Emerging Microbes & Infections最新文献

{"title":"West Nile Virus in a changing climate: epidemiology, pathology, advances in diagnosis and treatment, vaccine designing and control strategies, emerging public health challenges - a comprehensive review.","authors":"Parminder Singh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Suhas Ballal, Mandeep Kaur, Deepak Nathiya, Shilpa Sharma, G V Siva Prasad, Aashna Sinha, Abhay M Gaidhane, Priyanka Mohapatra, Amit Varma, Sorabh Lakhanpal, Muhammed Shabil, Ganesh Bushi, Sanjit Sah, Hashem Abu Serhan","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2437244","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2437244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>West Nile Virus (WNV), first identified in Uganda in 1937, remains a significant global health threat, adapting across diverse ecosystems and expanding geographically, particularly into temperate regions of Europe and North America. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the latest insights and challenges in WNV management, focusing on epidemiological trends, molecular advancements, and public health implications. Recent data highlight WNV's expansion, driven by climate changes such as milder winters and longer warm seasons that increase mosquito activity and enable the virus to overwinter within mosquito populations. This facilitates year-round transmission and challenges current control strategies. Molecularly, advancements in genomic and proteomic technologies have deepened our understanding of WNV's replication and pathogenesis, identifying new therapeutic targets and improving diagnostic methods. However, the absence of an approved human vaccine leaves management dependent on supportive care, particularly for severe neurological cases. Effective vector control remains crucial, with innovative strategies including genetically modified mosquitoes and novel insecticides being pivotal. Furthermore, environmental factors like climate change and urbanization are altering vector behaviors and WNV transmission dynamics, necessitating adaptive public health strategies to manage these evolving threats. The review underscores the need for ongoing research, vaccine and therapeutic development, and enhanced public health infrastructures to better respond to WNV challenges. It stresses the critical role of integrating scientific research, public health policy, and community engagement to effectively address the persistent threat of WNV.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2437244"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N2) Virus, 2024.","authors":"Rabeh El-Shesheny, Mokhtar Gomaa, Mohamed El Sayes, Mina Nabil Kamel, Ahmed El Taweel, Omnia Kutkat, Mohamed GabAllah, Amany Elkhrsawy, Hager Emam, Yassmin Moatasim, Ahmed Kandeil, Pamela P McKenzie, Richard J Webby, Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Ghazi Kayali","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2455601","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2455601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses were detected from ducks and environmental samples in Egypt, June 2024. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a novel genotype produced by the reassortment of an A(H5N1) clade 2.3.3.4b virus with an A(H9N2) G1-like virus. Monitoring the spread of this virus is important.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2455601"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11789212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of a pan anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody with highly efficient infected cell killing capacity for novel immunotherapeutic approaches.","authors":"Daouda Abba Moussa, Mario Vazquez, Christine Chable-Bessia, Vincent Roux-Portalez, Elia Tamagnini, Mattia Pedotti, Luca Simonelli, Giang Ngo, Manon Souchard, Sebastien Lyonnais, Myriam Chentouf, Nathalie Gros, Soledad Marsile-Medun, Heiko Dinter, Martine Pugnière, Pierre Martineau, Luca Varani, Manel Juan, Hugo Calderon, Mar Naranjo-Gomez, Mireia Pelegrin","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2432345","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2432345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unlocking the potential of broadly reactive coronavirus monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives offers a transformative therapeutic avenue against severe COVID-19, especially crucial for safeguarding high-risk populations. Novel mAb-based immunotherapies may help address the reduced efficacy of current vaccines and neutralizing mAbs caused by the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs). Using phage display technology, we discovered a pan-SARS-CoV-2 mAb (C10) that targets a conserved region within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the virus. Noteworthy, C10 demonstrates exceptional efficacy in recognizing all assessed VOCs, including recent Omicron variants. While C10 lacks direct neutralization capacity, it efficiently binds to infected lung epithelial cells and induces their lysis via natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Building upon this pan-SARS-CoV-2 mAb, we engineered C10-based, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells endowed with efficient killing capacity against SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells. Notably, NK and CAR-T-cell mediated killing of lung infected cells effectively reduces viral titers. These findings highlight the potential of non-neutralizing mAbs in providing immune protection against emerging infectious diseases. Our work reveals a pan-SARS-CoV-2 mAb effective in targeting infected cells and demonstrates the proof-of-concept for the potential application of CAR-T cell therapy in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Furthermore, it holds promise for the development of innovative antibody-based and cell-based therapeutic strategies against severe COVID-19 by expanding the array of therapeutic options available for high-risk populations.<b>Trial registration:</b> ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04093596.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2432345"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142709662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The E3 ligase RAD18-mediated ubiquitination of henipavirus matrix protein promotes its nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and viral egress.","authors":"Dongning Jin, Linliang Zhang, Cheng Peng, Mingbin He, Weiwei Wang, Zhifei Li, Cong Liu, Jinhong Du, Jin Zhou, Lei Yin, Chao Shan, Yali Qin, Mingzhou Chen","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2432344","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2432344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of matrix proteins (M) is essential for henipavirus budding, with M protein ubiquitination playing a pivotal role in this dynamic process. Despite its importance, the intricacies of the M ubiquitination cascade have remained elusive. In this study, we elucidate a novel mechanism by which Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic henipavirus, utilizes a ubiquitination complex involving the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme RAD6A and the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 to ubiquitinate the virus's M protein, thereby facilitating its nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking. We demonstrate that RAD18 interacts with RAD6A, enabling the latter to supply ubiquitins for the RAD18-mediated transfer of ubiquitin to M through RAD18-M interactions. Specifically, M is ubiquitinated by the RAD6A-RAD18 complex at lysine (K) 258 through a K63-linked ubiquitination, a modification crucial for M's function. This ubiquitination drives M's relocation to the cytoplasm, directing it to plasma membranes for effective viral egress. Conversely, disrupting the RAD6A-RAD18-M axis, mutating RAD18's E3 ligase activity, or inhibiting RAD6A activity with TZ9 (a RAD6-ubiquitin thioester formation inhibitor) impairs M ubiquitination, resulting in defective nuclear export and budding of NiV. Significantly, live NiV and Hendra virus infection is attenuated in RAD18 knockout cells or in cells treated with TZ9, highlighting the critical physiological role of RAD6A-RAD18-mediated M ubiquitination in the henipavirus life cycle. Our findings not only reveal how NiV manipulates a nucleus-localized ubiquitination complex to promote virus's M protein ubiquitination and nuclear export, but also suggest that the small molecule inhibitor TZ9 could serve as a potential therapeutic against henipavirus infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2432344"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vivo</i> determination of protective antibody thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 variants using mouse models.","authors":"Peilan Wei, Ruoxi Cai, Lu Zhang, Jingjun Zhang, Zhaoyong Zhang, Airu Zhu, Hai Li, Zhen Zhuang, Lan Chen, Jiantao Chen, Yuting Zhang, Xinyi Xiong, Bin Qu, Jianfen Zhuo, Tian Tang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Lei Chen, Qier Zhong, Zhiwei Lin, Xindan Xing, Fang Li, Qingtao Hu, Jun Dai, Yongxia Shi, Jingxian Zhao, Jincun Zhao, Yanqun Wang","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2459140","DOIUrl":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2459140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neutralizing antibody titres have been shown to correlate with immune protection against COVID-19 and can be used to estimate vaccine effectiveness. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between neutralizing antibodies and protection. However, there remains a lack of quantitative data directly assessing the minimum effective protective neutralizing antibody titre in <i>in vivo</i>. In this study, we utilized eight cohorts of participants with diverse immune backgrounds for evaluation of protective antibody response. To precisely assess the lower threshold of neutralizing antibody titres required for effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections, we employed plasma adoptive transfer from different cohorts into mice. This study demonstrated that neutralizing titres in the plasma of recipient mice correlated well with those in human donors, and a positive linear correlation was observed between the human and mouse recipients of transferred plasma neutralizing titre. A pseudotyped virus neutralizing titres greater than 7 was identified as the minimum threshold necessary to reduce viral titres in infected mice, establishing a crucial baseline for effective protection. Furthermore, despite the variability in immune backgrounds, these diverse cohorts' plasma exhibited a similar neutralizing antibody threshold necessary for protection. This finding has significant implications for vaccine design and the assessment of immune competence.</p>","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":" ","pages":"2459140"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11809195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first appearance of the zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium mortiferum in human and tree and ground squirrels in Central Europe.","authors":"Martin Kváč,Alena Konvalinová,Nikola Holubová,Zuzana Hůzová,Marta Kicia,John McEvoy,Kristina Beranová,Bohumil Sak","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2456148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2456148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"51 1","pages":"2456148"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Functional Approach to Analyze the Genetic Basis for Differences in Virulence of Monkeypox Virus Clades.","authors":"Patricia L Earl,Jeffrey L Americo,Sara Reynolds,Wei Xiao,Catherine Cotter,Bernard Moss","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2456144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2456144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"1 1","pages":"2456144"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phages adapt to recognize an O-antigen polysaccharide site by mutating the 'backup' tail protein ORF59, enabling reinfection of phage-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.","authors":"Ping Li,Wenjie Ma,Jun Cheng,Cuixing Zhan,Hongzhou Lu,Jiayin Shen,Xin Zhou","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2455592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2455592","url":null,"abstract":"Phages demonstrate remarkable promise as antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, the emergence of phage-resistant strains poses challenges to their effective application. In this paper, we presented the isolation of a phage adaptive mutant that demonstrated enhanced and sustained antibacterial efficacy through the co-evolution of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) 111-2 and phage ZX1Δint in vitro. Our experiments revealed that phage ZX1Δint successfully completed the adsorption phase by binding to the host surface, specifically targeting the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) receptor via the primary receptor-binding protein (RBP) ORF60 and the auxiliary RBP ORF59. Upon exposure to phage predation, mutations in genes wbaP, wbaZ or wzc, which encode the synthesis of the CPS, conferred resistance by reducing phage adsorption. In response to these host defense mechanisms, the adaptive mutant phages have evolved to utilize an alternative binding site located on an O-antigen site of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through a mutation in the backup RBP ORF59. This evolutionary change enabled the phages to reinfect previously phage-resistant strains. Notably, the adaptive mutant phage PR2 carrying the ORF59 mutation Q777R, demonstrated the capacity to infect both wild-type and resistant strains, exhibiting prolonged antimicrobial activity against the wild strains. In conclusion, our findings elucidated a complex phage-host adsorption-antagonism mechanism characterized by mutation-driven alterations in phage receptor recognition. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of phage adaptability and highlights the potential for phages to combat phage-resistant bacteria through an in vitro evolutionary approach.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"7 1","pages":"2455592"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vδ2 T-cells response in people with Mpox infection: a three-month longitudinal assessment.","authors":"Eleonora Cimini,Eleonora Tartaglia,Francesco Messina,Andrea Coppola,Valentina Mazzotta,Massimo Tempestilli,Giulia Matusali,Stefania Notari,Annalisa Mondi,Gianluca Prota,Alessandra Oliva,Carla Fontana,Enrico Girardi,Fabrizio Maggi,Andrea Antinori","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2455585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2455585","url":null,"abstract":"The first evidence that Orthopoxvirus induced the expansion in vivo and the recall of effector innate Vδ2 T-cells was described in a macaque model. Although, an engagement of αβ T-cells specific response in patients infected with human monkeypox (Mpox) was demonstrated, little is known about the role of γδ T-cells during Mpox infection. IFN-γ-producing γδ T-cells in the resistance to poxviruses may a key role in inducing a protective type 1 memory immunity. We analyzed the kinetics of Vδ2 T-cell response from the acute phase up to three months after Mpox infection. Fourteen MSM subjects (5 PWH, 35.7%) were enrolled in a longitudinal study from May to July 2022. Blood samples were collected in the early phase of infection (T1, T2) and at 3 months (T3M) post-symptom onset. Vδ2 T-cell profiles (CD45RA/CCR7), activation/exhaustion markers (CD38/HLA-DR/CD57/PD-1/TIM-3), cytokine production (IFN-γ/TNF-α) and CD107a expression were assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry. Ten healthy donors (HD) were used as a control group. At T1, Vδ2 T-cell frequency of patients decreased, and effector memory Vδ2 T-cells increased with respect to HD. Activation/exhaustion markers were higher than HD. Vδ2 functionality decreased at T1 related to HD, and it was associated with CD38 and HLA-DR higher expression as well as TIM-3. Vδ2 T-cells restored their profile at T3M. The presence of effector/activated Vδ2 T-cells in the early stages of Mpox infection and their capability to activate quickly, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, may be useful to enhance the early adaptive response to human Mpox, maintaining a protective memory/effector T-cell response.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"27 1","pages":"2455585"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Drivers of Evolution of Swine Influenza in the United States: A Review.","authors":"Varun Goel,Jessica Ding,Bijaya Hatuwal,Emily Giri,Thomas J Deliberto,Jim Lowe,Richard Webby,Michael Emch,Xiu-Feng Wan","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2025.2455598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2455598","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a major public health threat due to their wide host range and pandemic potential. Pigs have been proposed as \"mixing vessels\" for avian, swine, and human IAVs, significantly contributing to influenza ecology. In the United States, IAVs are enzootic in commercial swine farming operations, with numerous genetic and antigenic IAV variants having emerged in the past two decades. However, the dynamics of intensive swine farming systems and their interactions with ecological factors influencing IAV evolution have not been systematically analyzed. This review examines the evolution of swine IAVs in commercial farms, highlighting the role of multilevel ecological factors. A total of 61 articles published after 2000 were reviewed, with most studies conducted after 2009 in Midwestern US, followed by Southeast and South-central US. The findings reveal that ecological factors at multiple spatial scales, such as regional transportation networks, interconnectedness of swine operations, farm environments, and presence of high-density, low-genetic diversity herds, can facilitate virus transmission and enhance virus evolution. Additionally, interactions at various interfaces, such as between commercial swine and feral swine, humans, or wild birds contribute to the increase in genetic diversity of swine IAVs. The review underscores the need for comprehensive studies and improved data collection to better understand the ecological dynamics influencing swine IAV evolution. This understanding is crucial for mitigating disease burdens in swine production and reducing the risk of zoonotic influenza outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":11602,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","volume":"30 1","pages":"2455598"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}