Indoor Environments最新文献_第2页

Co-creation of an airflow and COVID-19 transmission risk model for humanitarian shelter design 共同创建用于人道主义避难所设计的气流和COVID-19传播风险模型

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100154

Anna Conzatti , Noorullah Kuchai , Elif Keser , Dima Albadra , Daniel Fosas , David Coley

{"title":"Co-creation of an airflow and COVID-19 transmission risk model for humanitarian shelter design","authors":"Anna Conzatti , Noorullah Kuchai , Elif Keser , Dima Albadra , Daniel Fosas , David Coley","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ventilation rates in overcrowded humanitarian shelters are often insufficient to prevent condensation, respiratory illness, and the transmission of airborne diseases. Enhancing ventilation is challenging due to security needs, protection from dust and insects, and a lack of design expertise among humanitarian teams without engineering backgrounds. This study presents the development, validation, and testing of a novel natural-ventilation and infection-risk assessment methodology co-designed with 42 practitioners from NGOs, humanitarian organisations, and academia through a six-phase participatory process. The new methodology requires approximately 20 inputs to characterise shelter conditions across more than 3100 global locations and performs natural-ventilation, indoor CO₂, and COVID-19 transmission-risk calculations without the need for prior airflow-modelling knowledge. Model performance was evaluated against established network models (EnergyPlus Airflow Network and CONTAM) using representative shelters in Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Nepal, demonstrating good agreement. Usability testing with 12 aid workers showed that first-time users could complete a full shelter assessment in about 30 min, with subsequent iterations requiring around 15 min. The method provides a rapid, accessible method for estimating ventilation adequacy and airborne-diseases risk in resource-constrained settings and has been adopted by several humanitarian agencies to support emergency shelter design and ventilation decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"3 1","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of impact of ventilation and air cleaning strategies on classroom PM2.5 and CO2 under normal and wildfire conditions – A CONTAM simulation study 正常和野火条件下通风和空气净化策略对教室PM2.5和CO2的影响分析-一项CONTAM模拟研究

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100158

Youngbo Won, Wenhao Chen, Zhong-Min Wang, Jeff Wagner, Kazukiyo Kumagai

{"title":"Analysis of impact of ventilation and air cleaning strategies on classroom PM2.5 and CO2 under normal and wildfire conditions – A CONTAM simulation study","authors":"Youngbo Won, Wenhao Chen, Zhong-Min Wang, Jeff Wagner, Kazukiyo Kumagai","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particulate matter (especially PM₂.₅) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are key indicators of indoor air quality (IAQ). This study uses a multizone model (CONTAM) to simulate PM₂.₅ and CO₂ concentrations for representative ventilation scenarios with or without portable air cleaners (PACs) in a K-5 school during normal and wildfire conditions. The CONTAM model mimicked the measurement setup, consisting of one hallway and eight mechanically ventilated classrooms, each having approximately 20 students. After validating the model against measurement data, 50 more scenarios were simulated by changing ventilation conditions (mechanical vs. natural ventilation) and PAC operations under both normal conditions and wildfire conditions. Simulation results indicate that under normal conditions, HVAC system operating at 12 h<sup>−1</sup> with 20% outdoor air and a MERV 8 filter maintained average PM₂.₅ and CO₂ concentrations below 5 µg/m³ and 1000 ppm, respectively. Using a MERV 13 filter further reduced PM₂.₅ concentrations to 3 µg/m³ . During wildfire conditions, when outdoor PM₂.₅ reached 30 µg/m³ , indoor PM₂.₅ levels were over 10 µg/m³ for the same HVAC setup with a MERV 8 filter. Under the natural ventilation condition, indoor PM levels followed outdoor levels within 2 h without PACs. During wildfire, operating PACs is highly recommended. Opening a door facing outdoors with one window open quickly increase indoor PM₂.₅ and CO₂ concentrations by outdoor levels, while opening a door facing hallway did not. These findings highlight the importance of reducing outdoor air intake and utilizing effective filtration strategies to mitigate wildfire-related impacts on IAQ in schools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"3 1","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147397161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Association of indoor thermal environment with children’s physical activity in summer and winter 儿童夏季和冬季室内热环境与身体活动的关系

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100147

Aoi Hyakutake , Shun Kawakubo , Daisuke Umemoto , Keiko Sekiya , Hiroshi Nakagawa , Toshiharu Ikaga

{"title":"Association of indoor thermal environment with children’s physical activity in summer and winter","authors":"Aoi Hyakutake , Shun Kawakubo , Daisuke Umemoto , Keiko Sekiya , Hiroshi Nakagawa , Toshiharu Ikaga","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor environments play an important role in children’s health and behavior, yet the impact of thermal environments on physical activity remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the association between indoor thermal environments and children’s physical activity in summer and winter in Japan. Detailed indoor thermal measurements and objective accelerometer data were collected from 26 children aged 4–12 years, each measured in both seasons under parental supervision to ensure data quality. Significant associations were found between temperatures in living areas and physical activity intensity. Warmer indoor environments in winter were associated with higher activity intensity, whereas cooler indoor environments in summer were associated with lower activity intensity. A new indicator, the seasonal activity ratio (SAR), defined as the ratio of winter to summer activity intensity, was developed to assess the degree of seasonal variation. The SAR showed an overall seasonal decline (mean SAR: 0.96 ± 0.06). Children living in homes where non-living areas maintained cooler environments in summer and warmer environments in winter exhibited significantly smaller seasonal declines in activity compared with those in other environments. These findings demonstrate that even in modern, high-performance homes, a thermal design strategy is required that addresses both living and non-living areas in order to promote children’s physical activity year-round and to mitigate typical winter declines. The results of this study provide objective evidence to inform residential design and policies aimed at fostering healthier indoor environmental quality for children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"3 1","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Indoor wildfire smoke perceptions “nudge” mitigation behaviors 室内野火烟雾感知“推动”缓解行为

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100150

Rachel Hurley , Oren Mangoubi , Shichao Liu

{"title":"Indoor wildfire smoke perceptions “nudge” mitigation behaviors","authors":"Rachel Hurley , Oren Mangoubi , Shichao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As wildfire smoke can travel long distances and affect more communities, understanding the link between smoke perception, health, and behavior is crucial for reducing smoke exposure. This study examines how indoor olfactory perception of wildfire smoke is associated with self-reported smoke mitigation behaviors (SMB) and health symptoms. In this work, we analyzed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) <em>“Smoke Sense”</em> dataset using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), controlling for education, activity level, and percentage of time spent indoors. Compared to smelling smoke outdoors only, smelling smoke both indoors and outdoors significantly increased the odds of adopting SMB and reporting acute health symptoms. These results demonstrate that subjective perception can be leveraged to reduce indoor exposure and “nudge” individual mitigation behaviors. Public health guidance could incorporate outdoor air quality indicators, such as the Air Quality Index (AQI), together with indoor olfactory cues gathered through representative public polling on indoor smoke perception to communicate risks more effectively and support more informed decision-making on indoor smoke mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"3 1","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In-unit particulate matter (PM2.5) in a public housing complex and the importance of tobacco and cannabis as indoor pollutants 公共住宅小区的单位内颗粒物（PM2.5）以及烟草和大麻作为室内污染物的重要性

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100157

Madeleine Wallace , Saira Prasanth , Alice Egar , Lacee A. Satcher , Samantha Teixeira , Rebekah Levine Coley , Gary Adamkiewicz

{"title":"In-unit particulate matter (PM2.5) in a public housing complex and the importance of tobacco and cannabis as indoor pollutants","authors":"Madeleine Wallace , Saira Prasanth , Alice Egar , Lacee A. Satcher , Samantha Teixeira , Rebekah Levine Coley , Gary Adamkiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) is a ubiquitous air pollutant with known socioeconomic disparities in exposure related to both ambient and indoor sources. Understanding how common indoor behaviors such as smoking, cooking, candle or incense burning, and air freshener use contribute to indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in public housing can inform interventions to protect residents’ health. PM<sub>2.5</sub> data were collected via PurpleAir monitors for one week within 138 units of a single public housing development in New England, United States and corrected via an additive relative humidity model. Study participants completed a pre-monitoring survey and a post-monitoring survey of in-unit PM<sub>2.5</sub>-related behaviors. Participants’ weekly average in-unit PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were variable, ranging from 3.6 µg/m<sup>3</sup> to 142.0 µg/m<sup>3</sup>, with a mean of 19.7 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. Two-thirds (65.9%) of households’ average levels exceeded the EPA annual outdoor standard of 9 µg/m<sup>3</sup>, a heuristic reference given the lack of national indoor guidelines. A multivariable model predicting in-unit average PM<sub>2.5</sub> based on resident behaviors found significant associations between elevated PM<sub>2.5</sub> and past-week tobacco smoking (121% higher PM<sub>2.5</sub>), weekly or more cannabis use (56% higher), and living in an apartment building rather than a townhome (26% higher). Cannabis use, which is studied here for the first time in an uncontrolled residential setting, may represent an underappreciated risk factor for exposure. Interventions directed at mitigating indoor smoking of both tobacco and cannabis may be effective at reducing average in-unit PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in multifamily housing, as compared to combatting other known indoor sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"3 1","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measured and perceived indoor environmental quality in process control rooms and offices of production facilities 测量和感知生产设施的过程控制室和办公室的室内环境质量

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100142

Sirpa Rautiala, Tuula Liukkonen, Pirjo Korenius, Kari Salmi, Päivi Isokääntä, Maria Hirvonen

{"title":"Measured and perceived indoor environmental quality in process control rooms and offices of production facilities","authors":"Sirpa Rautiala, Tuula Liukkonen, Pirjo Korenius, Kari Salmi, Päivi Isokääntä, Maria Hirvonen","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limited data exists on indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of process control rooms and offices of production facilities. We investigated the IEQ in the process control rooms and offices of seven metal and forest industry facilities in Finland. Furthermore, 538 employees participated in a questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevalence of indoor environment-related (IE-related) complaints and symptoms. The results indicate that the ventilation was sufficient in 89 % of the process control rooms and offices studied, but in 9 %, the air supply was not functioning at all. The physical and chemical parameters complied with relevant requirements, standards, and national reference values in most of the process control rooms and offices. The concentrations of man-made mineral fibers (MMVFs) were high, and moisture damage was more frequently observed compared to other Finnish workplaces. Noise, smells, and impurities from the production processes were found to migrate into the process control rooms and offices. The majority of employees reported IE-related complaints, particularly those working in the process control rooms. The prevalence of symptoms was not higher than that observed among Finnish office employees in non-industrial workplaces. To our knowledge, this study is the first to present data on the IEQ of process control rooms and offices of production facilities. The findings suggest that, although the IEQ was at a satisfactory level in most process control rooms and offices, ventilation issues and the production process can adversely affect the IEQ and employees' perceptions. Future studies in production facilities across other industries and larger datasets are necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Indoor mold concentrations, prevalence, and relation to building characteristics in homes in very cold climates 在非常寒冷的气候下，室内霉菌浓度、流行率及其与房屋建筑特征的关系

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100139

Cassandra Conrad, Patricia Guillante, Christiana Kiesling, Kristen Cetin, Kaisen Lin

{"title":"Indoor mold concentrations, prevalence, and relation to building characteristics in homes in very cold climates","authors":"Cassandra Conrad, Patricia Guillante, Christiana Kiesling, Kristen Cetin, Kaisen Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People in the U.S. spend more than 90 % of their time indoors. In very cold climates including Alaska (ASHRAE Climate Zone 8), homes provide essential shelter, yet these homes are often smaller, overcrowded, and not designed for the harsh cold climate that requires year-round heating. Extreme cold weather also creates potential condensation risk and thus the potential for mold growth. Previous research has found that many Alaska residents have concerns about mold growth in their homes and also has shown the prevalence of mold-induced respiratory infections and conditions particularly for children in these locations. However, it is rare for studies to quantify the concentration of mold or quantify its causes. This study utilized surface and airborne mold tests alongside in-person home assessments in 72 households in two rural coastal Alaskan communities. Results detected the potential for mold in the air of 39 % of homes tested, and mold was found on at least one surface in 67 % of homes tested. Nonparametric statistical tests including the Spearman Rank test, Mann-Whitney U-Test, and Kruskal Wallis test were performed to analyze correlations between indoor mold concentrations and housing characteristics. Higher concentrations of surface mold were found in homes that were older, more densely occupied, were more humid, did not have Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs), and for samples taken from windows. Airborne and surface mold concentrations were noted to be higher in one of the communities. This study highlights the household characteristics that are more likely to suggest the presence of air and surface mold growth in homes in very cold climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deep learning and digital twin integration for indoor environmental conditions (IEC): A state-of-the-art review 室内环境条件（IEC）的深度学习和数字孪生集成：最新进展综述

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100137

Sadegh Haghighat, Ruichuan Zhang

{"title":"Deep learning and digital twin integration for indoor environmental conditions (IEC): A state-of-the-art review","authors":"Sadegh Haghighat, Ruichuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the integration of digital twin and deep learning technologies in the context of indoor environmental conditions (IEC). A total of 136 papers published between 2018 and 2024 were systematically selected and analyzed. The review is organized along two dimensions: (1) the IEC perspective, encompassing key environmental factors such as thermal, air quality, acoustic, and lighting conditions; and (2) the technological perspective, focusing on deep learning model types, generative AI approaches, information flow, and training strategies within digital twins. The review is then supported by illustrative examples from the literature that demonstrate this integration through data curation, model selection, deployment, continuous learning, and considerations of safety and privacy. Lastly, the review identifies current gaps in the body of knowledge and outlines future research directions. This paper contributes to the field by addressing deficiencies in existing reviews and establishing a unified understanding of how deep learning enhances digital twin capabilities for predictive, adaptive, and occupant-centric IEC analytics and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Indoor residential pesticide fate, transport, and exposure model 室内住宅农药命运、运输和暴露模型

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100122

Noshin Anjum Kamal , Raghavendhran Avanasi , Carrie Huffman , Raj Saran , Tharacad Ramanarayanan , Deborah H. Bennett , Hyeong-Moo Shin

{"title":"Indoor residential pesticide fate, transport, and exposure model","authors":"Noshin Anjum Kamal , Raghavendhran Avanasi , Carrie Huffman , Raj Saran , Tharacad Ramanarayanan , Deborah H. Bennett , Hyeong-Moo Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A deeper understanding of the fate, transport, and exposure of indoor pesticides is needed, especially for application methods specific to indoor environments, such as perimeter and crack-and-crevice treatments. This study addresses this research need by investigating indoor dynamics of pesticides and estimating residential pesticide exposures. For four widely-used pesticides with diverse chemical properties, we refined and applied our multi-compartment indoor fate, transport, and exposure model to simulate time-dependent concentrations across multiple media, integrating exposures over 1- and 30-day periods. Our model shows that when pesticides are applied to floor edges, < 1 % of the total applied mass is transported from treated areas to air or untreated surfaces over 30 days of simulation. Because of limited measurement data for robust model validation, we compared our model’s estimates to those from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) regulatory model. Comparison revealed that our model’s total exposure estimates are 2–5 orders of magnitude lower than those from the SOP model. Notably, even greater differences were observed for individual exposure routes, as the SOP model does not account for chemical properties but assumes that a fixed daily fraction of the applied mass is available for exposure. In contrast, our model accounts for chemical-specific fate and transport processes. This study highlights the critical role of incorporating chemical fate and transport in residential pesticide exposure assessments. However, monitoring studies are needed to validate our model estimates with measurements collected over time from indoor air and surfaces under known application methods and rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influences of season, ventilation, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic protective measures, and energy-shortage on VOC levels in Western Switzerland’s primary schools 季节、通风、SARS-CoV-2大流行防护措施和能源短缺对瑞士西部小学VOC水平的影响

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100127

Joan F. Rey , Corinne Hager Jörin , Matias Cesari , Philippe Favreau , Roxane Pasquettaz , Vincent Perret , Joëlle Goyette Pernot

{"title":"Influences of season, ventilation, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic protective measures, and energy-shortage on VOC levels in Western Switzerland’s primary schools","authors":"Joan F. Rey , Corinne Hager Jörin , Matias Cesari , Philippe Favreau , Roxane Pasquettaz , Vincent Perret , Joëlle Goyette Pernot","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor air pollution is a major threat to human health, contributing to both acute and chronic diseases in exposed individuals. School environments are particularly at risk, as they host vulnerable populations which spend a considerable amount of time indoors. Among the myriad pollutants found in indoor settings, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are especially common and some of them have been associated with health effects from irritation to cancer following prolonged exposure. In this study, we assessed the presence of VOCs in 24 primary schools in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. VOCs were passively sampled at each school in three locations (twice indoors and once outdoors) for four one-week campaigns conducted across different seasons. These campaigns also captured variations due to SARS-CoV-2 protective measures and energy-saving restrictions. Overall, indoor air quality was found to be good in most of the monitored classrooms. However, elevated levels of alcohol (ethanol and isopropanol), reaching up to 40,000 µg/m<sup>3</sup>, were observed in classrooms during the enforcement of pandemic-related protective measures. Mechanical ventilation systems were associated with a general reduction in VOC exposure. Regarding indoor air reference values, most of the regulated compounds were in line with Switzerland’s or neighboring countries’ guidelines. This study demonstrates that although VOC concentrations generally remain low and within recommended limits, their consistent presence indicates numerous potential sources of exposure for both children and teachers, who spend extended periods in these environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0