Gels最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogel-Based Vascularized Organ Tissue Engineering: A Systematized Review on Abdominal Organs.","authors":"Filippos F Karageorgos, Maria Alexiou, Georgios Tsoulfas, Aleck H Alexopoulos","doi":"10.3390/gels10100653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biomedical engineering, especially tissue engineering, is trying to provide an alternative solution to generate functional organs/tissues for use in various applications. These include beyond the final goal of transplantation, disease modeling and drug discovery as well. The aim of this study is to comprehensively review the existing literature on hydrogel-based vascularized organ (i.e., liver, pancreas, kidneys, intestine, stomach and spleen) tissue engineering of the abdominal organs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the Scopus database (latest search 1 September 2024). The research studies including hydrogel-based vascularized organ tissue engineering in the organs examined here were eligible for the review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Herein, 18 studies were included. Specifically, 10 studies included the liver or hepatic tissue, 5 studies included the pancreas or pancreatic islet tissue, 3 studies included the kidney or renal tissue, 1 study included the intestine or intestinal or bowel tissue, 1 study included the stomach or gastric tissue, and 0 studies included spleen tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hydrogels are biocompatible materials with ideal characteristics for use as scaffolds. Even though organ tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field, there are still many obstacles to overcome to create a fully functional and long-lasting organ.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatible Hydrogel Coating on Silicone Rubber with Improved Antifouling and Durable Lubricious Properties.","authors":"Shuai Gao, Zheng Liu, Wei Zeng, Yunfeng Zhang, Fanjun Zhang, Dimeng Wu, Yunbing Wang","doi":"10.3390/gels10100647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silicone rubber is widely used in various medical applications. However, silicone rubber is prone to biofouling due to their affinity for lipids and has a high friction coefficient, which can significantly impact their efficacy and performance used as medical devices. Thus, the development of hydrogels with antifouling and lubricious abilities for the modification of silicone rubber is in high demand. We herein prepared a variety of hydrogel coatings mainly based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). We modified the silicone rubber using the prepared hydrogel coatings and cured it using a heating method. Then, we characterized its surface and evaluated the antifouling property, lubricious property, cytotoxicity, sensitization, and vaginal irritation. The results of water contact angle (WCA), protein adsorption, and friction coefficient indicated the success of the modification of the silicone rubber, leading to a significant decrease in the corresponding test values. Meanwhile, the results of cytotoxicity, sensitization, and vaginal irritation tests showed that the hydrogel coating-modified silicone rubbers have an excellent biocompatibility. This study describes how the silicone rubber could be modified with a biocompatible hydrogel coating. The hydrogel coating-modified silicone rubbers have improved antifouling and durable lubricious properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Self-Crosslinking Effect of Alginate-Di-Aldehyde with Natural and Synthetic Co-Polymers as Injectable In Situ-Forming Biodegradable Hydrogel.","authors":"Bushra Begum, Trideva Sastri Koduru, Syeda Noor Madni, Noor Fathima Anjum, Shanmuganathan Seetharaman, Balamuralidhara Veeranna, Vishal Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.3390/gels10100649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Injectable, in situ-forming hydrogels, both biocompatible and biodegradable, have garnered significant attention in tissue engineering due to their potential for creating adaptable scaffolds. The adaptability of these hydrogels, made from natural proteins and polysaccharides, opens up a world of possibilities. In this study, sodium alginate was used to synthesize alginate di-aldehyde (ADA) through periodate oxidation, resulting in a lower molecular weight and reduced viscosity, with different degrees of oxidation (54% and 70%). The dual-crosslinking mechanism produced an injectable in situ hydrogel. Initially, physical crosslinking occurred between ADA and borax via borax complexation, followed by chemical crosslinking with gelatin through a Schiff's base reaction, which takes place between the amino groups of gelatin and the aldehyde groups of ADA, without requiring an external crosslinking agent. The formation of Schiff's base was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. At the same time, the aldehyde groups in ADA were characterized using FT-IR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which determined its molecular weight. Furthermore, borax complexation was validated through boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹¹B NMR). The hydrogel formulation containing 70% ADA, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and 9% gelatin exhibited a decreased gelation time at physiological temperature, attributed to the increased gelatin content and higher degree of oxidation. Rheological analysis mirrored these findings, showing a correlation with gelation time. The swelling capacity was also enhanced due to the increased oxidation degree of PEG and the system's elevated gelatin content and hydrophilicity. The hydrogel demonstrated an average pore size of 40-60 µm and a compressive strength of 376.80 kPa. The lower molecular weight and varied pH conditions influenced its degradation behavior. Notably, the hydrogel's syringeability was deemed sufficient for practical applications, further enhancing its potential in tissue engineering. Given these properties, the 70% ADA/gelatin/PEG hydrogel is a promising candidate and a potential game-changer for injectable, self-crosslinking applications in tissue engineering. Its potential to revolutionize the field is inspiring and should motivate further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Build-Up and Stability of Hybrid Monoglyceride-Triglyceride Oleogels.","authors":"Kato Rondou, Antonia Dewettinck, Koen Dewettinck, Filip Van Bockstaele","doi":"10.3390/gels10100650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oleogelation is an alternative oil structuring route to formulate (semi-)solid fats with a reduced amount of saturated fats. Monoglycerides have been identified as effective gelators; however, their application potential can be limited due to challenges regarding mechanical strength and long-term stability. Therefore, the formulation of hybrid fat blends is a promising way to improve the functionality of oleogels. This research focuses on the interaction between mono- and triglycerides (MAGs and TAGs) in hybrid oleogels. A total gelator concentration of 10% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) with changing MAGs-TAGs ratios (increase by 25% on a molar basis; M0-T100, M25-T75, M50-T50, M75-T25, M100-T0) was used. First, the oleogels were produced without shear to unravel the crystallization behavior (DSC, SAXS, WAXS). Next, the oleogels were crystallized with shear to assess the interactions between MAGs and TAGs on macroscale properties (rigidity, oil binding capacity) during storage of 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks. A clear distinction could be made between the MAG crystals and TAG crystals in the blends M50-T50 and M75-T25 based on WAXS, SAXS, and phase contrast microscopy. This indicates that both gelators crystallize separately. During the follow-up study of the dynamically produced samples, a synergistic effect was found for Dy-M50-T50 and Dy-M75-T25; however, it was not maintained upon storage. The initial rigidity of 2.4 × 10⁴ Pa and 2.0 × 10⁴ Pa decreased to 1.5 × 10⁴ Pa and 1.0 × 10⁴ Pa for Dy-M50-T50 and Dy-M75-T25, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear-Thinning Extrudable Hydrogels Based on Star Polypeptides with Antimicrobial Properties.","authors":"Dimitrios Skoulas, Muireann Fallon, Katelyn J Genoud, Fergal J O'Brien, Deirdre Fitzgerald Hughes, Andreas Heise","doi":"10.3390/gels10100652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels with low toxicity, antimicrobial potency and shear-thinning behavior are promising materials to combat the modern challenges of increased infections. Here, we report on 8-arm star block copolypeptides based on poly(L-lysine), poly(L-tyrosine) and poly(S-benzyl-L-cysteine) blocks. Three star block copolypeptides were synthesized with poly(S-benzyl-L-cysteine) always forming the outer block. The inner block comprised either two individual blocks of poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-tyrosine) or a statistical block copolypeptide from both amino acids. The star block copolypeptides were synthesized by the Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) of the protected amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), keeping the overall ratio of monomers constant. All star block copolypeptides formed hydrogels and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed a porous morphology. The investigation of their viscoelastic characteristics, water uptake and syringe extrudability revealed superior properties of the star polypeptide with a statistical inner block of L-lysine and L-tyrosine. Further testing of this sample confirmed no cytotoxicity and demonstrated antimicrobial activity of 1.5-log and 2.6-log reduction in colony-forming units, CFU/mL, against colony-forming reference laboratory strains of Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, respectively. The results underline the importance of controlling structural arrangements in polypeptides to optimize their physical and biological properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Investigation of Nano-Silica Gel for Water Shut-Off in Fractured Reservoirs.","authors":"Ahmed Ali, Mustafa Al Ramadan, Murtada Saleh Aljawad","doi":"10.3390/gels10100651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silicate gels have long been utilized as water shut-off agents in petroleum fields to address excessive water production. In recent years, nano-silica gel has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional silicate gels, offering potentially improved plugging performance. However, the long-term effectiveness of these gels remains uncertain, posing challenges to sustained profitability. Therefore, a comprehensive study spanning 6 months was conducted on fractured and induced channel samples treated with nano-silica gel of 75/25 wt% (silica/activator) at 200 °F. A comparative analysis was performed with samples treated using polyacrylamide/polyethyleneimine PAM/PEI gel (9/1 wt%) to compare the performance of both systems. Throughout the aging period in formation water at 167 °F, endurance tests were conducted at regular intervals, complemented by computed tomography (CT) scans to monitor any potential degradation. The results revealed nano-silica gel's superior long-term performance in plugging fractures and channels compared to PAM/PEI gel. Even after 6 months, the nano-silica gel maintained a remarkable 100% plugging efficiency at 1000 psi, with a maximum leak-off rate of 0.088 cc/min in the mid-fractured sample and 0.027 in the induced channel sample. In comparison, PAM/PEI gel exhibited a reduction in efficiency to 99.15% in the fractured sample (5.5 cc/min maximum leak-off rate) and 99.99% in the induced channel sample (0.036 cc/min maximum leak-off rate). These findings highlight the potential of nano-silica gel as a more durable water shut-off agent for managing water production in fractures and channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sol-Gel Derived Alumina Particles for the Reinforcement of Copper Films on Brass Substrates.","authors":"Samah Sasi Maoloud Mohamed, Marija M Vuksanović, Dana G Vasiljević-Radović, Ljiljana Janković Mandić, Radmila M Jančić Heinneman, Aleksandar D Marinković, Ivana O Mladenović","doi":"10.3390/gels10100648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to provide tailored alumina particles suitable for reinforcing the metal matrix film. The sol-gel method was chosen to prepare particles of submicron size and to control crystal structure by calcination. In this study, copper-based metal matrix composite (MMC) films are developed on brass substrates with different electrodeposition times and alumina concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), TEM, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the reinforcing phase. The MMC Cu-Al₂O₃ films were synthesized electrochemically using the co-electrodeposition method. Microstructural and topographical analyses of pure (alumina-free) Cu films and the Cu films with incorporated Al₂O₃ particles were performed using FE-SEM/EDS and AFM, respectively. Hardness and adhesion resistance were investigated using the Vickers microindentation test and evaluated by applying the Chen-Gao (C-G) mathematical model. The sessile drop method was used for measuring contact angles for water. The microhardness and adhesion of the MMC Cu-Al₂O₃ films are improved when Al₂O₃ is added. The concentration of alumina particles in the electrolyte correlates with an increase in absolute film hardness in the way that 1.0 wt.% of alumina in electrolytes results in a 9.96% increase compared to the pure copper film, and the improvement is maximal in the film obtained from electrolytes containing 3.0 wt.% alumina giving the film 2.128 GPa, a 134% hardness value of that of the pure copper film. The surface roughness of the MMC film increased from 2.8 to 6.9 times compared to the Cu film without particles. The decrease in the water contact angle of Cu films with incorporated alumina particles relative to the pure Cu films was from 84.94° to 58.78°.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity.","authors":"Alina Ionela Stancu, Eliza Oprea, Lia Mara Dițu, Anton Ficai, Cornelia-Ioana Ilie, Irinel Adriana Badea, Mihaela Buleandra, Oana Brîncoveanu, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Ionela Avram, Cristina Elena Dinu Pîrvu, Magdalena Mititelu","doi":"10.3390/gels10100645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop and evaluate hydrogels containing a cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil and other free volatile oils with antimicrobial properties (tea tree and rosemary essential oils), focusing on their pharmaco-technical and rheological characteristics. The formulations varied in the Carbopol 940 (a hydrophilic polymer) and volatile oils' concentrations. Rheological analysis indicated that the gels displayed pseudoplastic behavior, with the flow index (n) values below 1, ensuring appropriate consistency and handling. The results showed that increasing the Carbopol concentration significantly enhanced the yield stress, consistency index, and viscosity, with gel B, containing 1% Carbopol, 1.5% tea tree essential oil, and 1.5% rosemary essential oil, demonstrating optimal stability and rheological properties. At the same time, the concentration of volatile oils was found to modulate the gels' flow parameters, but their effect was less pronounced than that of the gel-forming polymer. Antimicrobial testing revealed that both gel B and gel E (containing 1% Carbopol, 2% tea tree essential oil, and 2% rosemary essential oil) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and <i>Candida</i> spp., with gel E showing superior efficacy against <i>Candida tropicalis</i>. The antimicrobial effects were likely influenced by the higher concentrations of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in gel E. Overall, the study demonstrates that the concentration of Carbopol 940 primarily determines the gel's rheological behavior, while volatile oil concentration modulates antimicrobial effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gel-Based Suspension Medium Used in 3D Bioprinting for Constructing Tissue/Organ Analogs.","authors":"Yang Luo, Rong Xu, Zeming Hu, Renhao Ni, Tong Zhu, Hua Zhang, Yabin Zhu","doi":"10.3390/gels10100644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Constructing tissue/organ analogs with natural structures and cell types in vitro offers a valuable strategy for the in situ repair of damaged tissues/organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a flexible method for fabricating these analogs. However, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting faces the challenge of balancing the use of soft bioinks with the need for high-fidelity geometric shapes. To address these challenges, recent advancements have introduced various suspension mediums based on gelatin, agarose, and gellan gum microgels. The emergence of these gel-based suspension mediums has significantly advanced the fabrication of tissue/organ constructs using 3D bioprinting. They effectively stabilize and support soft bioinks, enabling the formation of complex spatial geometries. Moreover, they provide a stable, cell-friendly environment that maximizes cell viability during the printing process. This minireview will summarize the properties, preparation methods, and potential applications of gel-based suspension mediums in constructing tissue/organ analogs, while also addressing current challenges and providing an outlook on the future of 3D bioprinting.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11507232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Microorganisms Immobilized in a Gel Structure for the Production of Precursors, Antibiotics, and Valuable Products.","authors":"Dmitriy Berillo, Turganova Malika, Baiken B Baimakhanova, Amankeldi K Sadanov, Vladimir E Berezin, Lyudmila P Trenozhnikova, Gul B Baimakhanova, Alma A Amangeldi, Bakhytzhan Kerimzhanova","doi":"10.3390/gels10100646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using free microorganisms for industrial processes has some limitations, such as the extensive consumption of substrates for growth, significant sensitivity to the microenvironment, and the necessity of separation from the product and, therefore, the cyclic process. It is widely acknowledged that confining or immobilizing cells in a matrix or support structure enhances enzyme stability, facilitates recycling, enhances rheological resilience, lowers bioprocess costs, and serves as a fundamental prerequisite for large-scale applications. This report summarizes the various cell immobilization methods, including several synthetic (polyvinylalcohol, polyethylenimine, polyacrylates, and Eudragit) and natural (gelatin, chitosan, alginate, cellulose, agar-agar, carboxymethylcellulose, and other polysaccharides) polymeric materials in the form of thin films, hydrogels, and cryogels. Advancements in the production of well-known antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin by various strains were discussed. Additionally, we highlighted cutting-edge research related to strain producers of peptide-based antibiotics (polymyxin B, Subtilin, Tyrothricin, varigomycin, gramicidin S, friulimicin, and bacteriocin), glusoseamines, and polyene derivatives. Crosslinking agents, especially covalent linkers, significantly affect the activity and stability of biocatalysts (penicillin G acylase, penicillinase, deacetoxycephalosporinase, L-asparaginase, β-glucosidase, Xylanase, and urease). The molecular weight of polymers is an important parameter influencing oxygen and nutrient diffusion, the kinetics of hydrogel formation, rigidity, rheology, elastic moduli, and other mechanical properties crucial for long-term utilization. A comparison of stability and enzymatic activity between immobilized enzymes and their free native counterparts was explored. The discussion was not limited to recent advancements in the biopharmaceutical field, such as microorganism or enzyme immobilization, but also extended to methods used in sensor and biosensor applications. In this study, we present data on the advantages of cell and enzyme immobilization over microorganism (bacteria and fungi) suspension states to produce various bioproducts and metabolites-such as antibiotics, enzymes, and precursors-and determine the efficiency of immobilization processes and the optimal conditions and process parameters to maximize the yield of the target products.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142498383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}