Indoor Environments最新文献

{"title":"Predictability of time-resolved cross-envelope pressures driving natural infiltration in low-rise residential buildings","authors":"Dominic Bledsoe ,&nbsp;Will Clagett ,&nbsp;Misael Soto ,&nbsp;Ellison M. Carter ,&nbsp;Paul W. Francisco ,&nbsp;Tami C. Bond","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural infiltration in residential buildings has two major drivers: indoor-outdoor temperature differences (stack effect) and wind effect. While residential infiltration models are long established, their validity has not been evaluated with measurements, and they have rarely been deployed to explain time-resolved indoor-outdoor exchange. Pressure differentials (ΔP) across building envelopes are an intermediate step in modeling; if they cannot be well predicted from the driving forces, then neither can infiltration. We report nearly 16,000 h of environmental and ΔP data, in nine homes, at one-minute resolution that reflects the transient nature of air exchange. Under conditions of low wind (less than 0.25 m/s) and heating (outdoor temperature below indoor), stack pressure is predicted exceptionally well. Biases between observed and predicted values average 0.11 Pa or less across all sites. Biases increase by about a factor of two under cooling conditions, but observations under these conditions were of insufficient length to diagnose the causes. Wind influence on pressure, and hence on infiltration, is not well predicted even with practical, site-based measurements. Airport and site wind speeds, and site wind and envelope pressure, are correlated only modestly, even accounting for wind direction. Simple terrain and shielding classifications cannot reproduce intersite variation. Infiltration models overestimate the influence of wind on pressure even when the most extreme shielding and terrain classes are used in scaling airport data. In addition to evaluating infiltration drivers, this study establishes the difference between time-resolved, cross-envelope pressure differentials at separate points in a single zone (Δ−ΔP) as a building diagnostic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between indoor air pollution and inflammation in children – A scoping review","authors":"Alice Oloo ,&nbsp;Vinh Vo ,&nbsp;P.S. Ganesh Subramanian ,&nbsp;Vishal Verma ,&nbsp;Brenda D. Koester ,&nbsp;Jenna L. Riis ,&nbsp;Naiman Khan ,&nbsp;Sheena E. Martenies","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor air pollutants (IAPs) significantly contribute to the global heath burden for children, in part due to their underdeveloped physiological systems. Despite the growing evidence of the health impacts of IAPs, the association between IAP and biomarkers of inflammation, which is involved in several disease processes, remains underexplored. The main objective of this scoping review is therefore to identify, evaluate, and summarize the current body of literature on the association between IAP exposures and biomarkers of inflammation among children. Additionally, this review examines the extent to which identified studies have explored the potential role of diet, nutrition, or weight status in modifying this relationship. A scoping review of the literature was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews) guidelines. Studies published in the last 20 years and that measured IAPs and inflammatory biomarkers in children under 18 years of age were included. In total, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of these studies indicated positive associations between IAPs, including particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, and inflammatory biomarkers such as fraction exhaled of nitric oxide (FeNO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). While some studies suggested the potential modifying role of nutrition and weight status, and the findings suggests that anti-inflammatory nutrients such as omega-fatty acids can mitigate inflammation, whereas pro-inflammatory nutrients may exacerbate IAP-related inflammation, the evidence remains limited. Further research is needed to explore these relationships and their long-term health consequences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking heat in thousands of school classrooms through continuous monitoring and novel exposure metrics","authors":"M. Pilar Botana Martinez ,&nbsp;Priam Dinesh Vyas ,&nbsp;Katherine H. Walsh ,&nbsp;Lauren Main ,&nbsp;Lauren Bolton ,&nbsp;Yirong Yuan ,&nbsp;Masanao Yajima ,&nbsp;M. Patricia Fabian","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global temperatures rise, heat exposure in classrooms is becoming a growing concern for the millions of students attending school, in particular those learning in buildings without air conditioning (AC). With limited resources and competing interests, school decision-makers need health-related data-based approaches to inform cooling solutions and prioritize investments. In collaboration with a large school district in Northeastern United States (US), we analyzed minute-level temperature data in &gt; 3600 classrooms across 125 school buildings during the 2023 hot season. Using a first-of-its-kind commercial-grade indoor sensor network and data science methods, we quantified heat exposure through novel heat metrics capturing intensity, frequency, and duration, and characterized spatial variability within and across buildings with three types of AC. On average, intra-building temperature variability was 2.3 degrees Celsius (°C), with a maximum value of 14.3°C. On a hot day, classrooms exceeded extreme caution thresholds by 0.1 %, 1.1 %, and 8.4 % in schools with central, window, and no AC, respectively. Classrooms on the top floor were 0.3°C, 0.5°C, and 5.7°C warmer than classrooms on the first floor, for central, window, and no AC groups, respectively. Novel and traditional heat exposure metrics were weakly correlated, with implications for school rankings. Findings identified schools with the greatest cooling needs and investigated key predictors of classroom overheating. Our results underscore the need for continuous temperature monitoring in all classrooms and highlight the importance of access to mechanical cooling in locations that have historically not been prepared for extreme heat. Our work shows how data analyses informed by researcher-school partnerships can support critical climate resilience needs in schools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing actual and community expectations on CO2 concentrations within indoor spaces – A reasonably practicable methodology using CO2 concentration to assess ventilation quality to indoor spaces","authors":"Peter McGarry ,&nbsp;Lidia Morawska ,&nbsp;Savinda Arambawatta Lekamge ,&nbsp;Simon Witts","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to quickly assess the performance of a ventilation system to deliver an adequate amount of clean air to the space relative to the number of occupants is important as part of the overall goal of ensuring healthy indoor air. Current debate within the scientific community clearly aims to influence government to legislate a CO₂ concentration as an indoor air quality standard. However, to properly consider this, government will likely demand quantitative data on contemporary indoor CO₂ concentrations and a tested and reasonably practicable method for use by building occupants. Our study addresses this research gap with the aim of testing and documenting how to operationalise CO₂ monitoring for use by occupants as an infection risk reduction tool within mechanically ventilated spaces. The related research objectives were 1) to inform the current scientific debate on an indoor air CO₂ concentration action level for improved ventilation quality and infection risk control, 2) to pilot and document a method for characterising indoor CO₂ concentrations within occupied spaces serviced by heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and demonstrate it was reasonably practicable in terms of instrument cost and deployment utility, 3) assess the performance of a ventilation systems to deliver an adequate amount of clean air to indoor spaces relative to the number of space occupants, and 4) to action improvements in ventilation quality where identified. The method was informed by a literature review of various standards that described optimal number, location, and layout of sensors, resulting in demonstration of deployment of CO₂ sensors. Sensors were deployed within 1439 teaching and office spaces across 78 mechanically ventilated buildings. In 1025 (72 %) rooms, CO₂ concentration was &lt; 800 ppm, in 267 (18 %) between 800 ppm and 1000 ppm, and in 147 (10 %) &gt; 1000 ppm, during room occupancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air changes per hour in residential buildings and health outcomes: a scoping review","authors":"Lisbeth Mølgaard Laustsen ,&nbsp;Marie Bergmann ,&nbsp;Torben Sigsgaard ,&nbsp;Steffen Petersen ,&nbsp;Charlotte Gabel","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ventilation is a key parameter for indoor air quality and thereby preventing adverse health symptoms. However, health-based recommendations on air changes per hour (ACH) in residential buildings is not thoroughly substantiated by evidence, and an extensive overview of the quality and findings of studies on ACH in residential buildings and health outcomes is lacking.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to March 13, 2025, and conducted chain search of existing reviews to include observational and interventional studies. Pairs of reviewers independently assessed study quality using Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tools. Findings were categorized into symptom groups and visualized using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After screening 10,737 articles, 18 studies were included: six cross-sectional, seven case-control, and five quasi-experimental or interventional studies. The study quality varied considerably with frequent limitations due to non-responses and lack of follow-up, insufficient length of the exposure assessment period, and inadequate strategies to deal with confounding. The study findings were mixed but indicated fewer adverse health outcomes when the ACH level was higher for six out of seven symptom groups (asthma, dermal, mucosal, infections, respiratory, and general symptoms), especially at lower mean ACH levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our review expands and updates the insights obtained from previous narrative reviews, identifying several additional studies. Beside biases and residual confounding, the mixed results might be due to different levels of indoor- and outdoor-originated pollutants. Future studies could benefit from focusing on elderly populations and multi-family housing and provide findings for several ventilation metrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees","authors":"Andrew J. Hoisington ,&nbsp;Christopher A. Stamper ,&nbsp;Molly E. Penzenik ,&nbsp;Meredith Reitter ,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Kovacs ,&nbsp;Nazanin H. Bahraini ,&nbsp;Lisa A. Brenner","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals in Westernized countries spend most of their time indoors. However, exploration of residential building factors that may influence occupants’ mental health is limited in scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to explore investigator’s perceived areas of importance in residences to mental health via survey methods. To that end, we administered the Housing, Occupancy, Materials, and Environment (HOME) survey to assess factors that may influence mental health to those working in the United States (US) Air Force (n = 230) or past military members, US Veterans (n = 180). Self-reported mental health surveys were also administered to the Air Force (RAND 36-Item Short-Form) and Veterans (36-Item Short-Form survey version 2, Patient Health Questionnaire-9). The residential question that correlated to the most mental health measures for both groups was an ability to adjust indoor climate, with positive correlations. Other correlations between residential questions and health scores across the two groups were dissimilar, indicating the residential factors of importance to mental health may be variable across an individual’s life. For example, multiple positive correlations between mental health measures and nature in the older Veteran group support robust and support previous results on the importance of nature to older adults. Overall, this study provides a basis for future research and targeted clinical interventions that can quantify and positively impact the home environment and improve mental health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Setting public health guidelines for chemicals in indoor settled dust. First achievements and steps to come: The case of lead","authors":"P. Glorennec ,&nbsp;A. Pelfrêne ,&nbsp;J.-U. Mullot ,&nbsp;B. Le Bot ,&nbsp;C. Emond ,&nbsp;C. Léger ,&nbsp;D. Bourgeois","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Health based guidelines for environmental concentrations of chemicals are designed to prevent harmful chemical exposures. However, none exists for indoor settled dust, despite its ingestion being a documented pathway of exposure, for certain chemicals. The objective of this paper is to present the derivation of a health-based indoor settled dust guideline (ISDG) for lead. The guideline was developed to protect a specific fraction of the most vulnerable population against the most sensitive effect, taking into account other exposure pathways. It is calculated from a toxicological reference value, body weight, and the mass of ingested dust. The most vulnerable population is young children, and the corresponding critical effect is a loss of IQ points, with a toxicity reference value of 0.5 µg.kg_bw⁻¹.d⁻¹. Assuming that 80 % of the exposure for the most affected individuals comes from dust ingestion, the ISDG for protecting 90, 95 or 95 % of young children are 43, 33 and 20 µg.g_dust⁻¹, respectively. These values are consistently lower than the concentrations that would trigger lead poisoning screening. The main uncertainties lie in the estimations of the amount of ingested dust. This ISDG could contribute to environmental management efforts to prevent or reduce lead exposures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building age is a determining factor of indoor CO2 levels in a University setting","authors":"Leigh Ann Broadway ,&nbsp;Hannah Aycock ,&nbsp;Andrew Broadway ,&nbsp;Ty Russell ,&nbsp;Ana Endsley ,&nbsp;Buddy Harley ,&nbsp;Alex Colmorgan ,&nbsp;Tyler Drafts ,&nbsp;David Estey ,&nbsp;Tom Syfert","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Literature on CO₂ levels in classrooms routinely focus on CO₂ exposure in primary education settings, but comparatively little attention has been given to higher education settings such as colleges. Due to concerns about the relationship between COVID-19 and CO₂, the University of South Carolina’s (USC) Environmental Health and Safety Department (EHS) monitored indoor air quality for 26 buildings and 198 classrooms from the Fall of 2021 to the Spring of 2022 in general purpose university classrooms. 30 Onset HOBO data loggers were used to monitor these classrooms. Average CO₂ levels varied greatly between buildings built after 1981 and before 1955, from 126 ppm over 24 hours to 179 ppm over the 9 am to 5 pm timeframe. There were lesser differences between buildings built between 1956 and 1980 and before 1955, showing CO₂ levels from 23 ppm over 24 hours to 30 ppm over the 9 am to 5 pm timeframe. The parts per million differences were statistically significant over the 24-hour period and the 9 am to 5 pm period. Class occupancy greatly affected CO₂ levels in tested classrooms, with statistically significant differences from 187 ppm to 192 ppm in buildings built after 1981 and those built before 1955 and between 1956 and 1980 when the classroom was at least 50 % occupied. However, these levels dropped to only a 5 ppm difference for buildings build before 1955 and between 1956 and 1980 and were not statistically significant. The rate of CO₂ decrease was slower in buildings built after 1981 with a decrease of 65.4 ppm per hour compared to a decrease of 77.9 ppm per hour in buildings built before 1955. The results were comparable based on the age of the HVAC systems in the buildings, showing total HVAC systems installed after 2000 were 79–113 ppm higher average CO₂ than total HVAC systems installed before 2000 during a 24-hour timeframe and a 9am-5pm timeframe. While none of the classrooms had CO₂ levels that exceeded federal limits for CO₂ exposure, there is a scarcity of data and guidelines of CO₂ levels within a collegiate setting. The data provides information on changes in CO₂ levels related to classroom occupancy and differences in CO₂ levels based on building age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New considerations for representing moisture in indoor thermal conditions: Associations between enthalpy, cognitive performance, and thermal sensations","authors":"Sandra Dedesko ,&nbsp;Joseph Pendleton ,&nbsp;Anna S. Young ,&nbsp;Brent A. Coull ,&nbsp;John D. Spengler ,&nbsp;Joseph G. Allen","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motivated by limitations with the use of temperature and thermal comfort models in relation to occupant health outcomes, this work investigates numerous characterizations of thermal conditions and associations among these thermal variables, cognitive performance, and thermal perceptions. Measurements of classroom dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity were used to calculate a suite of eleven thermal variables, which were paired with thermal sensation votes and cognitive test responses from graduate students attending classes in these monitored spaces, resulting in an analysis dataset of 273 observations from 54 participants. Results from Spearman Rank correlation coefficients, factor analysis, and principal component analysis suggest that the eleven thermal variables cluster into three groups that reflect variations in indoor temperature, indoor relative humidity, and indoor-outdoor differences. While several variables appear to reflect variations in only air temperature (e.g., PMV estimates) or moisture, indoor enthalpy appears to reflect variations in temperature and RH in the most balanced manner. A series of mixed effects statistical models suggest that higher values of indoor enthalpy appear to be associated with improved cognitive test scores and warm sensations, and warm sensations appear to be associated with improved cognitive test scores. The collective results posit new considerations for the importance of indoor moisture with respect to occupant outcomes and how commonly used modelling approaches may not reflect this. Additional research that incorporates diverse populations, varied built environments, and causal methods could help further our understanding of the effects of air temperature and moisture on occupant outcomes in varied built environment settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation: Advances in viral inactivation and vaccine development","authors":"Kathleen K.M. Glover,&nbsp;Sunday S. Nunayon,&nbsp;Lexuan Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has gained global attention for preventing disease transmission. While UVGI technology’s utility in sterilization is well-established, there is growing interest in exploring its potential applications in vaccine development. Relevant studies are reviewed to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current state and future potential of UVGI in this domain. Specifically, this review investigates the effectiveness of UVGI in inactivating various pathogens and details the mechanisms through which different research groups have demonstrated their ability to prevent the transmission of these microbes. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to critically examine the feasibility of UVGI technology for vaccine development, with a focus on its potential to produce inactivated vaccines, its immunogenicity profile, and scalability. The study also identifies existing research gaps, especially in developing novel vaccines using UVGI. By doing so, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how UVGI can contribute to future strategies for preventing infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}