Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Uncontrolled glycemia and the associated factors in Iranian type 2 diabetic patients, North of Iran: Role of self-care and self-efficacy.","authors":"Zahra Geraili, Karimolla Hajian-Tilaki, Neda Meftah","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.336","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperglycemia caused by diabetes is closely related to long-term damage in organ functional disorders. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled glycemia and its associated factors in Iranian diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted on 496 types 2 diabetic patients in the outpatient clinic of a referral hospital center affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences, North of Iran. The data of fasting blood sugar (FBS) and hemoglobin A1C were extracted from recent laboratory tests. The demographic, clinical data, and comorbidity were collected. The reliable and valid scales of self-care and self-efficacy were used to collect data through face-to-face interviews with patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About half of the participants, 241(48.6%) patients had poor glycemic control (FBS≥152 mg/dl) and a higher proportion, 382 (79.6%) patients were found based on the criterion of HbA1C≥7%. There was no significant difference in poor glycemic control between genders. The adjusted OR for risk of poor glycemic control (FBS>152mg/dl) after controlling potential confounders was 2.37 (95%CI: 1.34, 4.12) for the duration of diabetes >15 years compared to 5 years or less. The higher level of self-efficacy prevented poor glycemic control (adjusted OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.29, 0.87). While the high level of self-care tended to protect against poor glycemic control non-significantly (adjusted OR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.41, 1.11).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings show that majority of diabetic patients have poor glycemic control. The high level of self-care and self-efficacy substantially reduced the risk of poor glycemic control.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"336-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Mitral valve prolapse syndrome and duodenal ulcer disease with concomitant autonomic dysfunction.","authors":"Jannis Kountouras, Stergios A Polyzos, Christos Zavos, Evangelos Kazakos, Maria Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou, Dimitrios Chatzopoulos, Aggeliki Stogianni, Maria Touloumtzi, Stergios Arapoglou, Elisabeth Vardaka","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.328","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is no evidence regarding the crucial topic of possible correlation between duodenal ulcer disease and mitral valve prolapse syndrome. We herein investigated the potential relationship between these two disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-three hospitalized patients with active duodenal ulcer disease were compared with 31 healthy controls for the presence of mitral valve prolapse syndrome. All participants underwent cardiac examination and echocardiography. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressures were estimated in supine baseline and standing positions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse was present in 36 (43.37%) of the patients and only in 1 (3%) of controls (<i>P</i>=0.001). Auscultatory findings of systolic murmurs (50% vs. 4%, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.001) and symptoms related to the cardiovascular system (i.e., chest pain: 75% vs. 30%, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.001) were more common in patients with mitral valve prolapse than those without it. Heart rate was lesser in patients with mitral valve prolapse in supine location (71.001.73 vs. 76.101.66, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.04), and was higher in the upright location in patients than those without mitral valve prolapse (91.542.73 vs. 83.422.71, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.04) and in normal controls (91.542.73 vs. 84.062.02, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.03). Moreover, blood group O and male gender were more common among the patients with mitral valve prolapse, compared to normal controls (67% vs. 39%, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.03, and 61% vs. 35%; <i>P</i>=0.05, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest a clinical and genetic relationship between active duodenal ulcer and mitral valve prolapse syndrome connected with autonomic dysfunction. Further studies are warranted to confirm this crucial topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"328-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odor olfactory dysfunction in chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus and its association with nutritional factors.","authors":"Kamyar Iravani, Aida Doostkam, Jamshid Roozbeh, Leila Malekmakan, Seyed Reza Kasaee, Amir Soltaniesmaeili","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.289","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Olfactory changes connection to deteriorated quality of life in chronic kidney disease cases (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The nutritional status is altered in CKD and DM and it closely interconnected with olfactory function. We aimed to study the olfactory dysfunction in these populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional research on CKD and DM cases aged 20-50 (27 healthy controls, 77 CKD patients, and 36 DM patients). We used the Iran Smell Identification Test (Iran-SIT) version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) to evaluate the olfactory function. The significant level was set as <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our 140 cases included 51.4% of men (mean age of 46.7±10.6 years). The total score of the Iran-SIT test indicated that olfactory impairment in the CKD was higher (16.2±4.2) than in the DM (18.8±2.1) and control groups (20.4±1.2) (P=0.001). It was determined that 54.5% of CKD patients and 38.9% of the DM group had olfactory dysfunction compared to 7.4% of the controls (P=0.001). Multiple regression analysis indicated that being men and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were related to olfactory dysfunction in the total population (OR: 4.55, P=0.037, and OR: 0.94, P=0.037). Still, it was only associated with LDL-C in the CKD group (OR: 0.93, P=0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings of this study, CKD and DM patients had a higher prevalence of olfactory dysfunction than the controls, which could be associated with some preventive nutritional factors. This information may help perform a screening program and early intervention on olfactory dysfunction in these systematic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"289-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A real-word survey of anticancer drug wastage in a public chemotherapy center in the west of Iran.","authors":"Yahya Baharvand Iran Nia, Zahra Nourolahi, Fatemeh Goudarzi, Roya Fouladi, Shahram Ahmadi Somaghian, Rasool Mohammadi","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.314","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The cost of anticancer drugs and their wastage has become a major concern for patients and health policy makers in developing countries. To date, no figures have been reported on the rate of loss of anticancer drugs in Iran. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a real-world analysis on the anticancer drug wastage in a public hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During a 3-month time span, we observationally collected drug information of all patients admitted for receiving anticancer drugs in the inpatient or outpatient unit of chemotherapy center by two oncology nurses. The amount of drug wastage and its financial cost were calculated based on the price approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) during the survey period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 626 patients were admitted for receiving twenty-four injectable anticancer drugs in 2023 infusions. The percentage of total drug wastage was 9.31% (95% CI, 5.90 -12.71%). Overall, these results indicated that the cost of drug wastage in this 3-month period was roughly 31,473 US dollars (USD) and estimated annual cost of wastage was nearly 125,894 USD (5,287,553,080 Iranian Rial).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report of investigating anticancer drug wastage in Iran. According to this real-world survey, it was shown that the amount of drug wastage in this center is substantial and imposes a heavy financial burden on patients and the health system that need to be taken into account by policy makers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"314-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the prognostic power of Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score.","authors":"Farzad Bozorgi, Seyyed Abbas Hashemi, Fateme Jahanian, Kosar Baktash","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.297","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient management and necessary supportive treatments, an accurate prognosis of the illness is essential for patients with acute pancreatitis. Thus far, no diagnostic technique has demonstrated superiority over the other in terms of clinical judgment. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive accuracy of the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score in contrast to Ranson's criteria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our research is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients admitted to the emergency department with acute pancreatitis. Exclusion criteria comprised individuals with liver, heart, or renal failure upon admission or during hospitalization. Each patient's demographic data, including age, gender, education level, and consciousness level, were considered. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 16 software with a significance level set at p <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 286 patients, 221 were diagnosed with moderate acute pancreatitis, while 65 were diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis. Among these patients, 5 (7.1%) succumbed to complications related to pancreatitis, including 3 males and 2 females. Both the BISAP and Ranson criteria demonstrated significant capability in assessing the severity of both moderate and severe acute pancreatitis with a 95% confidence level. The analysis revealed a statistically significant area under the curve for both criteria (P= 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although BISAP and Ranson have both good accuracy and efficacy to determine the severity of pancreatitis, BISAP scoring criteria have higher prognostic accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"297-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligoclonal band on the 5-year prognosis of patients with multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Masoud Ghiasian, Mojtaba Khazaei, Sajjad Daneshyar, Elham Khanlarzadeh, Mohammad Amin Habibi","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.284","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Prognostic markers are essential for predicting disease progression and managing its impact. Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are significant laboratory findings in MS, yet their prognostic role remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the role of OCBs in the short-term progression of MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled patients diagnosed with Relapsing-Remitting MS and conducted a follow-up for five years, during which we monitored their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. Clinical manifestations were compared between patients with positive and negative OCBs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 140 participants, 41 (29%) were OCB-negative and 99 (71%) were OCB-positive. No significant differences were found regarding sex, age, family history, associated disease, and EDSS scores between the two groups at the beginning of the study. Throughout the five-year duration of the study, there was no disparity in the EDSS scores of patients belonging to the two groups. Notably, the mean number of relapses was 1.37 in OCB-negatives compared to 1 in OCB-positives, which was statistically significant (P=0.03). In other words, after 5 years, despite the high rate of recurrence in patients with negative OCB compared to patients with positive OCB, there was no difference in terms of prognosis (EDSS progress) between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the presence of OCBs in patients with MS does not demonstrate a significant prognostic impact over a five-year follow-up period, it could potentially influence the rate of recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"284-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare neurological odyssey: Gastric adenocarcinoma and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis - A Peruvian case study.","authors":"Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave, María Del Carmen Durand-Vásquez, Ramiro Herrera Cabezas, Rossana Jimenez Asto, Carlos Cerrón Aguilar, Julia Cristina Coronado-Arroyo, Francisca Zavaleta-Gutiérrez, Luis Alberto Concepción-Urteaga, Benjamín Alberto Leiva, Marcio José Concepción-Zavaleta","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.369","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis involves the diffuse infiltration of neoplastic cells in the central nervous system, affecting 5-8% of leukemia, breast, and lung cancer cases. Gastric cancer instances are rare, mostly in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. We report the first Peruvian case, featuring gastric adenocarcinoma.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 51-year-old woman presented with severe headache, vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, bradyphrenia, reduced verbal fluency, sixth cranial nerve paresis, and non-reactive anisocoric pupils. Pleocytosis was found, with positive cytology for metastatic adenocarcinoma in cerebrospinal fluid, and a solid gastric mass defined as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Due to her condition, the patient did not receive oncological management, evolving unfavorably and passing away twenty days later. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis should be considered in patients with advanced cancer and meningeal symptoms. It is more predominant in women, with an average age of 53.84 years. Clinical presentation of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis varies, and diagnosis involves neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Prognosis is unfavorable, often leading to fatality. Treatment protocols lack standardization, and personalized approaches, including targeted and systemic therapies, are explored for improved outcomes. The exceptional aspect of our case lies in the unique diagnosis of an abdominal tumor following the manifestation of neurological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is important to suspect this condition among the causes of meningitis, especially in the presence of an underlying malignancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"369-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia in patient with interruption of inferior vena cava: A case report.","authors":"Mohammad Taghi Hedayati Godarzi, Saeed Abrotan, Fatemeh Younesi, Mohamad Rashid, Ali Bijani","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.375","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Congenital anomalies can pose challenges during electrophysiology (EP) procedures in patients with tachyarrhythmias, making diagnosis and management of these cases quite difficult. An interrupted inferior vena cava, an uncommon congenital defect, is especially rare without associated congenital heart disease. In this setting, catheter ablation from femoral vein access becomes more challenging.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 23-year-old male with no cardiovascular risk factors or prior cardiovascular disease presented with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia that converted to sinus rhythm after adenosine administration. The patient was scheduled for an electrophysiology study with catheter ablation if indicated. During the procedure, catheter advancement into the right atrium was unsuccessful, raising suspicion of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC). Radiofrequency ablation was subsequently performed successfully via the subclavian vein approach. Post-procedural computed tomography (CT) imaging confirmed interruption of the IVC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Accessing via the subclavian vein can facilitate catheter ablation when an interrupted inferior vena cava is present.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"375-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of critically Ill COVID-19 patients: Exploring the potential of morphine and assessing disadvantages of acetaminophen.","authors":"Seyed Mohammadreza Hashemian, Ameneh Jafari, Parviz Amri Maleh","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.381","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.381","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"381-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse after COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Amin Momeni Moghaddam, Mohsen Rastkar, Atena Soltanzadi, Saeed Vaheb, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh","doi":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.192","DOIUrl":"10.22088/cjim.16.2.192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>COVID-19 could exacerbate the symptoms of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Literature shows an increase in the incidence of relapse in patients with MS after COVID-19. We designed this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled incidence of MS-relapse after COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google scholar. Gray literature including references of the references and conference abstracts were also searched to find relevant articles. We extracted data regarding the total number of participants, the name of the first author, publication year, country of origin, mean age, mean disease duration, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the number of patients with relapse after COVID.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A literature search revealed 5160 articles, after deleting duplicates, 2270 remained. After careful evaluation of the full texts, twelve studies were included for meta-analysis. Totally, 1595 patients with MS who had a history of COVID-19 were evaluated. Most studies were done in Iran. The mean age of included patients ranged between 35 and 49 years, and mean durations of the disease were between 7and 15.4 years. The incidence of relapse ranged between 2% and 20% in included studies.The pooled incidence of relapse after COVID-19 was 7% (95%CI:5-10%) (I2=64%, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis show that the pooled incidence of MS-related relapse after COVID-19 is 7%.</p>","PeriodicalId":9646,"journal":{"name":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"16 2","pages":"192-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12188893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}