Indoor Environments最新文献

{"title":"Investigating transport of particulate matter from cooking emissions in a multi-story house using low-cost sensor measurements and different modeling approaches","authors":"Andrew B. Martin ,&nbsp;Stephen M. Zimmerman ,&nbsp;Liora E. Mael ,&nbsp;Dustin Poppendieck ,&nbsp;Delphine K. Farmer ,&nbsp;Marina E. Vance","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the transport of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in a multi-story test house using cooking emissions as a point source. The test house was instrumented with 13 PM_2.5 monitors, and the particle sources included pan cooking and air frying, as well as ambient PM_2.5 penetration during periods of no indoor activity. In the absence of indoor sources, we observed about 10 % of ambient PM_2.5 concentrations penetrating indoors with a time lag of ≈ 1 h. Similar peak PM_2.5 concentrations were observed for pan frying and air frying of the same food ingredients. A cross-correlation analysis showed that it took 2–4 min for kitchen peak concentrations to reach other sensors on the first floor and about 8 min to reach the second floor. PM_2.5 concentrations were heterogeneous on the first floor, with non-kitchen areas peaking at 45 % ± 9 % of kitchen levels. Second-floor concentrations were more homogeneous, peaking at 18 % ± 2 % of kitchen levels. Using a typical occupancy scenario, the highest estimated personal PM_2.5 exposure (44 %) was experienced in the kitchen/dining area, which accounted for 9 % of the time spent at home. We used three modeling approaches to analyze particle transport throughout the house, with increasing input requirements: a multi-box model, an empirical model, and the NIST CONTAM model. All models predicted time integrated PM_2.5 concentrations on the 1st and 2nd floors, with R² between 0.57 and 0.82 and RMSE from 6 µg m⁻³ to 11 µg m⁻³.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of season, ventilation, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic protective measures, and energy-shortage on VOC levels in Western Switzerland’s primary schools","authors":"Joan F. Rey ,&nbsp;Corinne Hager Jörin ,&nbsp;Matias Cesari ,&nbsp;Philippe Favreau ,&nbsp;Roxane Pasquettaz ,&nbsp;Vincent Perret ,&nbsp;Joëlle Goyette Pernot","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor air pollution is a major threat to human health, contributing to both acute and chronic diseases in exposed individuals. School environments are particularly at risk, as they host vulnerable populations which spend a considerable amount of time indoors. Among the myriad pollutants found in indoor settings, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are especially common and some of them have been associated with health effects from irritation to cancer following prolonged exposure. In this study, we assessed the presence of VOCs in 24 primary schools in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. VOCs were passively sampled at each school in three locations (twice indoors and once outdoors) for four one-week campaigns conducted across different seasons. These campaigns also captured variations due to SARS-CoV-2 protective measures and energy-saving restrictions. Overall, indoor air quality was found to be good in most of the monitored classrooms. However, elevated levels of alcohol (ethanol and isopropanol), reaching up to 40,000 µg/m³, were observed in classrooms during the enforcement of pandemic-related protective measures. Mechanical ventilation systems were associated with a general reduction in VOC exposure. Regarding indoor air reference values, most of the regulated compounds were in line with Switzerland’s or neighboring countries’ guidelines. This study demonstrates that although VOC concentrations generally remain low and within recommended limits, their consistent presence indicates numerous potential sources of exposure for both children and teachers, who spend extended periods in these environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons learned from developing the worldwide IEQ guidelines database","authors":"Samy Clinchard ,&nbsp;Henna Maula ,&nbsp;Piet Jacobs ,&nbsp;Amelia Staszowska ,&nbsp;Suchismita Bhattacharjee ,&nbsp;Marzenna Dudzinska ,&nbsp;Sani Dimitroulopoulou ,&nbsp;Christina Higgins ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Fan ,&nbsp;Ju-Hyeong Park ,&nbsp;Oluyemi Toyinbo ,&nbsp;Ulla Haverinen-Shaughnessy","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) guidelines and standards aim to ensure consistent, safe and healthy indoor spaces by providing clear benchmarks for air quality, lighting, thermal comfort and acoustics. Many countries and organizations have established their own IEQ regulations and standards or guidelines, but discrepancies in parameters, definitions, methods, and updating frequency often cause them to lag behind the latest scientific and technological advancements, potentially limiting their effectiveness. Researchers and practitioners advocate for the simplification and unification of IEQ guidelines, though risking overlooking geographical and cultural specificities. To address these challenges, and to help preserve and use current knowledge, an open database compiling worldwide IEQ guidelines was developed, ensuring equitable access to up-to-date information. The database covers four key IEQ domains, indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, acoustics, and lighting, as well as two related domains: ventilation and outdoor air quality (OAQ). Ventilation is a critical factor influencing most of the other IEQ domains, while OAQ guidelines are sometimes used in the absence of indoor-specific guidelines. Each of the six resulting tables includes both mandatory governmental regulations and voluntary guidelines, along with internationally recognized standards for broader relevance. This paper summarizes key lessons learned from database development and data collection efforts over the past five years. Practical IEQ guidelines and standards balance health and wellbeing outcomes with environmental, economic, and comfort considerations. Guidelines and standards can work best when science-based, adaptable to regional contexts, and structured with clear, measurable parameters, such as exposure limits, timeframes, and validated measurement methods. Collaboration between scientific research, technological advancements, and policy development can ensure regulations remain effective and up to date. To increase compliance and raise public awareness, the database consolidates and shares existing international guidelines and standards, supporting global alignment with best practices while accommodating resource constraints and regional specificities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing indoor environmental quality in African countries: A call to action for awareness, research, and policy","authors":"Oluyemi Toyinbo ,&nbsp;Jacob Mensah-Attipoe ,&nbsp;Elisephane Irankunda ,&nbsp;Ibeh Gabriel Friday ,&nbsp;Abiyu Kerebo Berekute ,&nbsp;Fabiano Gibson Daud Thulu ,&nbsp;Adeshokan Muktar Olawale ,&nbsp;Miriam Byrne ,&nbsp;Kati Huttunen ,&nbsp;Tunrayo Oluwadare ,&nbsp;Lucmane Koala ,&nbsp;Jhao-Hong Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Fan ,&nbsp;James Waichoka ,&nbsp;Reginald Quansah ,&nbsp;Egide Kalisa ,&nbsp;Pawel Wargocki","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), including indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, lighting, and noise, is a critical determinant of health, well-being, and productivity. However, African countries remain underrepresented in IEQ research, policy, and advocacy, despite facing unique challenges such as energy poverty, reliance on biomass fuels, inadequate building practices, poor ventilation, overheating, inadequate lighting, and pervasive noise pollution. These conditions increase health risks and compromise learning, working, and living environments.</div><div>This paper highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to IEQ in Africa, addressing not only indoor air pollution but also thermal discomfort from rising temperatures, insufficient indoor lighting, and chronic exposure to harmful noise levels. It introduces the \"Promoting IEQ and IAQ in Africa\" initiative launched by the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), which aims to foster research collaboration, raise awareness, support context-specific solutions, and influence policy development tailored to Africa’s diverse climates and socio-economic realities. By aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this initiative advocates healthier and more sustainable indoor environments across the continent. This paper serves as a call to action for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to work together to advance IEQ research, innovation, and advocacy for African communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical ventilation and indoor air quality in recently constructed homes in the humid climate of the Southeast U.S.","authors":"Haoran Zhao ,&nbsp;Eric Martin ,&nbsp;Tanvir Khan ,&nbsp;David Chasar ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Sonne ,&nbsp;Charles R. Withers Jr. ,&nbsp;Marion L. Russell ,&nbsp;William W. Delp ,&nbsp;Wanyu Rengie Chan ,&nbsp;Iain S. Walker ,&nbsp;Brett C. Singer","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines whole-house mechanical ventilation (WHMV) and indoor air quality (IAQ) in 51 single-family homes constructed since 2013 in the humid southeastern U.S. Homes were monitored for one or two weeks, operating with or without WHMV, or under both conditions (two-week homes, n = 11). Measurements included envelope and duct airtightness; mechanical ventilation airflows; time-resolved CO₂, PM_2.5, formaldehyde, and radon; and time-integrated gravimetric PM_2.5, NO₂, NOₓ, and formaldehyde. Participants reported on ventilation use, IAQ-related activities and perceptions. Major deficiencies were observed in WHMV installation, operation, and occupant awareness. Thirty-seven homes had controlled WHMV equipment. Twenty-one could meet the ASHRAE 62.2–2010 airflow requirement with continuous or controlled runtime, but only 11 systems were operating at the field team’s arrival (as-found condition). Performance and homeowner awareness varied by system type. Most energy recovery ventilators and ventilating dehumidifiers were functional and operating as found, with owners aware of their purpose. Fifteen homes had exhaust fans with compliant airflow and sound ratings but no labeling, and owners did consider them WHMV. Central Fan integrated supply (CFIS) systems were rarely functional. Six homes had no kitchen exhaust ventilation, and only 35 had airflow above the 50 L/s requirement of 62.2–2010 at any setting. PM_2.5 concentrations were low in most homes. WHMV operation did not discernibly lower PM_2.5 or formaldehyde but did significantly reduce CO₂ and radon in both two-week homes and all homes with/out WHMV. Occupants of homes with WHMV operating as found felt they had better control of temperature and relative humidity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor residential pesticide fate, transport, and exposure model","authors":"Noshin Anjum Kamal ,&nbsp;Raghavendhran Avanasi ,&nbsp;Carrie Huffman ,&nbsp;Raj Saran ,&nbsp;Tharacad Ramanarayanan ,&nbsp;Deborah H. Bennett ,&nbsp;Hyeong-Moo Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A deeper understanding of the fate, transport, and exposure of indoor pesticides is needed, especially for application methods specific to indoor environments, such as perimeter and crack-and-crevice treatments. This study addresses this research need by investigating indoor dynamics of pesticides and estimating residential pesticide exposures. For four widely-used pesticides with diverse chemical properties, we refined and applied our multi-compartment indoor fate, transport, and exposure model to simulate time-dependent concentrations across multiple media, integrating exposures over 1- and 30-day periods. Our model shows that when pesticides are applied to floor edges, &lt; 1 % of the total applied mass is transported from treated areas to air or untreated surfaces over 30 days of simulation. Because of limited measurement data for robust model validation, we compared our model’s estimates to those from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) regulatory model. Comparison revealed that our model’s total exposure estimates are 2–5 orders of magnitude lower than those from the SOP model. Notably, even greater differences were observed for individual exposure routes, as the SOP model does not account for chemical properties but assumes that a fixed daily fraction of the applied mass is available for exposure. In contrast, our model accounts for chemical-specific fate and transport processes. This study highlights the critical role of incorporating chemical fate and transport in residential pesticide exposure assessments. However, monitoring studies are needed to validate our model estimates with measurements collected over time from indoor air and surfaces under known application methods and rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the CoSIE Lab: An advanced laboratory for multi-domain indoor environmental quality research","authors":"Jun Jiang ,&nbsp;Tobias Maria Burgholz ,&nbsp;Kai Rewitz ,&nbsp;Rita Streblow ,&nbsp;Dirk Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory studies are essential in advancing multi-domain indoor environmental quality (IEQ) research, as they provide highly controllable, precise, and reproducible conditions for investigating the effects of various IEQ factors on occupants’ health and behavior. However, many existing IEQ laboratories face significant challenges, including inadequate multi-domain control, limited participant-laboratory interaction, and incomplete performance testing. This paper presents the comprehensive development process of the Comfort Studies and Indoor Environment Laboratory (CoSIE Lab), a flexible and expandable research facility designed to control IEQ factors across thermal, indoor air quality, visual, and acoustic domains. The development process is organized into distinct phases: conceptual planning, design and construction, commissioning and performance testing, and experimental applications. Through this structured approach, we aim to share valuable insights and lessons learned from the development of the CoSIE Lab. Key findings indicate that capillary tube mat is an effective solution for radiant temperature control. In conjunction with a hydronic system, the CoSIE Lab achieves 76 zones with individual surface temperature control ranging from 15 °C to 40 °C. The surface radiant system enhances air conditioning process, enabling both homogenous and heterogenous air temperature distributions within the test rooms. Measurements of illuminance and color temperature demonstrate close alignment with design specifications for artificial lighting as simulated in software. An acoustic assessment reveals potential overestimation of effective absorption areas when applying the DIN EN 12354‐6 model for reverberation time calculations. In addition to these findings, this study contributes to enhancing clarity and consistency in research dissemination related to IEQ laboratory developments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the indoor heat stress of low-socioeconomic status households in Jalna district of Maharashtra (India)","authors":"Premsagar Prakash Tasgaonkar ,&nbsp;Priyanka Arun ,&nbsp;Kamal Kumar Murari","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Projections regarding climate change indicate that globally, densely populated areas are poised to witness a heightened frequency of more severe and prolonged heat waves. Indoor conditions, including housing roofs, and circulation systems significantly influence the impact of heat-related issues and discomfort. Literature on heat-related vulnerability studies often lacks substantial references to these factors. This study seeks to comprehend the influence of various roof types on heat risks in a semi-arid region village in Maharashtra, India. The study uses indoor data loggers to observe temperature &amp; relative humidity in different housing conditions. Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is derived to evaluate heat-risk exposure in indoor environments. Findings reveal that dwellings with tin roofs experience higher and more prolonged heat risks compared to Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) or thatch roof houses. Moreover, RCC and tin roofs exhibit increased exposure during the day WBGT (5–7 °C higher during night WBGT), whereas thatched roofs display minimal daily WBGT variation, indicating robust heat resilience. Ceiling fans consistently lower indoor WBGT and thus reduce heat‑risk hours across all roof types, though their effectiveness varies by time of day and housing material. Fans offer cooling benefit in the early morning from 12 am to 10 am and late evening hours from 7 pm to 11 pm. Ceiling fans reduce indoor WBGT by approximately 1.1°C in tin‑roof houses, 1.4°C in thatched houses, and 1.5°C in RCC houses, demonstrating their pronounced cooling efficacy during these heat periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile organic compounds from topical drugs and medical products: Effects on air quality and healthcare environments","authors":"Amber M. Yeoman ,&nbsp;Marvin Shaw ,&nbsp;Martyn Ward ,&nbsp;Thomas Warburton ,&nbsp;Alastair C. Lewis","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fifteen commonly used topical drugs and five medical products were evaluated using headspace Q-TOF GC/MS to assess VOCs emissions into healthcare environments and potential patient inhalation. The speciation of VOCs found in medicine products was less complex than typically found in non-medicated, cosmetic skincare products. VOCs arising from medicinal products could be classified as being related to product performance (e.g., solvent), product fragrance, and likely trace contaminants unintentionally included. The scale of emissions and resulting inhalation could be significant for products that are facially applied, and there may be some potential for wider indoor air quality effects if used regularly in poorly ventilated spaces. Emission rates from topical drugs were then quantified using SIFT-MS, focusing on the ten most abundant/commonly found species identified by Q-TOF GC/MS – 2-propanol, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexane, ethanol, menthol, methyl salicylate, phenol, and limonene and eucalyptol (representing the total of all terpene species). Emission rates were in the range 9.7 × 10⁻⁵ µg s⁻¹ g _[product] ⁻¹ to 5.9 µg s⁻¹ g _[product] ⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported indoor climate in shared vs. private offices and its effects on headache and respiratory symptoms in Norwegian office workers","authors":"Therese Nitter Moazami ,&nbsp;Tom Sterud","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This two-wave cross-sectional study analyzed data from 7968 Norwegian office workers collected in 2016 and 2019 to investigate associations among self-reported indoor climate, headaches, and respiratory symptoms across six office types. Interaction effects between office type, indoor climate, and health outcomes were assessed, alongside a mediation analysis examining indoor climate as a mediator between office type and health outcomes. Adjusted generalized linear models (GLMs) revealed that shared offices had significantly poorer indoor climate conditions than private offices, with the highest odds reported in flexible spaces (OR = 1.72, 95 % CI: 1.41–2.09) and offices with over 24 occupants (OR = 1.57, 95 % CI: 1.27–1.93). Self-reported poor indoor climate was associated with respiratory symptoms (OR = 2.17, 95 % CI: 1.74–2.27) and headaches (OR = 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.48 – 1.86). No direct association was found between office type and health outcomes; however, mediation analysis demonstrated a significant indirect effect of office type on health outcomes via indoor climate. Interaction analysis further revealed that the association between poor indoor climate and respiratory symptoms was stronger in shared offices compared to cell offices for both respiratory symptoms (OR = 2.32 vs. OR = 1.80) and headaches (OR = 1.69 vs. OR = 1.44). In conclusion, this study demonstrates notable associations between office type, perceived indoor climate, and self-reported health outcomes. While the cross-sectional design limits the ability to determine the direction or underlying mechanisms of these associations, the results emphasize the relevance of both office layout and indoor climate quality in evaluating workplace health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}