Access microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of virucidal activity between weakly acidified chlorous acid water and sodium hypochlorite solution.","authors":"Keiko Ikeda, Isanori Horiuchi, Hisataka Goda, Tamiko Nagao, Haruyuki Nakayama-Imaohji, Tomomi Kuwahara, A Hajime Koyama","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001033.v5","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001033.v5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The virucidal activities of weakly acidified chlorous acid water (WACAW) were characterized in comparison to those of sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO), using polioviruses type 1 and 3 (PV-1 and PV-3). In the absence of interfering substances, more than 10^-4 reduction of the infectivity was achieved by NaClO at 5 p.p.m. and by WACAW at 0.75 p.p.m. of free available chlorine (FAC) concentration. Similarly, in the presence of 0.5% polypepton, more than four logs (99.99% or more) reduction of infectious virus for PV-1 and PV-3 was achieved by the incubation with NaClO at 2,000 p.p.m. but not at 500 p.p.m., while it was achieved by the incubation with WACAW at 100 p.p.m. but not at 50 p.p.m. These results show that WACAW was more effective than NaClO at the same FAC concentrations regardless of the presence of interfering substances, suggesting a general advantage of the WACAW for practical applications as a disinfectant.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13380854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring phages through play: creative 3D models for science engagement.","authors":"Maisie R Czernuszka, George Dodgson, Andrew Martin, Michael Walsh, Ian B Goodhead, Joanne L Fothergill, Heather E Allison, Chloë E James","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001158.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001158.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phages are viruses that infect bacteria and have therapeutic potential due to their ability to selectively kill bacterial pathogens. Despite growing scientific and policy interest in phage therapy, public and professional understanding of phages remains limited, posing a barrier to wider clinical adoption. Here, we present the development and evaluation of open-source, 3D-printed microbial models designed to communicate core concepts in phage biology, including phage diversity, host specificity and life cycle differences between virulent and temperate phages. These tactile, compact models were tested across multiple public engagement events with diverse audiences. Survey data showed high usability and educational value, 90% of participants reported improved understanding of phage-bacteria interactions, and many expressed interest in learning more. Thematic analysis of qualitative feedback highlighted sustained engagement and prompted iterative model refinements to improve clarity and accessibility. These models offer a low-cost, scalable tool to support outreach and education around phage biology, including its applications in treating drug-resistant infections. By bridging the gap between complex scientific concepts and public understanding, they contribute to broader efforts to build awareness of phage-based alternatives to traditional antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148393321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low concentrations of tetrasodium EDTA cause significant killing of biofilm-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa in high-validity models of chronic wound and cystic fibrosis lung infections - but not in a model of endotracheal tube colonization.","authors":"Oluwatosin Qawiyy Orababa, Charlotte Cornbill, Ayomikun Kade, Natasha Reddy, Rupika Gulati, Freya Harrison","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001155.v4","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001155.v4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is a pathogen notorious for its antimicrobial resistance and is currently classified as a high-priority pathogen for which new drugs are needed. Tetrasodium EDTA (tEDTA) is one of the new antimicrobial compounds that have been shown to have good antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Due to the diversity and highly drug-tolerant nature of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilms in different infection environments, it is important to carry out pre-clinical testing of new antibiofilm agents against this pathogen in media and models that accurately mimic diverse infection environments. In this study, we used different high-validity media and biofilm models that mimic chronic wounds, endotracheal tubes and cystic fibrosis lung infections to assess the efficacy of tEDTA against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilms. We report that different infection environments influence the susceptibility of both planktonic and biofilm forms of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> to tEDTA. The highest tolerance to tEDTA was observed in the media and biofilm model that mimics the endotracheal tube environment. In conclusion, we show that although different infection environments influence the efficacy of tEDTA against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilms, it has good potential for use as an alternative antimicrobial in treating <i>P. aeruginosa</i>-associated biofilm infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13327643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148379257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenome-assembled genomes from the temperate forest phyllosphere in Eastern Canada.","authors":"David A N Ross, Jocelyn Lauzon, Vladimir Makarenkov, Steven W Kembel","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001189.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001189.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phyllosphere is host to diverse microbial communities surviving in dynamic environmental conditions and which form important relationships with their hosts. Here, we constructed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from 25 temperate forest phyllosphere samples collected in Eastern Canada. We found 423 dereplicated MAGs with completeness ≥50% and contamination ≤10%, using a combination of co-assembly strategies. The MAGs were predominantly classified into the bacterial phyla <i>Pseudomonadota</i> (<i>n</i>=197), <i>Actinomycetota</i> (<i>n</i>=88) and <i>Acidobacteriota</i> (<i>n</i>=50) and included two archaeal MAGs in the phylum <i>Thermoproteota</i>. These genomes can help to improve reference database entries of phyllosphere-affiliated microbes, increasing our understanding of phyllosphere microbial phylogenomic and community dynamics and the ecological roles of phyllosphere microbiomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13327642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148379239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carriage epidemiology of Moraxella catarrhalis in an all-age community cohort between 2016 and 2018.","authors":"Denise E Morris, Alex J J Lister, David W Cleary, Stuart C Clarke","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001117.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001117.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> is an increasingly important pathogen, recognized as a common cause of respiratory tract infections. It is particularly known for its role in causing otitis media in children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults. With growing interest in developing vaccines against <i>M. catarrhalis</i>, a deeper understanding of epidemiology in both carriage and disease is crucial. Here, we present an all-age, community-based, upper respiratory tract carriage study (the Solent SMART Study) designed to investigate the epidemiology of, and risk factors for, <i>M. catarrhalis</i> carriage. In total, <i>n</i>=1,622 community-based participants were recruited with an additional <i>n</i>=79 individuals recruited from care/nursing homes in the Southampton/Hampshire UK region from whom a total of <i>n</i>=228 <i>M</i>. <i>catarrhalis</i> were isolated. Carriage prevalence was 8% (95% CI: 6.7-9.4%) in community-based participants, 19% (95% CI: 11.0-29.4%) in care/nursing home residents and 4.7% (95% CI: 1.6-10.7%) in the community-based subset with COPD (<i>n</i>=106). Nasopharyngeal carriage site, young age, microbial co-carriage with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> and <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> and recent/concurrent respiratory tract infection were all positively associated with the carriage of <i>M. catarrhalis</i>. Antimicrobial resistance testing showed that <i>n</i>=91 (41.4%) of the 220 isolates tested resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, with the most frequent being resistance to chloramphenicol (<i>n</i>=76, 34.5%) and ciprofloxacin (<i>n</i>=64, 29.1%).</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13317588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified string test to improve and confirm by molecular characterization for bacterial identification.","authors":"Muhammad Dawood Mian, Saadullah Jan Khan, Rehana Rani, Sara Sadiq, Laila Jafri, Bushra Jamil","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.000965.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.000965.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid and reliable identification of bacteria is essential in clinical and environmental microbiology. Gram staining remains a widely used method for preliminary classification; however, it may require additional steps and can be difficult to interpret under certain conditions. To address these limitations, we evaluated a modified potassium hydroxide (KOH) string test incorporating methylene blue to enhance visualization of DNA release and facilitate differentiation between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A total of 185 samples from clinical and environmental sources (including hospitals, soil, salt mines and honeycombs) were analysed. Samples were first assessed using Gram staining and subsequently tested using the modified KOH method. In this procedure, a 3% KOH solution was applied to bacterial colonies, followed by the addition of methylene blue to improve visualization of filament formation. All Gram-negative isolates demonstrated visible string formation, while Gram-positive isolates showed no string formation, indicating complete concordance with Gram staining results within the tested dataset. Selected isolates were further examined using 16S rRNA gene analysis to support taxonomic identification. The modified KOH string test provides a rapid, simple and low-cost approach for preliminary bacterial differentiation. While it does not replace conventional or molecular identification methods, it may serve as a useful complementary tool, particularly in resource-limited or high-throughput laboratory settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13293331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome description of a potentially novel species of Billgrantia sp. strain SL18_1 isolated from Sambhar Lake, India.","authors":"Chakresh Kumar, Anwesha Ghosh, Prasanta Sanyal, Punyasloke Bhadury","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001093.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001093.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A potentially novel species belonging to the genus <i>Billgrantia</i> bearing strain number SL18_1 has been isolated from Sambhar Lake, the largest inland salt water wetland located in the north of India. Based on 16S rRNA sequence search in International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, the isolate showed 99.3% identity with <i>Billgrantia chromatireducens</i>. Based on long-read sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technologies chemistry, followed by annotation, the genome size of this organism has been found to be ~4.14 Mb. The genome has a G+C content of 66.27 mol% and is closest to <i>Billgrantia campisalis</i> based on genome relatedness. The functional annotation of draft genome has revealed the presence of key genes involved in nitrate reduction and denitrification pathways, including <i>nirB</i>, <i>nirD</i> and <i>nasD</i> (nitrate reductase), <i>nirS</i> (nitrite reductase) and <i>norB</i> and <i>norC</i> (nitric-oxide reductase). The <i>nosZ</i> coding for nitrous-oxide reductase has been also identified from the draft genome. This strain also possesses genes linked to the breakdown of benzoate compounds as well as osmoregulatory genes, which can possibly allow the bacterium to adapt to high osmotic stress. Besides, the presence of <i>ibaG</i> gene within the genome may allow this organism to adapt to acidic stress. Genes linked to multidrug resistance, including <i>mdtA</i>, <i>mdtB</i> and <i>mdtK</i>, have been identified within the genome of <i>Billgrantia</i> sp. strain SL18_1.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13297067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148348179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the lasting effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the lung microbiome: no persistent microbial alterations in recovered COVID-19 patients with persistent radiological or respiratory abnormalities.","authors":"Nancy M Y Teng, Bavithra Vijayakumar, David J F Smith, James Tonkin, Christopher M Orton, Justin L Garner, James A Harker, Clare M Lloyd, Philip L Molyneaux, Pallav L Shah","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001103.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001103.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was a global pandemic where infected individuals experienced mild or severe disease. Unfortunately, some patients who experienced severe disease also had lasting abnormalities. The lung microbiome of 38 adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with persistent respiratory symptoms and/or radiological abnormalities was analysed. The aim was to investigate whether the lasting radiological abnormalities reported in this cohort were associated with an altered airway. Thirty-six bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from patients underwent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and were compared to 28 non-fibrotic control samples from a previously published study. COVID-19 patients had statistically significantly greater number of genera but at uneven abundances, though not statistically significant compared to non-fibrotic controls. Permutational ANOVA (PERMANOVA) suggested that COVID-19 can influence the lung microbiome composition after accounting for multivariate dispersion. Further analysis showed differences in the relative abundances of <i>Actinomyces</i>, <i>Neisseria</i>, <i>Haemophilus</i>, <i>Rothia</i> and <i>Gemella</i>. Indicator species analysis showed that a COVID-19 lung microbiome profile could be driven in part by differences in <i>Fusobacterium</i>, <i>Actinomyces</i>, <i>Catonella</i>, <i>Oribacterium</i> and <i>Mycobacterium</i>. Associations with clinical parameters were lacking apart from CT lung opacification, which revealed a significant negative association with the number of genera. Differential abundance analysis with MaAsLin2 pointed towards <i>Porphyromonas</i> as a potential explaining genus, though this was not significant after post hoc corrections. DESeq2 revealed enriched oral taxa in the BAL samples, suggesting potential oral-translocation reflective of a disease state. Our findings suggest that individuals with persistent radiological abnormalities following SARS-CoV-2 infection have experienced subtle shifts in their microbiome profile, but these are not strongly associated with clinical phenotypes and, therefore, unlikely of significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13286284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148311115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the association between elements of health inequalities and the risk of bacterial infection in high-income countries: a systematic scoping review.","authors":"Nketia Obed-Arthur, Ella Casale, Eleanor J Harvey, Caroline De Brún, Viviana Finistrella, Ellie Gilham, Diane Ashiru-Oredope","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.000956.v4","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.000956.v4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction.</b> There is sufficient evidence to support the notion that the rate of infection is higher in vulnerable groups than in the wider population. This scoping review sought to further elucidate the relationship between health inequalities and the risk of bacterial infections in high-income countries. <b>Methods.</b> Factors associated with health inequalities were defined as socioeconomic status and deprivation (employment status, income levels and deprivation categories), protected characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation and disability), inclusion health groups (migration status, sex workers, people who inject drugs and the homeless) and geography (urban or rural dwelling). The published literature search was conducted on Embase, Google and Medline with a grey literature search also conducted. Exclusion criteria were defined as papers that were either published pre-2010, set in low- or middle-income countries or that covered viral, parasitic or fungal pathogens. Key pathogens and infections to include were determined by review of the UK antimicrobial resistance National Action Plan. <b>Results.</b> The search yielded 343 papers, of which 70 were eligible for review. The most frequently reported infections were sexually transmitted infections, infectious diseases, e.g. <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, and sexually transmitted blood-borne infections. Most papers reviewed cited multiple health inequalities, most notably ethnicity (21/70), race (18/70), age (14/70), sex (13/70) and socioeconomic status and deprivation and inclusion health groups (sex workers and people experiencing drug and alcohol dependence). <b>Conclusion.</b> Evidence has emerged highlighting an important association between factors commonly associated with health inequalities and the increased risk of bacterial infections within high-income countries. Notably, ethnic populations, members of the LGBTQ+ community, people experiencing homelessness and those of a poor socioeconomic status are at a higher risk of bacterial infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13286423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148311021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sialidase inhibitors on a plaque community biofilm model.","authors":"Chandra Ramalingam, Katherine Ansbro, Jonathan Pratten, David Bradshaw, Graham P Stafford","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001143.v5","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001143.v5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The oral microbiome is a diverse ecosystem that plays a critical role in health and disease and contains numerous bacterial species capable of metabolizing host-derived glycans, particularly sialic acids. Sialidase enzymes can be produced by both commensal and pathogenic bacteria influencing biofilm formation and host interactions. To investigate how sialidase activity might influence the oral microbiome, we conducted a series of <i>in vitro</i> polymicrobial biofilm experiments and assessed community composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. As a first step, we tested modified Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) primers using an in-house sequencing workflow and compared them to the standard Illumina MiSeq primers. Through <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> assessments, we identified primer bias in the standard ONT 16S primers and designed human oral microbiome (HOM) modified primers (HOM_27F-YM/1492R-D) to improve taxonomic resolution, achieving results comparable to the gold-standard Illumina 16S primers particularly for key oral genera. These HOM-optimized primers had an overall lower error rate (3.4%) and generated community profiles that closely matched those produced by Illumina. We then used the same ONT workflow and modified 16S primers to evaluate the effects of the sialidase inhibitors oseltamivir and 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-<i>N</i>-acetylneuraminic acid on hydroxyapatite-coated minimum biofilm eradication concentration assay plate-derived plaque biofilms from a whole-plaque community model. Inhibitor-treated biofilms exhibited differences in relative abundance depending on the inhibitor combination used, with increased abundance of <i>Streptococcus</i> with oseltamivir alone and <i>Fusobacterium</i> with both inhibitors combined (Kruskal-Wallis cutoff=0.05, LDA>2). These findings demonstrate that ONT-based 16S sequencing with HOM-modified primers suggests that sialidase activity can modulate microbial community structure in plaque biofilms.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13286422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148311110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}