Gels最新文献

{"title":"Microwave-Assisted Degradation of Unsaturated Polyester Resin into HDPE-Modified Aerogels for Oil Adsorption and Oil/Water Separation.","authors":"Shixue He, Qianqian Qian, Daning Lang, Ronglan Wu","doi":"10.3390/gels12100922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is difficult to reprocess because curing generates an irreversible three-dimensional network. Here, cured UPR was treated in a microwave-assisted hydrazine hydrate/NaOH medium at 70 °C for 30 min to produce a water-swellable UPR-derived product (NUPR). NUPR was combined with glutaraldehyde, subjected to freeze-thaw processing and freeze-drying, and subsequently modified with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to fabricate porous aerogels. FTIR results were consistent with partial cleavage of ester-containing structures, while TGA and SEM revealed changes in thermal behavior and morphology. Among the tested aerogels, AAS-6 exhibited a density of approximately 0.036 g cm^-3 and a porosity of 96.6%. After HDPE treatment, the aerogel exhibited a water contact angle of 135.2° while maintaining rapid oil wetting. Its 5 min liquid uptake for the tested oils and organic solvents ranged from 20.14 to 38.31 g g^-1. After ten adsorption-regeneration cycles, 89-96% of the initial oil uptake was retained, depending on the oil, whereas uptake of the tested volatile solvents remained comparatively unchanged under the respective regeneration conditions. H-6 also enabled free-oil uptake from water and gravity-driven treatment of surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, yielding high separation efficiencies and markedly reduced dispersed-droplet signals after filtration. These results demonstrate a route for coupling the chemical conversion of cured UPR with fabrication of porous materials for oil uptake and W/O emulsion separation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical Insights into Enhanced Burn Wound Healing by Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Gentamicin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Chitosan/Gentamicin Hydrogels.","authors":"Anja Nikolić, Ivan Milošević, Ana Janković, Bogomir Bolka Prokić, Emilija Nićković, Milena Stevanović, Marija Majstorović, Milorad Mirilović, Vesna Mišković-Stanković, Tijana Lužajić Božinovski","doi":"10.3390/gels12100925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gentamicin (Gent) and PVA/chitosan (CHI)/Gent hydrogels have previously demonstrated improved burn wound healing in a rat model, based on clinical assessment and histological analysis. This study aims to provide immunohistochemical insight into the effects of PVA/Gent and PVA/CHI/Gent on burn wound healing by analyzing markers of macrophage presence (CD68), angiogenesis (VEGF and ESM1), proliferation (Ki-67), and apoptosis (TUNEL) on post-burn days 3, 7, 14 and 21. Both hydrogels increased macrophage presence, with PVA/CHI/Gent producing earlier effects. Angiogenesis was more pronounced in the PVA/CHI/Gent-treated group, in terms of both the number of VEGF⁺ cells and the relative density of blood vessels (ESM1), while PVA/Gent generally exceeded the control values without significant differences. On day 21, macrophage presence and angiogenesis were reduced in the treated groups, with significantly higher values in the control group. Proliferation was greater in the treated groups during the early healing phase (on days 3 and 7), whereas it was predominant in the control group during the later stages (on days 14 and 21). Conversely, apoptosis was predominant in the control group at the first three time points; however, by day 21, it was more pronounced in the treated groups, particularly in the PVA/CHI/Gent-treated group. Overall, both hydrogels showed similar temporal cellular and tissue responses, but PVA/CHI/Gent induced earlier and more sustained effects and demonstrated superior pro-angiogenic activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent Hydrogel Sensors for Health Monitoring and Therapeutic Intervention: From Material Design to Integrated Diagnosis and Treatment.","authors":"Di Chu, Qi Hou, Mingxin Li, Yuan Dong","doi":"10.3390/gels12100919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intelligent hydrogel sensors are integrated sensing devices employing stimuli-responsive hydrogels as the core functional sensing layers. Featuring tissue-mimetic mechanical flexibility, superior biocompatibility, and dynamic stimulus responsiveness, they fundamentally resolve the mechanical and biological interfacial mismatch between traditional rigid electronics and soft living tissues, providing new avenues for in situ, real-time, and in vivo physiological monitoring and precise biomedical intervention. This review systematically elaborates the full-scale design logic, multifunctional integration strategies, and cutting-edge biomedical applications of engineered intelligent hydrogel sensors. The material selection principles covering natural, synthetic, and hybrid polymer systems, multi-mode crosslinking strategies for three-dimensional network construction, and functional modification approaches for conductivity, biological recognition, self-healing, adhesion, and antifouling performance are comprehensively summarized. The sensing mechanisms that convert physical deformation and biochemical variations into quantifiable electrical or optical signals are classified and analyzed, including resistive/capacitive, piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical transduction modes. This review strictly focuses on hydrogel-dominant sensing platforms and discusses their versatile applications in wearable physiological monitoring, implantable in vivo sensing, and in vitro biochemical diagnosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the core role of intelligent hydrogels in constructing \"perception-feedback-treatment\" closed-loop theranostic systems, which enable autonomous on-demand drug release or physical stimulation in response to pathological signal changes, achieving integrated diagnosis and therapy. Despite substantial laboratory progress, the clinical translation of intelligent hydrogel sensors still faces critical challenges, including insufficient long-term in vivo stability, biological contamination, uncontrollable immune responses, large-scale manufacturing difficulties, and poor performance consistency. This review further outlines future development directions based on artificial intelligence-assisted material design, biomimetic structural engineering, advanced 3D/4D printing manufacturing, and interdisciplinary integration. It is anticipated that intelligent hydrogel sensors will evolve into highly integrated, personalized, and autonomous intelligent healthcare units, promoting the paradigm shift from passive universal treatment to proactive, personalized, and predictive precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Itaconic Acid-Modified Guar Gum Composite Hydrogel for Water Retention in Mine Ecological Restoration.","authors":"Shixue He, Ting Zhao, Daning Lang, Ronglan Wu","doi":"10.3390/gels12100921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To tackle poor water retention in degraded mine soil and the low stability and short water-holding duration of natural polymer hydrogels, an itaconic acid-modified guar gum composite hydrogel (IAGG hydrogel) was developed using guar gum (GG) as the polymer substrate and itaconic acid (IA) as the functional monomer. This study aimed to improve the stability, water-retention duration, and water-absorption performance of GG-based hydrogels through a covalent-dynamic multiple-crosslinking design and to evaluate their potential for mine ecological restoration. The hydrogel network was constructed through IA-related covalent interactions, ECH-mediated ether crosslinking, and borax-mediated dynamic interactions, forming a covalent-dynamic multiple-crosslinked structure. IA-introduced carboxyl groups enhanced hydrophilicity and water retention via hydrogen bonding and ionic hydration, while covalent-dynamic crosslinking synergy improved network stability and wet-dry cycle resistance. Under the optimized preparation conditions, the IAGG hydrogel exhibited a water absorption capacity of 370.7 g/g in deionized water, and the I5G5 hydrogel retained a water absorption capacity of 255.4 g/g after 10 swelling-dehydration cycles. Soil experiments showed that IAGG increased mine soil water-holding capacity from 13.3 to 77.6 g/g, extended retention from 5 to 14 days, and supported the germination and subsequent seedling development of <i>Suaeda salsa</i>. After 4 months of soil burial, the hydrogel exhibited approximately 63% weight loss, indicating substantial structural deterioration under the tested soil-burial conditions. These results demonstrate the potential of IAGG as a water-retention material for mine ecological restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Optimization of a Lupeol-Loaded Bilosomal Gel for Enhanced Topical Therapy of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis.","authors":"Mohammad Hamza, Soumya Samanta, Mohammed Faheem Khan, Supriya Roy, Zeeshan Fatima, Ritu Gupta, Salvatore Gallo, Nimisha Srivastava","doi":"10.3390/gels12100918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lupeol, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, making it a promising candidate for psoriasis treatment. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited skin permeation restrict its therapeutic application. This study aimed to develop and optimize a lupeol-loaded bilosomal gel to enhance topical delivery and improve anti-psoriatic efficacy. Lupeol-loaded bilosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and optimized through a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimized formulation was characterized for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, drug release, and physicochemical properties before incorporation into a Carbopol^® 934P gel. The bilosomal gel was further evaluated through in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation, and in vivo efficacy in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice model. The optimized bilosomes exhibited nanoscale vesicles, high drug entrapment, and sustained drug release. Incorporation into the gel produced a formulation with suitable physicochemical characteristics and significantly enhanced skin permeation compared with a conventional gel. In vivo, the bilosomal gel markedly reduced Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores, spleen index, and TNF-α levels while restoring normal skin histology. These findings demonstrate that bilosomal encapsulation substantially improves the topical delivery and therapeutic efficacy of lupeol, highlighting the developed bilosomal gel as a promising nanocarrier-based strategy for the topical management of psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering the Catalytic Sites and Porous Framework of Biomass-Derived Carbon Aerogels for Zinc-Air Batteries and Pressure Sensors: A Review.","authors":"Chenyue Yu, Yanglei Chen, Lei Zhang, Ru Li, Lucian A Lucia, Xiaofei Zhou, Guihua Yang","doi":"10.3390/gels12100917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ever-growing global demand for sustainable energy has promoted the development of zinc-air batteries with high energy density. However, the slow multi-electron kinetic process of the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction still restricts the practical commercialization of this battery technology. Biomass-based carbon aerogels can be constructed into tunable three-dimensional hierarchical structural frameworks, which provide high specific surface area and tunable structural characteristics, offering opportunities to improve mass transport and catalytic-site accessibility. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in the preparation and structural regulation of biomass-based carbon aerogels and elaborates on the determining effect of directional sol-gel processes, advanced drying techniques, and activation mechanisms on pore structure. To further improve the bifunctional electrocatalytic activity, this paper highlights the key doping and modification strategies, including nitrogen doping, multi-element co-doping, as well as the precise immobilization of non-noble metal nanoparticles and single-atom active sites. In addition to serving as high-efficiency, self-supporting, and flexible air cathodes for energy storage devices, the excellent mechanical rebound performance and continuous conductive network of this type of carbon aerogel also make it suitable for high-sensitivity pressure sensors. In conclusion, rational design and modification of biomass precursors can open up a green and sustainable development path for next-generation multifunctional flexible electronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel-Gated Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Wearable and Portable Direct Detection of Aerosol-Borne Viral Antigens.","authors":"Haiyang Yu, Yuhan Lu, Bihan Guo, Jiameng Wang, Ya Zhang, Bingfang Wang, Qiuyu Yang, Lan Shen, Mengtian Shan, Feilong Wang, Daizong Ji, Yin Fang","doi":"10.3390/gels12100916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Direct detection of viral antigens in respiratory aerosols is challenging because affinity-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) typically rely on liquid samples. Here, a non-flowing agarose hydrogel replaced the liquid electrolyte to capture aerosols, conduct ions, and support target transport. Before OECT readout, a separate 1-min ring-electrode field-assistance step was applied to facilitate target delivery to the aptamer-functionalized gate. Under the optimized conditions, the device achieved a solution-phase concentration-based limit of detection (LoD) of 1.27 fM and a sample-to-result time of 17 min. The approach was implemented in face-mask and handheld formats with a portable wireless readout system. In nebulization-based tests using SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the LoDs expressed in terms of the concentrations of the nebulizer source solutions were 6.89 pM and 1.19 pM for the face-mask and handheld configurations, respectively. These results demonstrate that hydrogel-mediated aerosol capture and ionic coupling, ring-electrode field assistance, and OECT transduction can be integrated to enable direct electrical detection of aerosol-borne viral antigens, supporting further development of wearable and portable respiratory screening systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xanthan Gum/Lignin Double-Interpenetrating Network Cryogels: Preparation, Characterization, and Water Purification Performance.","authors":"Maria Marinela Lazar, Doina Humelnicu, Irina Elena Raschip, Raluca-Elena Avram, Maria Valentina Dinu","doi":"10.3390/gels12100915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of multifunctional, bio-based materials capable of simultaneously addressing microbial contamination and inorganic pollutants is of increasing interest for sustainable water purification. In this study, xanthan gum (XG)/lignin(LN) double-interpenetrating network (DN) cryogels were prepared and investigated as porous, multifunctional materials for antimicrobial applications and water purification. The cryogel architecture combines the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups of XG and LN with an interconnected porous network generated under cryogenic conditions. The prepared networks were comprehensively characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), swelling analysis, and uniaxial mechanical testing to evaluate their structural, morphological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties. Their Cu²⁺ sorption performance was subsequently assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and the experimental equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips isotherm models. The single-network (SN) XG-based materials exhibited Cu²⁺ sorption capacities of 62.13-109.81 mg/g, whereas the DN cryogels showed higher capacities of 111.87-120.84 mg/g. The Sips model provided the best description of the equilibrium data, with (R²) values of 0.991-0.994 and substantially lower (χ²) values than the Langmuir and Freundlich models, indicating heterogeneous sorption sites with finite saturation capacity. Importantly, the Cu²⁺-loaded SN and DNs exhibited sorption efficiency toward sulfate ions, demonstrating their potential for sequential contaminant removal. Sulfate sorption capacities reached 694.53 mg/g for the SN.X2/Cu²⁺ composite and up to 812.53 mg/g for the DN.XL3/Cu²⁺ composite. In addition, the prepared materials demonstrated antimicrobial activity against two Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i>) and two Gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>) bacterial strains. The results demonstrate that XG/LN DN cryogels combine effective metal-ion and sulfate sorption with antimicrobial activity, providing promising bio-based platforms for water purification and potentially extending the functional lifetime of the material through sequential contaminant removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel-Based Delivery Systems for Targeted Probiotic Release and Colonization: From Design Principles to Health Outcomes.","authors":"Wenjia Yan, Haichuan Shi, Hao Wang, Shanshan Xu, Zhuochen Wang","doi":"10.3390/gels12100914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Probiotics exert profound health benefits via the modulation of the intestinal microbiota. However, the efficacy of orally administered probiotics is severely constrained by a cascade of physiological barriers, including gastric acid inactivation, suboptimal intestinal release, and inadequate mucosal colonization. In response to these challenges, hydrogel-based delivery platforms have garnered considerable interest as versatile carriers capable of providing protective encapsulation, enabling spatiotemporally controlled release, and augmenting intestinal retention. This narrative review presents recent progress in the design and application of hydrogel-based oral delivery systems tailored for targeted probiotic release and effective colonization. First, the key gastrointestinal obstacles to successful probiotic delivery are delineated. Hydrogel design parameters are then critically appraised, with particular emphasis on material selection and network design. The underlying release mechanisms are subsequently examined. These encompass pH-responsive, enzyme-triggered, and inflammation-responsive modalities. Emerging colonization-enhancing strategies are discussed in detail. These include mucoadhesive hydrogel architectures and the nascent paradigm of \"living hydrogels\" functioning as dynamic bioreactors. The translational potential of these systems for health management is illustrated through applications in inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and gut-brain axis modulation. Finally, key challenges in manufacturing, viability, and translational feasibility are evaluated. These include regulatory, safety, and encapsulation-related constraints. To address these, multi-responsive platforms, machine learning-assisted design, and synbiotic hydrogels are proposed. These hydrogels synergize with probiotics to target dysbiosis and repair mucosal damage for improved gastrointestinal health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene Oxide-Regulated Calcium Alginate Molecularly Imprinted Hydrogel Films with Enhanced Physico-Mechanical Properties and Selective Protein Recognition.","authors":"Siyu Wang, Haojie Li, Ying Zhang, Zhengchun Yang, Kongyin Zhao","doi":"10.3390/gels12100913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12100913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcium alginate (CaAlg) hydrogels are attractive matrices for molecular imprinting because of their biocompatibility and functionalizability, but their limited mechanical stability and excessive swelling can compromise the integrity and accessibility of molecular recognition sites. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated into CaAlg to regulate the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel and construct a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-imprinted hydrogel interface for selective protein recognition and electrochemical sensing. The incorporation of GO effectively reduced swelling and enhanced the mechanical stability of the hydrogel, with the 1 wt.% GO-containing film exhibiting a tensile strength of 1921.15 kPa and the highest fracture energy. The resulting molecularly imprinted hydrogel showed a BSA adsorption capacity of 55.21 mg g^-1 and an imprinting efficiency of 3.68, while preferential recognition of BSA over other proteins was observed. After integration with a carbon electrode, template removal and BSA rebinding produced distinguishable electrochemical responses, with an electrochemical imprinting ratio of approximately 6.5. These results demonstrate that GO can simultaneously regulate the structural stability and molecular recognition behavior of CaAlg-based imprinted hydrogels. The proposed hydrogel interface provides a promising material platform for selective protein recognition and electrochemical sensing, with potential applications in biomolecular detection and functional biointerfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}