Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Interactive effects of low-density polyethylene microplastics and benzo[a]pyrene on the growth of the freshwater microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.","authors":"Yuuri Gabriel de Souza Santos, Rodrigo Brasil Choueri, Caio Rodrigues Nobre, Fábio Ruiz Simões, Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03143-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03143-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although microplastics (MPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in aquatic environments, their combined effects in freshwater systems remain poorly understood. This gap is relevant because green algae, frequently exposed to MPs, play an important role in PAHs bioremediation. This study evaluated how MPs influence the toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the green microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. A full-factorial design was used to expose algal cells to three concentrations of low-density polyethylene MPs (5, 50, and 500 mg L⁻¹), tested alone or in combination with the BaP median effective concentration (EC50-72 h) determined for this species. Experiments lasted 72 ± 2 h under controlled temperature, agitation, and light. The isolated and combined effects of MPs and BaP were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models. The EC50 of BaP was 21 µg L⁻¹ (20-25 µg L⁻¹) and the range provided refers to 95% confidence interval (CI_95%). When tested separately, MPs at 5 and 50 mg L⁻¹ reduced algal density, likely due to additives associated with the particles. No inhibitory effect was observed at 500 mg L⁻¹, possibly because the particles served as a surface for biofilm formation, supporting growth. In combined exposures, the presence of MPs at 50 and 500 mg L⁻¹ reduced BaP toxicity, consistent with increased sorption of hydrophobic compounds to plastic surfaces and reduced BaP availability in the medium. In contrast, treatments combining BaP with 5 mg L⁻¹ MPs showed greater toxicity than BaP alone, suggesting that this MP concentration was insufficient to remove a meaningful fraction of BaP from the water, allowing interaction with cellular membranes and growth inhibition. These results indicate that the influence of MPs on BaP toxicity is concentration-dependent and nonlinear, suggesting that MPs can either enhance or mitigate BaP toxicity depending on contamination levels. Such interactions may alter the environmental bioavailability of PAHs in freshwater ecosystems, highlighting the importance of considering MP concentrations in ecological risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel ecotoxicological responses of Allium cepa to atrazine and glyphosate applied individually and in combination.","authors":"Karyne Marriel Moreira, Augusto César Santos Oliveira, Victor Ventura de Souza, Renata Alice Campos, José Marcello Salabert de Campos, Tatiana da Silva Souza","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03156-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03156-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate and atrazine are among the most extensively applied herbicides worldwide and are often detected together in aquatic environments due to their concurrent agricultural use. This study investigated their individual and combined effects on Allium cepa at environmentally realistic concentrations: 62.5-1000 µg L⁻¹ for glyphosate and 0.25-4 µg L⁻¹ for atrazine. Five mixtures were also tested: M1 (62.5 + 0.25), M2 (125 + 0.5), M3 (250 + 1), M4 (500 + 2), and M5 (1000 + 4). Multiple endpoints were analyzed, including germination, root elongation, mitotic index, chromosomal and mitotic abnormalities, cell-cycle phase distribution, sub-G₁ fraction, fluorescence intensity, light-scattering parameters (FSC, SSC), membrane integrity (Evans Blue assay), and mitochondrial activity (TTC assay). Both herbicides and mixtures triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic responses, though most mixtures did not exceed the toxicity of the individual compounds, suggesting non-interactive or saturable mechanisms. Mixture M5, containing concentrations comparable to those reported in agricultural surface waters, produced stronger responses for some biomarkers. Flow-cytometric and mitochondrial endpoints were the most responsive following mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations. On the other hand, germination, root elongation, and membrane integrity showed limited sensitivity. Overall, the data indicate that even concentrations within current environmental guidelines can impair cellular function in A. cepa. This study provides a novel integrated assessment of glyphosate, atrazine, and their mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations by combining classical A. cepa cytogenotoxicity assays with flow cytometry, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial activity biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolved pollution tolerance in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor, Texas, USA.","authors":"Rachel B Walkup, Cadance Swearingen, London R Steele, Kendall E Greer, Jiwan Kim, Cole W Matson","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03144-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03144-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Corpus Christi Inner Harbor in Texas is a major center of industrial activity and contains high levels of persistent pollutants, including dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, is an estuarine species inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. F. grandis populations from the Houston Ship Channel (Galveston Bay, Texas) have been previously shown to be resistant to PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis via a recalcitrant aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. In this study, embryos from two F. grandis populations collected from the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor were exposed to varying doses of PCB-126 and evaluated for heart deformities at 144 h post fertilization. Both populations displayed significant resistance to PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis compared to a reference population, representing the second documented cluster of adapted populations of F. grandis. Additionally, these populations exhibited lower basal cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity (as measured via EROD assay) and reduced inducibility, indicating that a recalcitrant AHR pathway is at least partially responsible for the observed PCB resistance. Finally, we found that PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis and CYP1A induction were highly correlated at the population level; however, individual CYP1A activity did not predict cardiac deformity. We propose a theoretical model in which inter-individual variation in CYP1A response explains this discrepancy and offers a conceptual framework for understanding individual variation within adapted populations. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to persistent pollutants and further establish F. grandis as a valuable model for evolutionary toxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer learning for honey bee toxicity prediction: MolFormer versus classical QSAR representations.","authors":"Alan Victor de Souza Pinho, Edilson Beserra de Alencar Filho, Rosalvo Ferreira de Oliveira Neto","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03149-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03149-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honey bee (Apis mellifera) toxicity assessment is essential for environmental risk evaluation of agrochemicals, yet experimental data are costly and often limited, constraining the development of robust predictive models. This study investigates whether transfer learning via pretrained chemical language models can provide competitive QSAR performance for bee toxicity classification. Using the ApisTox dataset (1,035 compounds; 296 toxic and 739 non-toxic for bees), molecular representations were derived from SMILES in three ways: (i) PaDEL molecular descriptors, (ii) RDKit Morgan fingerprints, and (iii) MolFormer embeddings extracted from a publicly available reduced-scale pretrained checkpoint (~ 100 M molecules; ~10% ZINC + ~ 10% PubChem), used as frozen features. Three classical classifiers: Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Multilayer Perceptron were trained and evaluated under 5-fold cross-validation. Fingerprints paired with RF achieved the best overall discrimination, as measured by the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC-AUC = 0.866). Importantly, MolFormer embeddings combined with SVM reached near-parity (ROC-AUC = 0.859) and consistently outperformed PaDEL descriptors for all classifiers (ΔROC-AUC = + 0.005 to + 0.021). These results demonstrate that transfer-learned chemical embeddings can rival established QSAR baselines while simplifying feature engineering, supporting their practical adoption for ecotoxicological screening under limited labeled data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond mortality: A fungicide mixture alters physiology and causes impaired behavior in zebrafish.","authors":"Aline Pompermaier, Flavia Bernardo Chagas, Wagner A Tamagno, Leandro Galon, Paulo A Hartmann, Marilia Hartmann","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03147-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03147-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides have been widely used to ensure high productivity in monoculture systems. However, due to pathogen resistance and the need to improve the safety and sustainability of these substances, new compounds have emerged on the market. One example is pesticide mixtures, which aim to provide a broader spectrum of functionality within a single product. The azoxystrobin- and tebuconazole-based fungicide (ATBF) is a commercial premix fungicide containing two active ingredients. Nevertheless, studies investigating the effects of such mixtures on non-target organisms remain a significant gap in literature. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate the toxicological effects of this fungicide mixture on the physiology and behavior of zebrafish. Developmental exposure (3-120 h post-fertilization [hpf]) to environmentally relevant concentrations was evaluated through assessments of survival, hatching, spontaneous movement, heart rate, and behavior (shoaling and antipredator response). Exposure to ATBF impaired survival, reduced spontaneous movement, altered heart rate, and affected shoaling behavior in zebrafish larvae. These findings highlight the importance of research on pesticide mixtures, as these products may exert additive or synergistic effects on aquatic fauna.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutants.","authors":"Bharathi Kumar, Sudharsan Parthasarathy, Kandiban Nagaraj, Siva Vijayakumar Tharumasivam, Na'il Saleh, Achiraman Shanmugam","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03134-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03134-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to examine the possible impact of environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations. Intriguingly, the Novel Tank Behavior Test did not reveal significant differences in anxiety-related behaviors. However, the Social Interaction Test unveiled a substantial reduction in social interaction, particularly notable in zebrafish treated with carbamazepine (CBZ). Furthermore, the Mirror Biting Behavior Test illustrated a complex picture, with CBZ inducing heightened aggression while Metformin (MET) treatment resulted in reduced aggression. The study also delved into light and dark zone preferences, revealing that CBZ-treated fish spent significantly more time in both zones, whereas MET-treated fish exhibited a preference for the dark zone. These behavioral findings were complemented by biochemical analyses, which unveiled gender-specific variations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Males consistently exhibited increased AChE activity across all treatment groups, while females displayed unique responses, with TMP and MET-treated females showing increases and CBZ-treated females exhibiting a decrease. Additionally, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) activities exhibited intricate responses to pharmaceutical treatments, with variations based on gender and specific pharmaceutical agents used. While the 7-day exposure duration and environmentally relevant concentrations used in this study offer valuable insights into acute effects, future research with longer exposure durations may provide insights into chronic consequences in aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of insecticide resistance and detoxification enzymes activity in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) populations from India.","authors":"K Srilekha, A G Sreenivas, Jaba Jagdish, Pramod Katti, S G Hanchinal, Y S Amaresh, M Lakshmikanth, Sujit Kumbhare, Pooja Verma, Vivek Shah, G T Behere, Y G Prasad, V N Waghmare","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03138-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03138-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is one of the most destructive pests of cotton, causing substantial yield losses and threatening the long-term sustainability of cotton cultivation in India. The introduction of transgenic Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac and subsequently stacked Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab toxins initially provided effective control of bollworm infestations. However, over time, pink bollworm has developed significant resistance, not only to Bt toxins but also to several classes of chemical insecticides, posing a major challenge to effective management. Insecticide bioassays conducted across major cotton-growing regions of India revealed a notable increase in LC₅₀ values in field populations compared to the laboratory-susceptible strain, confirming reduced susceptibility and development of resistance. The highest resistance ratios were recorded in Nagpur (Profenophos-4 fold), Adilabad (Chlorantraniliprole-6.81 fold), Sriganganagar (Emamectin benzoate-24.86 fold), Adilabad (Lambda-cyhalothrin-8.09 fold), Sriganganagar (Indoxacarb-2.53 fold) and Bathinda (Spinetoram-15.45 fold). Conversely, the Coimbatore and Surat populations exhibited the lowest resistance across all the tested insecticides. Biochemical assays further indicated the involvement of detoxification enzymes in resistance mechanisms, showing elevated esterase (2.83-5.29 µmol/min/µg protein) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities (11.29-21.43 µmol/min/µg protein) compared to the laboratory susceptible strain that recorded value of 2.49 and 2.78 µmol/min/µg protein respectively. These enhanced enzymatic activities align with known metabolic resistance pathways in insects. The findings underscore the urgent need for implementing integrated resistance management (IRM) strategies to sustain cotton productivity and manage further resistance development for long term sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological and reproductive effects of anthropized environments in Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura).","authors":"Wadson Rodrigues Rezende, Bruno Serra de Lacerda Valverde, Lia Raquel de Souza Santos, Lilian Franco-Belussi, Classius De Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03140-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03140-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities are accompanied by a multitude of chemical compounds and stressors, which exert significant pressure on native anuran communities. Many of these substances are endocrine disruptors, which interfere with the organism's physiology, particularly the immune and reproductive systems. We used 49 male Leptodactylus fuscus collected in agricultural areas (soybean and sugarcane) and urban environments in the states of Goiás and São Paulo (Brazil) and compared them with each other and with minimally affected specimens from an environmental conservation unit (Emas National Park - Goiás). In the anthropized areas, there was an increase in the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils. The spleen of specimens collected in the different anthropized environments showed a decrease in white pulp, an increase in red pulp, an increase in mast cells, and a change in melanin pigmentation. In animals exposed to greater environmental disturbance, there was a tendency for an increase in the area occupied by spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. These results indicate that landscape anthropization is associated with multi-systemic physiological modifications, highlighting the role of tissue biomarkers in monitoring wild populations of L. fuscus under environmental stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of the surfactants Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) based on a battery of aquatic bioassays.","authors":"Vanessa Silva Granadeiro Garcia, Lenita de Freitas Tallarico, Flávio Kiyoshi Tominaga, Maria Clara Feitosa Guimarães, Eliana Nakano, Sueli Ivone Borrely","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03141-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03141-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of surfactants in natural waters has become a growing environmental concern, as these substances, widely used in detergents, cleaning products, cosmetics, and industrial processes, can cause serious impacts on aquatic ecosystems, including deleterious effects on biota, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and eutrophication. This study presents a battery of ecotoxicological assays with different aquatic organisms to evaluate the acute, chronic, and sublethal toxic effects of anionic surfactants Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). The assays were performed with Vibrio fischeri bacteria, Daphnia similis crustaceans, Hyalella azteca amphipods, and Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Regarding LAS acute exposure, H. azteca was the most sensitive organism, followed by D. similis, B. glabrata, and V. fischeri, with E(L)C50 between 5.04 and 28.47 mg/L. Among the organisms exposed to SDS, the most sensitive were V. fischeri bacteria, followed by D. similis, H. azteca, and B. glabrata, with E(L)C50 values between 0.62 and 36.87 mg/L. Chronic effects on the reproduction of D. similis exposed to both surfactants were also observed, as well as teratogenic and lethal effects on B. glabrata embryos. The data obtained herein demonstrated the importance of evaluating the toxicity of surfactants to aquatic ecosystems, as these stressors caused different adverse effects in the exposed species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhizosphere and growth responses of Eleocharis mutata in soils affected by fresh and weathered crude oil contamination: hormesis effects, rhizobacterial stimulation and phytoremediation potential.","authors":"Karla Chávez-Álvarez, María Del Carmen Rivera-Cruz, Héctor Hernández-Mendoza, José Alberto Orocio-Carrillo, Jesús Alberto Ramos-Juárez, David Jesús Palma-López, Magín González-Moscoso","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03135-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03135-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Petroleum hydrocarbons released into tropical wetlands affect plant development and rhizosphere microbial activity, highlighting the need for ecological remediation strategies. This study evaluated the effects of fresh crude oil (CO; 30, 60, and 90 g kg^-¹) and weathered crude oil (WCO; 126 g kg^-¹) on the growth, reproduction, rhizobacterial activity, and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal associated with Eleocharis mutata (E. mutata) under phytoremediation (PHY) and natural attenuation (NA) during a 56-week experiment in controlled wetland microcosm conditions. CO concentrations induced stimulatory physiological responses, reflected in physiological index values (PI > 1.0), including increased plant height, reproductive structures, and biomass production. In contrast, WCO exposure caused inhibitory responses (PI < 1.0), reducing plant growth and reproduction. PHY stimulated six rhizobacterial groups and increased the total bacteriological index (TBI) compared with NA at week 56. Although PHY and NA showed similar overall TPH removal, PHY promoted a modest increase in hydrocarbon removal under 60, 90 g kg^-¹ CO and 126 g kg^-¹ WCO conditions. These findings highlight the ecological resilience of E. mutata and support its potential role in PHY of hydrocarbon-contaminated tropical wetlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}