Access microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of the efficacy of ChatGPT responses to bacterial species-specific questions in microbiology.","authors":"Withanage Dona Manushi Dinasha, Nissanka Mudiyanselage Tanuri Ayanga Nissanka, Chamudhi Prabashi Wickramasinghe, Warnakulasuriya Palakuttige Pasindu Damsara Fernando, Vindya Perera, Hiripitiyage Gayan Danushka Gunatilake","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001137.v5","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001137.v5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background.</b> ChatGPT, an OpenAI chatbot, serves as a valuable tool in the present for learning and education. It also offers information on microbiology, as its popularity grows among students. However, assessing the accuracy of ChatGPT's responses is essential due to the potential for 'hallucinations' in large language models (LLMs). <b>Objectives.</b> This study focused on evaluating the accuracy of ChatGPT's responses to general questions on bacterial species and assessing whether the responses included key microbiological terms typically expected in academic or examination settings. <b>Methodology.</b> Questions were designed to reflect interactions at three language proficiency levels, including low, moderate and high. A clinical microbiologist finalized a list of 15 bacterial species, each with 18 specific questions of both local and international relevance. These questions were then prompted to ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.1 mini models, simulating real user interactions. Responses were evaluated using a microbiology reference guide and categorized as accurate, mixed/incomplete or inaccurate. <b>Results.</b> Results revealed average scores of 1.5%, 58.1% and 40.4% and 0.5%, 43.2% and 56.3% for inaccurate, mixed/incomplete and accurate answers for 3.5 and 4.1 mini models, respectively. While high proficiency demonstrated a higher percentage of accurate responses, all other results were either mixed/incomplete or inaccurate. <b>Conclusion.</b> Findings suggest that precise questions yielded more accurate responses, while imprecise questions often led to partially correct responses. Notably, ChatGPT 4.1 mini gave clearer and more reliable answers than ChatGPT 3.5. The study emphasizes the influence of question formulation on response accuracy, recommending further research to explore more advanced LLMs like ChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-o3 models.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13449012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148690654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U-Behavior: a method to promote spaced and interleaved retrieval practice in challenging undergraduate microbiology and biomedical sciences courses.","authors":"James E Folkestad, Hannah Hausman, Marcia Moraes, Katriana Popichak, Jennifer McLean, Erica Suchman, Thomas Rausch","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001226.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001226.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Students in demanding microbiology and biomedical sciences courses often rely on suboptimal study strategies, such as massed practice, despite evidence favouring spaced retrieval and interleaving for durable learning, where durable learning is learning that is retained across longer periods of time. We developed U-Behavior, a learning management system-integrated pedagogy tool that coaches these behaviours through instruction, personalized visualizations of quiz attempt patterns [retrieval practice activity (RPA) graphs], reflections and behavioural feedback. In two experiments with identical RPAs in gateway (VMBS 100, introductory biomedical sciences) and upper division (MIP 300, general microbiology), we compared U-Behavior to low-stakes quizzing (control). U-Behavior significantly increased spacing and interleaving (large effects, ds >1.75) without raising total quiz attempts. Approximately half of U-Behavior students achieved optimal practice levels. No significant between-condition differences appeared in midterm/final exams, likely due to partial adoption. However, higher spacing scores predicted better exam performance (small-to-medium effects) beyond prior Grade Point Average (GPA) and attempt quantity. U-Behavior provides a scalable, behaviour-focused approach to enhance study quality in rigorous microbiology education.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13436915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two chromogenic media: Brilliance Group B and ChromID STRB for the screening of Group B streptococci from an antenatal clinic in Sydney, Australia.","authors":"John Merlino, Sophia Rizzo, Daniel Seed, Kimberly Chuen, Olivia Aitkens, Haejin Park, Avani Singh, Steven Siarakas","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001106.v4","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001106.v4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we compared and assessed the agreement of two commercial chromogenic agars, Brilliance Group B (BGB; Thermo Fisher, Australia) and ChromID STRB (bioMérieux, Australia), in the detection and presumptive identification of Group B streptococci (GBS; <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>) by colour and later confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Australia). The sensitivity and specificity based on colour were 100 and 91% for BGB and 97 and 100% for ChromID STRB. The NPV (negative predictive value) for GBS on BGB was 100%, and the PPV (positive predictive value) was 73%. ChromID STRB had an NPV of 99% and a PPV of 100%. While both plates compared well in accuracy in the presumptive identification of GBS by colour, both plate media required the integration of MALDI-TOF MS for confirmatory identification. MALDI-TOF MS allowed accurate detection of GBS from both chromogenic plates with a score of >=2.0 after prior treatment with formic acid.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13423472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lowering technical barriers in microbiology education using archaea: Halobacterium salinarum as a school laboratory model.","authors":"","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001185.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001185.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional microbiology education is fundamentally constrained by the requirement for sterile laboratory conditions, which limits the implementation of practical activities in school settings. This limitation can be overcome by using <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i>, a halophilic archaeon that grows readily on media containing up to 5 mol·l⁻¹ (290 g·l⁻¹) sodium chloride, effectively preventing contamination. Moreover, this micro-organism is non-pathogenic and well suited for educational use. This article presents two simple hands-on activities that can be easily carried out in a standard school science laboratory using common consumer products with the aim of reducing operational costs. The first activity introduces basic microbiological techniques by highlighting characteristic features of <i>H. salinarum</i> colonies, including their pink pigmentation and violet fluorescence under UV light. The second activity involves microscopic observation of cells stained with crystal violet, using microscope slides prepared according to a protocol adapted for halophilic microorganisms. Well-stained, flexible rod-shaped cells are observed, reflecting the absence of a rigid cell wall. Following these activities, a short questionnaire is proposed to encourage reflection on the experimental work performed. Instructors are also invited to discuss with students the role of extremophiles in the evolution of life forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13423301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148632776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridioides difficile strains in Mexico: insights into virulence and resistance.","authors":"C Ortiz-Flores, A Romero-Rodríguez, R Villanueva-Enríquez, Corina-Diana Ceapă, N Gómez-Rivera, M Velázquez-Romero, F Mendoza-Torres, M M P Arenas-Hernández, C Martínez de la Peña","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001132.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001132.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) remains a major global health threat due to the emergence of hypervirulent, multidrug-resistant lineages. However, the evolutionary dynamics and resistance-associated genomic profiles of strains circulating in underrepresented regions, such as Mexico, remain poorly characterized. Here, we present a comprehensive genomic and phylogenetic analysis of 77 Mexican <i>C. difficile</i> strains compared with 74 strains from other parts of the world. Using whole-genome sequencing and core-genome MLST, we identified 19 sequence types (STs) grouped across 3 clades, with hypervirulent ST01 dominating clade 2. Virulome analysis showed conserved toxin gene profiles (<i>tcdA</i>, <i>tcdB</i> and <i>cdtAB</i>) across strains, while clade-specific differences were observed in adhesion and survival genes. These variations, particularly pronounced in clade 2 strains from both global and Mexican collections, may contribute to enhanced persistence and transmissibility. Pangenome analysis of 151 genomes highlighted distinct genomic architectures. Clade 2, enriched in ST01 epidemic lineages, contained 5,480 genes (58% core, 42% accessory), showing a compact structure consistent with recent clonal expansion. In contrast, clade 1 displayed the highest diversity, with 8,584 genes (30% core, 70% accessory), indicative of an open and dynamic pangenome, while clade 4 showed a smaller, more conserved profile (4,784 genes, 63% core). These findings underscore the contrasting evolutionary strategies among clades. Notably, Mexican ST01 strains exhibited a distinct resistome, including the high prevalence of the <i>vanG</i> operon and the VanR T115A substitution (94% vs. 23% globally), as well as near-complete prevalence of the P<i>nimB^G</i> mutation associated with reduced metronidazole susceptibility. This pattern may reflect local selective pressures associated with antimicrobial exposure. Phenotypic susceptibility testing of newly sequenced isolates showed that most ST01 strains remained susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin despite carrying resistance-associated determinants. Our findings highlight the urgent need to recognize hypervirulent and resistant <i>C. difficile</i> lineages arising outside traditional surveillance regions. These Mexican strains not only reflect regional antibiotic usage patterns but also represent a potential reservoir of globally significant resistance traits. This work underscores the importance of integrating genomic surveillance across all continents to refine treatment protocols, prevent outbreaks and contain the spread of resistant CDI.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13435552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the Salmonella Infantis pESI plasmid on disinfectant efficacy when in biofilm.","authors":"Emma Davies, Victoria Drauch, Mohammad Alitabar, Darya Fesina, Ludwig Großpointner, Claudia Hess, Francesca Martelli","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001190.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001190.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> Infantis strains harbouring multi-drug resistance to high-priority critically important antimicrobials have been isolated globally, giving cause for concern. The serovar is highly persistent throughout the poultry industry and is the fourth most reported serovar linked to zoonotic disease. The serovar's resistance is attributed to the presence of a megaplasmid termed pESI. Biocides are an important tool to reduce the need to use antimicrobials, including antibiotics. Bacteria can produce a protective exopolysaccharide matrix called biofilm, and biofilm presence can reduce the efficacy of disinfectants. Here, we aimed to assess the role of pESI on disinfectant efficacy and biofilm formation and a contributing factor in serovar persistence. We analysed <i>S</i>. Infantis strains isolated within the UK and Austria, using <i>in vitro</i> planktonic and biofilm disinfectant efficacy assays. Commercially available, commonly used peroxymonosulphate, chlorocresol and aldehyde-quaternary ammonium compound-based UK poultry disinfectants were assessed. Biofilm formation was evaluated after 72- and 120-h incubation and on a variety of surfaces. Comparative genomic analysis was performed between the UK and Austrian isolates, as well as further globally isolated strains. We identified variation in the presence/absence of antimicrobial resistance genes in both the whole-genome and plasmid sequences, within and between the UK and Austrian strains. Variation in biofilm formation was observed between strains, with greater biofilm formation on non-porous surfaces. Despite this, we could not demonstrate an influence of the pESI plasmid on biofilm formation. Additionally, the presence or absence of the plasmid, or variation observed within the plasmid, did not seem to influence planktonic nor biofilm disinfectant tolerance. Further investigation should be undertaken to identify the influence of pESI on the persistence of <i>S</i>. Infantis and to ensure effective prevention and control of the spread of the serovar and the plasmid.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148611525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blastocystis species in hepatic abscesses: innocent bystander or hidden culprit? A case report and literature review.","authors":"Si Qi Cao, Hasan Hamze, Richard T Lester","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001163.v4","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001163.v4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Blastocystis hominis</i> is a ubiquitous intestinal parasite commonly detected in human stools. Queries about the pathogenic nature of <i>B. hominis</i> in immunocompetent individuals have been raised with conflicting reports about the clinical significance of detecting the parasites in various specimens. Reports have documented invasive intestinal infections and the detection of <i>Blastocystis</i> species in both a splenic cyst and a hepatic abscess. We present the case of a 65-year-old man with a history of recent travel to a tropical country who was found to have multiple hepatic abscesses. Analysis of the hepatic abscess fluid confirmed the presence of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> and <i>Blastocystis</i> species, and, to our knowledge, this is the second reported case of the same findings. Overall, the clinical and microbiological picture was most consistent with amoebic liver abscess secondary to <i>E. histolytica</i>; however, the presence of <i>Blastocystis</i> species introduces uncertainty around its clinical significance. Further studies are required to investigate the pathogenicity of <i>Blastocystis</i> species, including molecular investigations into the various genetic subtypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13392852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular phylogeny of 16S rRNA sequences from Ugba (Pentaclethra macrophylla) seeds.","authors":"Ogueri Nwaiwu, Helen Onyeaka, Vincent Ifeanyi Ibekwe, Sylvester Ifunanya Okorondu, Justin Chikezie Nnokwe, Kelechi Chikanma Edward, Paul Chidoka Chikezie, Ihuoma Uzoamaka Offor-Emenike, Nicholas Chinedu Ewelike, Nnaemeka Julian Anyanwu, Ikenna Ndubuisi Nwachukwu, Etienne Chukwuma Chinakwe, Monica Mmachukwu Okorondu","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001060.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001060.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolutionary analysis of bacterial species harbouring 16S rRNA sequences detected in the oil bean seeds of <i>Ugba</i> (<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>) was carried out. The food product has a high socio-economic relevance to communities where it is consumed. Species such as <i>Kurthia gibsonii</i>, <i>Stenotrophomonas geniculata</i> and <i>Alcaligenes nematophilus</i> found in Ugba may have occurred in the environment and entered the sample in the field during or before harvest. The phylogenetic analysis of 35 sequences showed that some strains of the same species resolved into different monophyletic groups, suggesting species divergence or distinct evolutionary lineages. The species <i>K. gibsonii</i> was found to be the earliest ancestor following sequence-based ancestral analysis, suggesting that it was present in the analysed samples before other bacteria. The <i>Ugba</i> seeds appear to harbour a diverse group of bacteria and will benefit from metagenomic investigations as well as studies of the mechanism of survival and succession to reveal the true nature of the resident flora. This will help safeguard public health and highlight the organism's relevance to food safety surveillance and microbial evolution. Increased knowledge of the resident organisms will also lead to the improvement of fermentation techniques and enhance the quality of the final product.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13380855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro peptidoglycan degradation assay using fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate-labelled sacculi.","authors":"Dema Alodaini, Adam Hart, Patrick J Moynihan, Manuel Banzhaf","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001178.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001178.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe a method using fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled peptidoglycan sacculi to characterize peptidoglycan hydrolases <i>in vitro</i>. In this protocol, soluble hydrolytic products released by peptidoglycan hydrolases are separated from the insoluble FITC-sacculi, quantified and set in relation to the overall available substrate. This enables the study of hydrolase activity in end-point or time-course experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13380852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of self-collected oral-nasal and mid-turbinate swabs to healthcare worker-collected nasopharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: a paired clinical evaluation.","authors":"Jodi Gilchrist, Kelly Waters, Sarah Marttala, Doris Williams, Kaitlyn Van Deventer, Keltie Baldwin, Alexandria Martindale, David Bulir, Mohammad Rubayet Hasan, Marek Smieja","doi":"10.1099/acmi.0.001148.v3","DOIUrl":"10.1099/acmi.0.001148.v3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate detection of respiratory viruses is essential for infection control, patient management and public health response. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), collected by healthcare workers (HWC-NPS), remain the gold standard for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection but require trained personnel and can be uncomfortable for patients. Self-collected swabs, such as oral-nasal swabs (SC-ONS) and mid-turbinate swabs, offer scalable alternatives suitable for mass testing. Previous mid-turbinate swab designs included a plastic stopper and were not compatible with automated laboratory testing. This study compared the performance of (i) SC-ONS, (ii) an automation-friendly, redesigned version of mid-turbinate swab (SC-MTS) and (iii) HWC-NPS in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Between April and June 2022, paired NPS, ONS and MTS samples were collected from 100 participants at a Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) assessment centre in Hamilton, Ontario. Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse-transcriptase PCR. Compared to HWC-NPS, SC-ONS demonstrated 82.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while SC-MTS showed 75.0% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Agreement with HWC-NPS was strong for both SC-ONS (κ=0.863) and SC-MTS (κ=0.804). Agreement between SC-ONS and SC-MTS was nearly perfect (κ=0.944). Cellular material yields as well as SARS-CoV-2 viral loads were lower for self-collected swabs than HWC-NPS, while viral load comparisons revealed no significant difference between SC-ONS and SC-MTS. Our study aligns with previous work demonstrating the use of self-collected mid-turbinate swabs for the detection of respiratory viruses, while also demonstrating the compatibility of the newly designed swabs with automated laboratory instruments. Our results, while conducted in a relatively small sample, suggest that self-collected ONS and MTS are reliable alternatives to HWC-NPS, offering practical, less invasive, automation-friendly options for large-scale respiratory virus surveillance and pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":94366,"journal":{"name":"Access microbiology","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13380853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}