Emerging Microbes & Infections最新文献

{"title":"Efficiency of nanovaccines compared with antibiotic therapy in the prevention and immunomodulation of listeriosis.","authors":"Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez, Ricardo Calderón-Gonzalez, David Salcines-Cuevas, Vicente Soriano, María Ubeda, Noemi Montoya, Jorge Calvo-Montes, Marco Marradi, Javier Freire, Javier Gomez-Roman, Elena Gonzalez-Lopez, Javier Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals, Jose Maria Marimon, Elena Vazquez, Víctor Moreno-Torres","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2706316","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2706316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the main antimicrobial therapy for adult and neonatal listeriosis is ampicillin, prophylactic treatments are currently lacking. We compared the efficiency of nanovaccines with prenatal or postnatal ampicillin treatments in pregnant female mice during the development of neonatal listeriosis. Nanovaccines prepared with gold nanoparticles and listeriolysin O (LLO) or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) peptides and inoculated into pregnant females, prevented neonatal listeriosis and the appearance of comorbidities, better than pre or postnatal ampicillin treatment. Evaluation of the ability of nanovaccines as immunomodulators of blood cells in patients with listeriosis, revealed the strong and specific immunogenic capacity of the use of GAPDH nanovaccines as putative immunotherapies in listeriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"15 1","pages":"2706316"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13403572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148583688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmitted and pretreatment drug resistance among 69 HIV-1 CRFs in China: the first systematic analysis.","authors":"Xiaoyi Yin, Bin Zhao, Minghui An, Danni Wang, Zhihan Liu, Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2673651","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2673651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, an increasing number of HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been identified in China. This study presented the first systematic analysis of the molecular epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) profiles of all 69 CRFs identified in China up to 2025, comprising 13 first-generation, 45 second-generation, 10 third-generation, and one fourth-generation CRF . Several CRFs exhibited moderate transmitted drug resistance (5-15%) and elevated pretreatment drug resistance (10.8-55.1%). Notably, V179D/E were prevalent across multiple CRFs and, in combination with other DRMs, may contribute to reduced susceptibility to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). These findings provided critical surveillance data on DRMs and baseline data for NNRTIs selection in China, underscoring the necessity of phenotypic validation in novel CRFs harbouring natural DRMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"15 1","pages":"2673651"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13250860/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148204657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic evolution, phylodynamics, geographic spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China from 2014 to 2025: an increasing potential zoonotic risk.","authors":"Zifeng Pang, Peiting Zhong, Cuishan Mai, Junkun Fan, Yejia Wu, Yao Zhang, Hanlin Liu, Huapeng Sun, Ming Liao, Hailiang Sun","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2713320","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2713320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subtype H9N2 of the avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a growing threat to the poultry industry and public health. However, since 2014, there has been no systematic study of its genetic evolution, genotype, spatial dynamics, and pathogenicity in China. Therefore, we performed a large-scale sequence analysis of the genome of Chinese H9N2 viruses from 2014 to 2025 using public databases and laboratory isolates. We identified 52 different genotypes in 1,591 H9N2 viruses, including 4 previously recognized genotypes (G6, G57, G58, and G68) and 48 newly defined genotypes (G118-G163) in this study. G57 and G118 were the main epidemic genotypes in China from 2014 to 2025. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis showed that there were 12 obvious migration paths for the spread of H9N2 AIVs in China from 2017 to 2022. In particular, the South China region was the main transmission centre. H9N2 AIV continues to circulate in chickens and ducks in China and spreads to other hosts. The H9N2 AIVs with the G57 and G118 genotypes could effectively replicate in MDCK, CEF, A549, and HBE cells with titres of 0.97-8.5 lgTCID₅₀/mL. The G57 and G118 genotypes H9N2 viruses preferentially bound to α-2,6-linked sialic acid glycopolymers (human receptors), and effectively replicate in multiple organs of mice and chickens and cause pathological changes in the lungs. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and prevention of H9N2 AIVs in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2713320"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13470927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148663581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Streptococcus suis</i> Stk1 sensitizes epithelial cells to ferroptosis and exacerbates disruption of the respiratory epithelial barrier.","authors":"Lang Tian, Ruicheng Yang, Ting Qi, Wenquan Ouyang, Hongshuo Liu, Dong Huo, Hang Li, Chuyue Zhou, Manman Xu, Haojie Li, Qingyun Liu, Dang Wang, Chen Tan, Huanchun Chen, Xiangru Wang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2627066","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2627066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus suis</i> serotype 2 (SS2), a significant zoonotic pathogen, initiates systemic infection by breaching the respiratory epithelial barrier. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases, yet its role in SS2-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate SS2 infection sensitizes airway epithelial cells to ferroptosis, leading to the accumulation of lipid peroxides, upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Snail1, and subsequent downregulation of intercellular junction proteins. This cascade compromises epithelial integrity and promotes bacterial translocation. Mechanistically, we found SS2 overwhelms the cellular redox defense system and identified bacterial eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinase 1 (Stk1) as the key mediator of this process. Stk1 directly interacts with host protein Keap1, which stabilizes the Keap1-Nrf2 complex. This stabilization enhances the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Nrf2, the master regulator of antioxidant response, thereby crippling cell's ability to neutralize lipid peroxides. In summary, this study unveils a novel virulence mechanism wherein SS2 effector Stk1 promotes Nrf2 degradation to trigger ferroptosis, ultimately leading to the disruption of respiratory epithelial barrier. These findings suggest that inhibiting ferroptosis could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical prevention and treatment of SS2 infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2627066"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12927416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146104235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AXL mediates influenza A virus entry and drives virus-induced inflammation.","authors":"Wenting Zuo, Di He, Donghong Wang, Chen Lyu, Jiuyang Xu, Ying Zheng, Weiyang Wang, Hongyan Li, Wenjie Tan, Zai Wang, Bin Cao","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2671469","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2671469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza A virus (IAV) infection remains a persistent global health challenge with limited antiviral drugs. Viral entry represents a potential multifaceted target for antiviral intervention; however, there is a limited number of approved inhibitors that effectively prevent IAV entry. Here, we identify the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL as an IAV functional entry factor with dual roles in viral invasion and host immune modulation. Although AXL has been previously reported as a negative regulator of inflammation, we reveal that its inhibition simultaneously reduces viral entry and virus-induced inflammatory responses. Mechanistically, AXL mediates IAV invasion via the GAS6-AXL-AKT/ERK signalling axis and distinct endocytic pathways: clathrin-mediated endocytosis in epithelial cells and macropinocytosis-dominated endocytosis in alveolar macrophages. Consistently, AXL knockout mice or early administration of an AXL inhibitor during infection markedly reduced pulmonary viral loads, attenuated virus-induced cytokine production and lung pathology, and improved survival. Beyond IAV, AXL also contributes to the entry of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), suggesting its potential as a broad-spectrum host-directed antiviral target. Collectively, our findings provide the first in vivo and in vitro evidence that AXL functions dually as a viral entry factor and immune modulator, highlighting its promise as a therapeutic target to block infection and control virus-induced inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"15 1","pages":"2671469"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13564171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESAT-6-derived lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine elicits distinct humoral immune responses concomitant with a reduction in <i>mycobacterium</i> infection.","authors":"Shanika Werellagama, Nancy Gupta, Jie Li, Rakesh Kumar, Babita Agrawal","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2735151","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2735151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory mycobacterial infections remain a major global health threat, yet current vaccine strategies, which focus primarily on cell-mediated immunity, have met with limited success. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine composed of five lipopeptides (LPs) encoding immunodominant ESAT-6 epitopes elicits protective cellular immune responses against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection. In this study, we enhanced the ESAT-LPs vaccine with a novel mucosal immune modulator, heat-killed <i>Caulobacter crescentus</i> (HKCC), and examined both cellular and humoral immunity in a mouse model (BALB/c) of <i>M. avium</i> (<i>Mav</i>) infection. Our findings revealed that incorporating HKCC significantly increased cellular responses and mucosal IgA and systemic IgG titres in pre- and post-exposure models, respectively. These elevated antibody levels correlated with reduced mycobacterial burden in the lungs, spleens, and livers and with improved lung pathology. Notably, serum samples from vaccinated mice markedly reduced the intracellular <i>Mav</i> burden and activated antimicrobial mechanisms in an ex vivo bone marrow-derived macrophage infection model. Heat-inactivated serum samples also reduced intracellular <i>Ma</i>v burden, suggesting a complement-independent intracellular bactericidal function of the tested serum samples. Collectively, the ESAT-LPs-HKCC mucosal vaccine induces a robust, distinct humoral response and a remarkable reduction in bacterial load in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings, offering a promising new strategy for combating mycobacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2735151"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13618096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148967210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-existing immunity to heartland virus protects rhesus macaques from challenge with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.","authors":"Thomas Bisom, Trenton Bushmaker, Natalie McCarthy, Jamie Lovaglio, Chad S Clancy, Carl Shaia, Heinz Feldmann, David W Hawman","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2731506","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2731506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heartland virus (HRTV) and Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) are closely related phenuiviruses that cause similar diseases in humans. However, animal disease models for both viruses are limited. Here, we first investigated whether human disease from SFTSV and HRTV could be recapitulated in rhesus macaques. In contrast to previous studies, we challenged rhesus macaques with a Japanese isolate of SFTSV. Although Japan reports higher human case fatality rates than many other regions, only mild disease was observed in infected rhesus macaques. Moreover, since animal models for HRTV are also limited, we challenged another group of rhesus macaques with HRTV. Although the animals seroconverted, clinical disease was not observed, suggesting rhesus macaques are unsuitable disease models for HRTV. Lastly, we subsequently tested whether immune responses raised against HRTV could cross-protect against SFTSV challenge and found that prior infection with HRTV limited SFTSV replication and signs of disease. Together, our data establishes a rhesus macaque model of SFTSV infection using a Japanese isolate of SFTSV and demonstrates that pre-existing immunity to HRTV can protect against infection with SFTSV.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"15 1","pages":"2731506"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13618116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149029894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2740352","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2740352","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"15 1","pages":"2740352"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13629791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-enabled wastewater-based surveillance for emerging pathogen detection and monitoring: current applications, challenges, and future prospects.","authors":"Anchao Song, Panpan Jia, Jing Luo, Xiaoli Pang, Yongqun He, Yi-Wei Tang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2731499","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2731499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has become an important public-health tool for tracking community-level circulation of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, but wastewater measurements are not directly interpretable public-health indicators. Signals recovered from sewer systems are shaped by sampling variability, environmental and inter- and intra-laboratory variations, population-dependent bias, and high-dimensional molecular complexity. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used to extract predictive and decision-relevant information from these data, but the strength of the supporting evidence varies substantially. This narrative review examines how strongly current applications are supported by published evidence. Sources were identified through iterative searches of three literature-search sources updated to June 2026 and classified by role, analytical task, and strength of evidence. To keep the analytical scope consistent, we use a pragmatic four-layer classification: classical statistical models, conventional machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid or mechanistically informed approaches. Applications are reviewed across five analytical tasks: predictive modelling and forecasting, anomaly and fluctuation detection, data harmonization and normalization, high-dimensional interpretation, and integrated decision support. Among 35 sources reporting analytical or modelling work, 25 analyzed SARS-CoV-2 alone; demonstrated early-warning evidence came predominantly from L1 methods, and most target-task combinations remain prospective. Even within SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, reported performance was context-dependent. We examine the data-quality, methodological, and implementation barriers that limit broader application and validation. Future priorities include standardized and collaborative frameworks, multimodal data fusion, mechanistic and digital-twin modelling with explicit uncertainty assessment, and transparent and actionable analytics, with broader surveillance applications constrained by governance and public acceptability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2731499"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148900271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can we escape from top-priority ESKAPE pathogens?","authors":"Lingbing Zeng, Youjun Feng, Minggui Wang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2614739","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2614739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>The ESKAPE pathogens - <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterobacter spp.</i> - are designated by the World Health Organization as critical-priority multidrug-resistant organisms. These bacteria are leading contributors to the global antimicrobial resistance crisis, significantly increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. Their capacity to evade conventional antibiotics continues to complicate clinical management and undermine infection control efforts. Tackling the global threat of ESKAPE pathogens demands coordinated and sustained interventions. This mini review summarizes recent evidence on the burden and prevalence of ESKAPE infections and assesses emerging strategies to combat resistance. Progress in surveillance and promising preclinical and clinical studies of novel therapies underscore that integrated approaches are crucial. Moving forward, a balanced emphasis on prevention, surveillance, and therapeutic innovation will be essential to mitigating the threat posed by ESKAPE pathogens over the coming decade.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2614739"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12821339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}