Current Eye Research最新文献

{"title":"Retinol Binding Protein-4 and Galectin-3 Levels in Type II Diabetes: Their Impact on Retinopathy Risk.","authors":"Rajendran Sharmila, Dhanashree Ratra, Lawrence D Cruze, Reddy Prashanth, Saravana Kumar, Gopalan Sowmya, P Ravi Shankar, Ramasamy Magesh, Annamalai Radha, Kuppan Kaviarasan","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2498029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2025.2498029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Retinol binding protein-4, a lipocalin family member, and galectin-3, a lectin family member, link their potential role in modulating glucose metabolism and inflammation. This study aims to explore retinol binding protein-4 and galectin-3's role as the disease progresses from prediabetes to diabetic retinopathy and to ascertain whether these variables could serve as risk or diagnostic indicators for diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study includes 100 patients divided into three groups, diabetic retinopathy (<i>n</i> = 39), type 2 diabetes mellitus (<i>n</i> = 41), and prediabetes (<i>n</i> = 21), based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum levels of retinol binding protein-4 and galectin-3 were assessed by sandwich ELISA. Immunofluorescence analysis was employed to localize retinol binding protein-4 and galectin-3 in the retinal layers. The increase in serum retinol binding protein-4 levels was validated by quantitative western blot analysis. The HDOCK tool was used to identify the protein-protein interactions between retinol binding protein-4 and VEGF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum retinol binding protein-4 levels were higher in diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to prediabetes (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Further, western blot analysis confirmed a significant twofold increase in diabetic retinopathy compared to the prediabetes groups (<i>p</i> = 0.0423). Serum galectin-3 levels were insignificantly higher in diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared to prediabetes. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve values, also indicates that serum retinol binding protein-4 had acceptable performance (area under the curve: 0.7965 and 0.9007) for the comparison between prediabetes vs. type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes vs. diabetic retinopathy, respectively, as compared to serum galectin-3 (area under the curve: 0.6961 and 0.7008). In the IF analysis, retinol binding protein-4 localization was more common in the photoreceptor region and the retina vessels, whereas galectin-3 was distributed in the ganglion cell layer of the retina. The strong binding between retinol binding protein-4 and the VEGFA and VEGFB isoforms was observed during the protein-protein interaction study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals that retinol binding protein-4 seems to be a diagnostic marker for diabetic retinopathy, which requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical Netarsudil in Childhood Glaucoma: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Omar Shaikh, Lana Kuziez, Osamah J Saeedi, Javaneh Abbasian, Abdelrahman M Elhusseiny","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2024.2445622","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2024.2445622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical netarsudil 0.02% in managing childhood glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search in the electronic databases of PubMed CENTRAL, Google Scholar, EMBASE, the Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid MEDLINE from January 2017 to August 2023 using one or a combination of the following terms: \"netarsudil,\" \"rhopressa,\" \"Rho-kinase,\" \"pediatric glaucoma,\" \"childhood glaucoma,\" \"intraocular pressure\" was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight publications (four retrospective studies, one prospective study, and three case reports) were identified evaluating the outcomes of topical netarsudil in childhood glaucoma. Six publications were conducted in the United States, and two publications were conducted in India. Studies included a heterogeneous cohort of primary and secondary childhood glaucoma with a variable range of follow-up (1 week-26 months). The mean IOP reduction after the initiation of topical netarsudil 0.02% in childhood glaucoma patients varies from 0.8 ± 13.2 to 12.0 ± 0.0 mmHg. The most common ocular adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, seen in 27 out of 82 eyes (32.9%), followed by corneal honeycombing/reticular epithelial edema, seen in 13 out of 82 eyes (15.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Limited literature is currently available on using topical netarsudil in childhood glaucoma. However, in children with refractory glaucoma on maximum topical medications, netarsudil may serve as an adjunctive treatment option, potentially delaying the need for further surgical interventions in some patients. Careful corneal examination is needed before and after initiation of netarsudil treatment for early detection of corneal adverse events that may compromise the vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"461-466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142920794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Retinal Segmentation Metrics with Machine Learning for Predictions from Mouse SD-OCT Scans.","authors":"Maide Gözde İnam, Onur İnam, Xiangjun Yang, Qun Zeng, Gülgün Tezel","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2456783","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2456783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to initially test whether machine learning approaches could categorically predict two simple biological features, mouse age and mouse species, using the retinal segmentation metrics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The retinal layer thickness data obtained from C57BL/6 and DBA/2J mice were processed for machine learning after segmenting mouse retinal SD-OCT scans. Twenty-two models were trained to predict the mouse groups. The best neural network model was optimized for better outcomes. Prediction accuracy, the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F-1 score values were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test provided significantly higher validation accuracy for neural networks than decision trees, discriminant analysis, support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbor classifiers (<i>p</i> = 0.005 for all). For C57BL/6-DBA/2J classification, a mean validation accuracy of 88.11 ± 3.92% (95% CI: 86.99-89.22) was achieved for the neural network when the optimized neural network had 92.31% final test accuracy with an area under the curve value of 0.9762, 94.44% sensitivity, 90.48% specificity, 89.47% precision, and 0.92 F-1 score. The optimized neural network model for age group differentiation had a final test accuracy of 82.05% with a 0.9064 area under the curve value, 77.27% sensitivity, 88.24% specificity, 89.47% precision, and 0.83 F-1 score.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings validate that machine learning, using segmentation metrics instead of images, can effectively analyze retinal OCT scans in mice for categorical predictions in experimental models. Expanding this approach with additional features, including histopathological and functional correlations, is expected to improve the prediction power further, promising valuable applications to predict more complex outcomes in experimental and clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"502-511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12037304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of Angle Kappa with Ocular Parameters using Swept-Source Ocular Coherence Tomography in Cataract Surgery Patients.","authors":"Mayank A Nanavaty, Margarita Safir, Laura McLaughlin, Joy White","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2452915","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2452915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the relationship between angle kappa (apparent chord mu) and ocular parameters in cataract patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, the data on apparent chord mu, age, axial length, anterior chamber depth, anterior and posterior mean keratometry, mean total keratometry, white-to-white, central corneal thickness and lens thickness were collected for consecutive cataract patients. Correlation (Pearson) between chord mu and the other ocular parameters was calculated. A stepwise backward multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the combination of ocular parameters strongly correlating to chord mu.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two thousand four hundred and sixty-four eyes (1232 patients) were included in this study. The mean age was 72.7 ± 12.7 years (18-97 years). Univariate analysis showed a significant positive correlation of chord mu to age (<i>R</i> = 0.06, <i>p</i> = .01), lens thickness (<i>R</i> = 0.12, <i>p</i> < .01), mean keratometry (<i>R</i> = 0.08, <i>p</i> < .01), and mean total keratometry (<i>R</i> = 0.08, <i>p</i> < .01). Whereas there was a significant negative correlation with white-to-white (<i>R</i> = -0.04, <i>p</i> = .03), axial length (<i>R</i> = -0.19, <i>p</i> < .01), and anterior chamber depth (<i>R</i> = -0.2, <i>p</i> < .01). Male gender (<i>R</i> = -0.04, <i>p</i> = .05) and central corneal thickness (<i>R</i> = 0.04, <i>p</i> = .06) were not significantly correlated. Multivariate stepwise backward regression analysis showed a combination of four factors (female sex, reduced axial length and anterior chamber depth and steep mean keratometry) significantly related to chord mu (angle kappa).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Female gender, reduced axial length and anterior chamber depth, and higher mean keratometry correlate to apparent chord mu (angle kappa) in cataract patients. These findings can help identify vulnerable patients who can have appropriate counseling on the prognosis of postoperative optical and visual outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"496-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cohesin Complex Interacting with Promoters of MMP Genes for in Pterygium Occurrence.","authors":"Shichao Han, Wei Zhu, Qianqian Guo","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2452919","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2452919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease characterized by a high recurrence rate and unknown etiology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we investigated the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase genes, including MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP9, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, MMP23B, and MMP28, in pterygium tissue using RNA sequencing, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Employing the MEME tool, we identified a conserved DNA motif within the promoter regions of these matrix metalloproteinase genes. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed an interaction between the cohesin complex and this motif. Disrupting the cohesin complex through RNA interference of RAD21 cohesin complex component or structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 in primary pterygial fibroblasts led to decreased matrix metalloproteinase gene expression and reduced recruitment of twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 and transcription factor 4 to matrix metalloproteinase gene promoters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, our findings suggest a novel epigenetic mechanism regulating matrix metalloproteinase transcription in pterygium.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"467-476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Performance of Topical Insulin in Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects and Persistent Corneal Ulcers - A Case Series.","authors":"Amalia Mester, Maximilian Gabriel, Ingrid Boldin, Haleh Aminfar, Nora Woltsche, Astrid Heidinger, Andreas Guttmann, Paul Wintersteller, Jutta Horwath-Winter","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2456784","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2456784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To retrospectively describe the performance of topical insulin in persistent corneal epithelial defects (CED) and persistent corneal ulcers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed cases of patients treated for persistent CED and persistent corneal ulcers using topical insulin in a concentration of 25 IU per milliliter three times per day. The closure rate of CED and corneal ulcers was the main outcome measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-seven episodes of 29 patients treated with topical insulin were reviewed. There was a wide range of additionally used medication, underlying pathologies as well as ocular and systemic comorbidities in our cohort. On average, insulin drops were started after 36 days of conventional therapy (SD 59, range 0-193) and were used for 42 days (SD 38, range 3-130). Therapy success was achieved in 15 of 28 (53.5%) cases with CED and in 4 of 9 (44%) cases with corneal ulcers. While insulin generally showed a good safety profile, one patient reported intolerable discomfort related to the use of topical insulin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Topical insulin may be considered as a treatment option in complicated cases refractory to conventional treatment, but outcomes may be less favorable than previously reported.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"477-480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143037103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction During TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.","authors":"Xinyi Cheng, Xunyi Gu, Fang Wang","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2464783","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2464783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells contributes to the epiretinal membrane development in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This study aimed at investigating changes in mitochondrial function during EMT in PVR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to examine the mitochondrial morphology in human PVR epiretinal membranes and retinal pigment epithelium of human donor eyes. Utilizing TGF-β1 induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells as an <i>in vitro</i> model, we assessed mitochondrial morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), evaluated mitochondrial function through various assays including detection and analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to mitochondrial function and PVR pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mitochondrial morphological damage was observed in human PVR epiretinal membranes. TGF-β1 treatment led to morphological changes in mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and reduction in mtDNA, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP production, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction in EMT ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, RNA sequencing data highlighted the dysfunction, showing downregulation of mitochondria-related pathways and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), crucial for mtDNA maintenance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicated that TGF-β1 treatment induced mitochondrial dysfunction in RPE cells during EMT, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of PVR development.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"527-535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Approach for Suprachoroidal Space Injection: An Experimental Evaluation.","authors":"Jinyi Long, Xue Wu, Ping Hu, Ning Cui, Ling Xu, Yuhong Ye, Hao Chen, Qinghua Peng, Xinmin Lu, Da Long","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2469829","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2469829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to describe an innovative suprachoroidal space injection technique using a combination of 30 G and 22 G needles attached to a 1 ml injector. The efficacy and applicability of this technique in suprachoroidal injections are evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we conducted both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> injection experiments using isolated porcine eyes and live SD rats, respectively. The injector needle was inserted into the sclera with the bevelled tip facing the sclera and parallel to the corneal limbus, and the methylene blue solution was injected into the suprachoroidal space. The accuracy of the injection was confirmed by OCT imaging and frozen section microscopy, demonstrating that the dye was successfully delivered to the suprachoroidal space.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The suprachoroidal injector successfully injected the solution into the suprachoroidal space of isolated porcine eyes and live rats without entering the vitreous cavity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 22 G needle demonstrated sufficient rigidity and stability to ensure proper scleral compression, supporting the consistency of the injection depth. The 30 G needle exhibited exceptional sharpness and precision, allowing for more accurate control of the drug dosage. The appropriate force applied to the sclera facilitated the precise depth of injection. The angle of the needle, parallel to the corneal limbus, helped avoid penetration into the vitreous or subretinal space, reducing the risk of complications. This device offers new tools and methods for ophthalmic research and clinical practice, with significant clinical application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"536-543"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143596572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postoperative Use of Pilocarpine After Kahook Dual Blade Goniotomy in Mild to End-Stage Glaucoma.","authors":"Julia L Xia, Dhillon Zaver, Emmeline J Kim, Jennifer L Patnaik, Monica K Ertel, Cara E Capitena, Jeffrey R SooHoo, Malik Y Kahook, Mina B Pantcheva, Leonard K Seibold","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2464795","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2464795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to determine if using pilocarpine postoperatively affects clinical outcomes after goniotomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective series comparing 532 Kahook Dual Blade goniotomy (KDB-G) procedures with (P+) or without (P-) pilocarpine use in the postoperative period. This study includes patients with both primary and secondary glaucoma ranging from mild to end-stage, undergoing KDB-G with or without phacoemulsification (phaco). The primary outcome measure was surgical success defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) < 21 mmHg in addition to either a reduction of >20% and/or the reduction of ≥1 topical glaucoma medications. Secondary outcomes were mean IOP, number of medications, and rate of hyphema and IOP spike at one week postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The success rate was significantly greater in Group P + at postoperative month 1 (<i>p</i> = .02), 3 (<i>p</i> = .01), 12 (<i>p</i> = .048), and 16 (<i>p</i> = .02). The differences in mean IOP (<i>p</i> = .084) and number of medications (<i>p</i> = .15) were not significantly different at one year. However, Group P + required significantly less medications than Group P - at nearly all time points (months 1, 3, 6, 20, and 24). There were no differences in rates of hyphema (<i>p</i> = .30) or postoperative week 1 IOP spikes (<i>p</i> = .66) between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of pilocarpine postoperatively may improve surgical success and may reduce the number of glaucoma medications needed after goniotomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"490-495"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143457199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Bench to Bedside: Unraveling Cerebral Malaria and Malarial Retinopathy by Combining Clinical and Pre-Clinical Perspectives.","authors":"Shannon McDonnell, Ian J MacCormick, Kevin Harkin, Reinhold J Medina, Ana Rodriguez, Alan W Stitt","doi":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2463142","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02713683.2025.2463142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection with <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> carries a significant risk of cerebral malaria (CM). Children are particularly susceptible to human CM (HCM) which manifests as an acute neurovascular encephalopathy leading to high levels of mortality. Occurring in parallel with CM, malarial retinopathy (MR) is readily detected on ophthalmoscopy as one or more of: white-centered retinal hemorrhage, retinal whitening, and vessel discoloration. It leads to several distinct types of blood retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown. The precise molecular mechanisms underpinning CM and MR remain ill-defined, but parasitemia is known to drive progressive neurovascular obstruction and inflammation leading to cerebral and retinal edema and ischemia. Extensive clinical studies in patients with CM have shown that retinal examination is a useful approach for understanding pathology and an indicator for risk of mortality and morbidity. Fully understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin CM and MR is important for developing new therapeutic approaches and in this regard the murine model of experimental CM (ECM) has proved to offer considerable value. Much is known about brain pathology in this model although much less is understood about the retina. In this review, we seek to evaluate MR in clinical scenarios and make comparisons with the retina from mice with ECM. Through detailed <i>in vivo</i> and post-mortem studies in the mouse and human retina, this review highlights the links between CM and MR and how this will aid our understanding of the disease progression and pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10782,"journal":{"name":"Current Eye Research","volume":" ","pages":"512-526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143457196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}