Exposure risk and source analysis of toxic metal(loid)s in indoor dust of Eastern Nigeria during COVID-19 lockdown

Indoor Environments Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI:10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100113

Chideraa Courage Offor , John Kanayochukwu Nduka , Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle

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Abstract

Outbreak and emergency occasioned by coronavirus virus disease forcefully led to imposition of lockdown in Nigeria; a situation that consequently exposed humans to heavy metal(loid)s laden dust. Hence, this study measured the concentration of heavy metal(loid)s in indoor dust from households of three selected semi-urban areas (Rumuodomaya-Ogale, Ekwulobia and Awka) of Eastern Nigeria. Dust samples (n = 144) were collected from household’s windows and floors using clean brush, filtered, digested by standard method and analyzed for Cd, Co, Ni, Hg, As, Mn, Al, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Model: Varian AA240, USA). Results show that Fe was dominant when compared to other metals assessed. Whereas the total heavy metal(loid)s concentration (THMC) of the floor dusts was higher than that of window dusts from Ekwulobia, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in total heavy metal(loid)s level in window and floor dust of the three semi-urban areas across the months. Awka showed the least THMC in the window (1.17 – 1.52 mg kg⁻¹) and floor (1.08 – 2.35 mg kg⁻¹) dusts in comparison with Ekwulobia (window: 1.23 mg/kg to 9.05 mg kg⁻¹; floor: 1.27 mg kg⁻¹ to 9.22 mg kg⁻¹) and Rumuodomaya-Ogale (window: 1.49 – 2.70 mg kg⁻¹; floor: 1.24 – 2.23 mg kg⁻¹). The cancer and non-cancer risk of exposure to the heavy metal(loid)s dusts was insignificant while most of the heavy metal(loid)s could be related to anthropogenic origin based on the Positive Matrix Factorization and Principal Component Analysis models.

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2019冠状病毒病封锁期间尼日利亚东部室内粉尘中有毒金属（样物质）的暴露风险和来源分析

冠状病毒病引发的疫情和紧急情况迫使尼日利亚实施封锁；这种情况导致人类暴露在重金属（类）粉尘中。因此，本研究测量了尼日利亚东部三个选定的半城市地区（Rumuodomaya-Ogale、Ekwulobia和Awka）家庭室内粉尘中重金属（loid）s的浓度。用干净的毛刷从家庭窗户和地板上收集粉尘样品（n = 144），过滤后用标准方法消化，用原子吸收光谱法分析Cd、Co、Ni、Hg、As、Mn、Al、Pb、Cr、Zn和Fe（型号：Varian AA240， USA）。结果表明，与其他金属相比，铁占主导地位。地尘中总重金属（loid）s浓度（THMC）高于窗尘，但3个半城市区域窗尘和窗尘中总重金属（loid）s浓度在各月份间无显著差异（p >； 0.05）。Awka在窗口粉尘（1.17 ~ 1.52 mg kg−1）和地板粉尘（1.08 ~ 2.35 mg kg−1）中THMC最低，而Ekwulobia在窗口粉尘（1.23 ~ 9.05 mg kg−1）中THMC最低；地板：1.27 mg kg−1至9.22 mg kg−1)和Rumuodomaya-Ogale(窗口：1.49 - 2.70 mg kg−1；地板：1.24 - 2.23 mg kg−1)。基于正矩阵分解和主成分分析模型，重金属粉尘暴露的致癌风险和非致癌风险均不显著，大部分重金属粉尘暴露与人为来源有关。

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Indoor Environments

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