerative joint and rheumatic disorders. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a widely used cell-based therapy for repairing cartilage damage in clinical practice. In this procedure, a patient's chondrocytes are isolated, cultured in vitro to expand the cell population, and then implanted into the damaged site. However, in vitro expansion of chondrocytes on standard 2D culture surfaces leads to dedifferentiation (loss of the chondrocyte phenotype), and the delivery of detached cells has proven to be ineffective. To overcome these limitations, the matrix-assisted ACI (MACI) procedure was developed. In MACI, matrices such as hydrogels and microspheres are used as cell carriers or scaffolds to deliver expanded chondrocytes, enhancing cell viability and precision delivery. To streamline the two key steps of MACI-cell expansion and delivery-this study aims to investigate various configurations of gelatin-based hydrogels for their potential to support both cell expansion and delivery as a single step. This study evaluated gelatin microspheres (Gel MS), micronized photo-crosslinked GelMA microparticles (GelMA MP), and bulky GelMA hydrogels containing cells (GelMA HG). Cell growth, maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype, and cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) production were assessed in pellet cultures for cells grown on/in these carriers, compared with cells cultured on tissue culture-treated polystyrene (TCP). Our results demonstrate that normal human knee articular chondrocytes exhibit robust growth on Gel MS and form aggregates enriched with glycosaminoglycan-rich ECM. Gel MS outperformed both GelMA MP and GelMA HG as a cell carrier by both supporting long-term cell growth with reduced dedifferentiation and precision delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}