Emerging Microbes & Infections最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir on post-COVID-19 outcomes among outpatients: a target trial emulation investigation.","authors":"Yuchen Wei, Christopher Boyer, Katherine Min Jia, Guozhang Lin, Huwen Wang, Conglu Li, Chi Tim Hung, Xiaoting Jiang, Carrie Ho Kwan Yam, Tsz Yu Chow, Yawen Wang, Shi Zhao, Zihao Guo, Kehang Li, Aimin Yang, Chris Ka Pun Mok, David S C Hui, Ka Chun Chong, Eng Kiong Yeoh","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2469648","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2469648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limited studies compared the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir against a control group on post-COVID-19 conditions. Our study examined the association of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir with post-acute mortality and hospitalizations among outpatients using real-world outpatient records of COVID-19 designated clinics in Hong Kong. This is an observational study using a target trial emulation framework, involving nirmatrelvir-ritonavir versus no antiviral treatment (Trial 1) and molnupiravir versus no antiviral treatment (Trial 2). Outcomes included post-acute mortality, all-cause hospitalization, and hospitalization due to 13 selected sequelae. Relative effectiveness was assessed by comparing the cumulative incidence between two groups, reported as relative risk (RR), along with risk differences (RD) during day 0-30, 31-180, and 181-360. After screening, 140,477 and 96,030 patients were included in Trial 1 and 2, respectively. Compared with no treatment, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir-treated patients exhibited a significantly lower risk of post-acute mortality (31-180 days: RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.96; RD, 0.20%; 181-360 days: RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50-0.82; RD, 0.32%) and all-cause hospitalization (31-180 days: RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76-0.88; RD, 1.11%; 181-360 days: RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78-0.89; RD, 1.18%). Patients receiving molnupiravir had a lower risk of 30-day mortality, but no significant beneficial effect was observed for the post-acute outcomes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in reducing post-COVID-19 outcomes among outpatients. While we observed the short-term effectiveness of molnupiravir in reducing mortality, no protective effect on long-term post-COVID-19 outcomes was observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2469648"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular turn in <i>Yersinia pestis</i> pathogenesis: implications of the <i>gppA</i> frameshift for bacterial survival in human macrophage.","authors":"Hongyan Chen, Shiyang Cao, Yazhou Zhou, Tong Wang, Yang Jiao, Yafang Tan, Yarong Wu, Yifan Ren, Yajun Song, Jing-Ren Zhang, Zongmin Du, Ruifu Yang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2467778","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2467778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Yersinia pestis</i>, the etiological agent of the devastating plague, has caused three pandemics in human history. While known for its fatality, it has long been intriguing that biovar microtus strains are highly attenuated to humans. The survival and replication within macrophages are critical in the early stages of the <i>Y. pestis</i> lifestyle within warm-blooded hosts. Here, we demonstrate that a frameshift truncation of <i>gppA</i>, a gene encoding the phosphohydrolase GppA that responsible for the conversion of stringent response alarmone pppGpp to ppGpp, significantly promotes <i>Y. pestis</i> to survive inside human macrophages. This frameshift mutation of <i>gppA</i> is present in all the evolutionary branches formed by the modern <i>Y. pestis</i> strains responsible for the plague pandemics, while the relative ancient microtus strains express a functional GppA showing high activity in catalyzing pppGpp to ppGpp conversion. This adaptive evolution potentially explains why microtus <i>Y. pestis</i> strains exhibit attenuated virulence in humans in contrast to the lethal pathogenicity of non-microtus strains. Transcriptome analysis suggests that the disturbed balance of the ratio of ppGpp to pppGpp caused by GppA inactivation results in an upregulation of genes involved in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids, which are essential for bacterial growth. This enhanced survival ability within macrophages could be a key factor for the virulence of <i>Y. pestis</i> towards humans. Our work sheds light on the molecular mechanisms behind <i>Y. pestis</i> host-specific pathogenicity, offering significant implications for enhancing our ability to predict and counteract the emergence of new infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2467778"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11878169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the standardization of human nasal antibody measurements.","authors":"Xuanxuan Zhang, Yulong Fu, Si Chen, Guanxing Liu, Ying Wang, Qian He, Qian Wang, Na Li, Zhongfang Wang, Ling Chen, Junzhi Wang, Zhenglun Liang, Miao Xu, Qunying Mao","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2475822","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2475822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mucosal immunity is crucial for preventing the infection and transmission of respiratory viruses. Nasal antibody is inversely correlated with a lower risk of infection with respiratory viruses. However, the current reference standard for nasal antibody assessment is serum-based, mainly consisting of monomeric IgG and IgA. The applicability of serum-derived standards for assessing nasal antibodies, consisting mostly of dimeric or polymeric secretory IgA (sIgA), remains unvalidated. Herein, we first proved that the sera-derived standard was not applicable for assessing nasal antibodies. Using a non-homologous standard as a calibrator introduced systematic error up to 10 times, which did not benefit the understanding of mucosal antibody response. Therefore, we attempted to develop two candidate standards (CS1, CS2) using nasal mucosal lining fluids (NMLFs) collected from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron convalescents or intranasal vaccine recipients, and CS3 using a sIgA monoclonal antibody. CS2 exhibited broad-spectrum binding activity against 12 SARS-CoV-2 strains, including all tested Omicron subvariants. A collaborative study conducted by seven laboratories demonstrated that CS2 improved the harmonization of inter-laboratory variability (pre-standardization geometric coefficients of variance, 14-314%; post-standardization, 3-35%). Using CS2 ensured an accurate assessment of nasal antibodies. Thus, CS2 was established as a national standard for evaluating nasal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies (Lot: 300052-202401, 1000 U/mL). Our work provides a benchmark for evaluating mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and inspires new avenues for developing new reference standards for other mucosal vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2475822"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11915745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct distribution of HEV-3 subtypes across humans, animals, and environmental waters in Sweden.","authors":"Hao Wang, Marianela Patzi Churqui, Samaneh Taslimi, Timur Tunovic, Linn Dahlsten Andius, Martin Lagging, Kristina Nyström","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2488188","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2488188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously observed a notable discrepancy in the distribution of HEV-3 subtypes between wastewater and clinical samples in Sweden. To confirm this observation and comprehensively elucidate HEV-3 circulation patterns across humans, animals, and environmental waters in Sweden, we analysed the HEV genetic diversity in archived wastewater samples between late 2016 and early 2018, clinical cases between 2012 and 2024, and all available Swedish sequences from the NCBI Virus database. HEV RNA was detected in all archived wastewater samples, with subtype 3c being the only subtype identified. In typed clinical cases, subtypes 3f (45/126) and 3c (44/126) were nearly equally distributed, though regional dominance varied. When incorporating human sequences from other Swedish studies, subtype 3f became dominant (75/168). Analysis of all available sequences revealed that 3f (113/136) was the dominant subtype in <i>Sus scrofa</i> (pigs and wild boars), while 3c (30/33) was dominant in environmental waters. These findings highlight the complex transmission dynamics of HEV-3 in Sweden. The near-absence of 3c in Swedish domestic pigs and wild boars, despite its high proportion in clinical cases, raises the question about the source of human 3c infection. In addition, the near-exclusive detection of 3c in wastewater suggests potential differences in viral shedding, disease severity of HEV-3 subtypes, or alternative host sources. This study emphasizes the importance of integrated One Health surveillance to track HEV circulation across reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2488188"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12001855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana.","authors":"Ivy Asantewaa Asante, Nana Afia Asante-Ntim, Abigail Akua Abankwa, Obed Bangdome Ofori, Linda Boatemaa, Lorreta Kwasah, Joseph Ahia Quarcoo, Joseph A Nyarko, Gifty Mawuli Sarpong, Stephen Ofori Nyarko, Vanessa Magnusen, Jennifer Wutsika, Samuel Ago, Esinam Aku Apefa Amenuvor, Juliet Wordui, Roberta Tackie, Ama Nyansema Sekyi-Yorke, Cecilia Takyi, Innocent Doku, William Kwabena Ampofo, Mildred Adusei-Poku, Patrick Dawson, Ndahwouh Talla Nzussouo, Daniel Owusu, Shirley Nimo-Paintsil, Naiki Attram, Franklin Asiedu Bekoe, Dennis Odai Laryea, Myrna Charles","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2556717","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2556717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza A(H9N2) has been circulating in poultry across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, posing human health risks. In Ghana, it has co-circulated among poultry with influenza A (H5N1). This report describes Ghana's first confirmed human case of avian influenza A(H9N2) virus infection in a two-year-old boy from Upper East Region, identified through active respiratory surveillance. Molecular and genomic analyses confirmed the virus was of the G1 lineage, closely related to other West African strains, with mammalian adaptive mutations known to increase human infection potential. The child experienced mild symptoms, received outpatient care, and recovered. Health authorities conducted epidemiological investigations. No source was identified for the child's infection; no additional human infections were detected. This case highlights the importance of robust avian influenza surveillance in animals and humans, particularly in regions with human-animal interactions. It underscores the importance of national and global collaboration using a One Health approach to detect and prevent zoonotic spillovers and potential pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2556717"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic identification of clinically important <i>Aspergillus</i> species by artificial intelligence-based image recognition: proof-of-concept study.","authors":"Chi-Ching Tsang, Chenyang Zhao, Yueh Liu, Ken P K Lin, James Y M Tang, Kar-On Cheng, Franklin W N Chow, Weiming Yao, Ka-Fai Chan, Sharon N L Poon, Kelly Y C Wong, Lianyi Zhou, Oscar T N Mak, Jeremy C Y Lee, Suhui Zhao, Antonio H Y Ngan, Alan K L Wu, Kitty S C Fung, Tak-Lun Que, Jade L L Teng, Dirk Schnieders, Siu-Ming Yiu, Susanna K P Lau, Patrick C Y Woo","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2434573","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2434573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While morphological examination is the most widely used for <i>Aspergillus</i> identification in clinical laboratories, PCR-sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS are emerging technologies in more financially-competent laboratories. However, mycological expertise, molecular biologists and/or expensive equipment are needed for these. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI), especially image recognition, is being increasingly employed in medicine for fast and automated disease diagnosis. We explored the potential utility of AI in identifying <i>Aspergillus</i> species. In this proof-of-concept study, using 2813, 2814 and 1240 images from four clinically important <i>Aspergillus</i> species for training, validation and testing, respectively; the performances and accuracies of automatic <i>Aspergillus</i> identification using colonial images by three different convolutional neural networks were evaluated. Results demonstrated that ResNet-18 outperformed Inception-v3 and DenseNet-121 and is the best algorithm of choice because it made the fewest misidentifications (<i>n</i> = 8) and possessed the highest testing accuracy (99.35%). Images showing more unique morphological features were more accurately identified. AI-based image recognition using colonial images is a promising technology for <i>Aspergillus</i> identification. Given its short turn-around-time, minimal demand of expertise, low reagent/equipment costs and user-friendliness, it has the potential to serve as a routine laboratory diagnostic tool after the database is further expanded.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2434573"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142709621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput single-cell analysis reveals Omp38-specific monoclonal antibodies that protect against <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> infection.","authors":"Yiwei Zhang, Hao Cheng, Peng Yu, Shufeng Wang, Hui Dong, Song Lu, Ruiqi Yang, Baiqing Li, Jie Luo, Ruihan Mao, Zhaohui Zhang, Yong Qi, Xiaohua Chen, Jinya Ding, Zemin He, Jingbo Zhang, Tingting Zhao, Xiangmei Chen, Rong Lin, Haibo Li, Yi Tian, Yuzhang Wu","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2437243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2437243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (<i>A. baumannii</i>) have emerged as a global public health concern because of high pathogenicity of this bacterium. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a lower likelihood of promoting drug resistance and offer targeted treatment, thereby reducing potential adverse effects; however, the therapeutic potential of mAbs targeting <i>A. baumanni</i>i has not been fully characterized. In this study, mAbs against the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of <i>A. baumannii</i> were isolated in a high-throughput manner. The ability of Omp38-specific mAbs to bind to <i>A. baumannii</i> strains from diverse sources was confirmed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intravenous administration of the Omp38-specific mAbs significantly improved the survival rate and reduced the bacterial load in a mouse model of lethal <i>A. baumannii</i> infection. Flow cytometry and ELISA confirmed that immune cell infiltration and cytokine production, respectively, decreased in a mouse model of sublethal <i>A. baumannii</i> infection. In addition, analysis of the Omp38-mAb C3 binding conformation revealed the potential mechanism of broad-spectrum binding activity of this mAb against <i>A. baumannii</i>. Taken together, these findings indicate that mAbs against Omp38 facilitate bacterial clearance from host, minimize inflammatory mediator release and reduce host damage, highlighting the potential of Omp38-specific mAbs in the clinical treatment of <i>A. baumannii</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2437243"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11654044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive metabolite signatures for risk of progression to active TB from QuantiFERON supernatants of household contacts of TB patients.","authors":"Evangeline Ann Daniel, Shubham Upadhyay, Murugesan Selvachithiram, Sathyamurthi Pattabiraman, Brindha Bhanu, Amsaveni Sivaprakasam, Vandana Kulkarni, Rajesh Karyakarte, Sanjay Gaikwad, Mandar Paradkar, Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar, Vidya Mave, Amita Gupta, Keshava Prasad, Luke Elizabeth Hanna","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2437242","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2437242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The identification of individuals with the greatest risk of progression to active tuberculosis (TB) disease from the huge reservoir of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) infected individuals continues to remain an arduous ascent in the global effort to control TB. In a two-year prospective study, we analysed metabolic profiles in the unstimulated and TB antigen stimulated QuantiFERON supernatants of 14 healthy household contacts (HHCs) who progressed to TB disease (Progressors) and 14 HHCs who remained healthy (Non-Progressors). We identified 21 significantly dysregulated metabolites in the TB antigen-stimulated QuantiFERON supernatants of Progressors, of which the combination of Malic acid and N-Arachidonoylglycine had maximum AUC of 0.99. Eighteen significantly dysregulated metabolites were identified in the unstimulated QuantiFERON supernatants of Progressors, among which the combination of Orotic acid and the phosphatidylcholines PC (O-34:1), PC (O-18:1(9Z)/16:0), PC (O-18:1(11Z)/16:0) had the maximum AUC of 0.98. Most of the dysregulated metabolites belonged to the pathways of fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and nitric oxide metabolism. Validation of these metabolic signatures in large, diverse cohorts would pave way for the development of a robust test that can identify individuals at high risk of TB for targetted intervention of TB disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2437242"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of calf lung slice cultures to H5N1 influenza virus.","authors":"Kate Guilfoyle, Monica Mirolo, Geert van Amerongen, Guido van der Net, Mara Sophie Lombardo, Theresa Störk, Guus Rimmelzwaan, Martin Ludlow, Albert Osterhaus","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2432368","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2432368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>The current outbreak of HPAI H5N1 virus infections in dairy cattle in the USA underscores the need for easily accessible methods to rapidly assess host susceptibility for infection with known and emerging influenza viruses. Here we show that <i>ex vivo</i> lung slice cultures from calves provide a useful method to rapidly screen host susceptibility to a range of influenza A viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2432368"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress and application prospects of animal models of group B Coxsackievirus infections.","authors":"Shihan Weng, Rui Zhu, Yuanyuan Wu, Ningshao Xia, Longfa Xu, Tong Cheng","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2441391","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2441391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Group B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) consist of six serotypes, CVB1 to CVB6, which can clinically affect the heart, brain, liver, pancreas and other organs, causing myocarditis, encephalitis, myelitis, pancreatitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and other diseases, and can even lead to death. CVBs are widespread globally and highly contagious. However, there are currently no approved CVB vaccines or effective treatments. The construction and optimization of animal models will aid in the in-depth understanding of CVB infections and its pathogenesis, providing essential tools for the exploration of vaccine development and antiviral therapies. This paper reviews the latest research progress and application prospects of CVB animal models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2441391"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}