Journal of materials chemistry. B最新文献

{"title":"Triggered by light and magnetism: smart foam PLLA/HAP/Fe₃O₄ scaffolds for heat-controlled biomedical applications.","authors":"Emilia Zachanowicz, Anna Tomaszewska, Magdalena Kulpa-Greszta, Piotr Krzemiński, Jean-Marie Nedelec, Dominika Zákutná, Štefan Hricov, Aleksandra Nurzyńska, Anna Belcarz-Romaniuk, Robert Pązik","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00998g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00998g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ternary composite foam materials containing poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), calcium hydroxyapatite (HAP) (20 nm), and morphologically controlled Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (80 nm) were fabricated using the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique over a broad concentration range of the magnetic component (1-30 wt%). The foam scaffolds were highly porous (>95%), and lightweight, with a high capacity for soaking in Ringer's solution. The foam density varied with the inorganic component content, ranging from 0.02 to 0.079 g mL^-1, while the mean pore size was approximately 330 μm. The magnetic behavior of Fe₃O₄ nanocubes and the foam composites was characterized. The presence of the inorganic filler caused a shift towards a lower decomposition temperature of PLLA. The conversion energy of both dry and Ringer's solution soaked foams was studied in detail demonstrating that the fabricated ternary composites are highly temperature-responsive under the influence of an alternating magnetic field (AMF), near-infrared (NIR) laser radiation (808, 880, and 1122 nm), and the synergistic effect of both external stimuli. This synergy resulted in faster heating and a higher maximum temperature (<i>T</i>_max ≈ 80 °C). Biological characterization and heating ability analysis enabled the selection of the most reliable foam, which contained 15% magnetic filler, based on its appropriate microstructure, sufficient biocompatibility, and ability to reach biologically relevant temperatures under AMF exposure and the combined action of NIR and AMF. The fabricated materials exhibit high potential for biomedical applications as well as other areas requiring temperature-controlled stimulation of various processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9465-9485"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"pH-Responsive bimetallic MOF nanoparticles enable triple-synergistic radiosensitization for enhanced radiotherapy.","authors":"Qijun Du, Guohua Wu, Ao Xie, Di Wu, Wenqi Hu, Qinrui Lu, Jie Liu, Jiashu Wang, Youlong Yang, Bangchuan Hu, Haijie Hu, Shuqi Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00926j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00926j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiotherapy (RT) faces hypoxia-induced radioresistance, as oxygen-deficient tumor regions limit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Current hypoxia-targeting strategies (<i>e.g.</i>, prodrugs, nanocarriers) struggle with inefficient delivery, off-target effects, and clinical translation barriers, necessitating advanced oxygenation or hypoxia-specific radiosensitization approaches. Herein, we developed pH-responsive BM-DOX@BSA nanoparticles (NPs) using a solvothermal method. Bi(NO₃)₃, MnCl₂, and TCPP were used as precursors, with DOX loaded for chemotherapy. BSA was added to enhance biocompatibility. <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> experiments assessed ROS generation, drug release, cytotoxicity, and tumor suppression efficacy under X-ray irradiation. BM-DOX@BSA NPs exhibited pH-responsive degradation, releasing DOX more rapidly in acidic conditions. They markedly increased the generation of ROS under X-ray irradiation, resulting in enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells and DNA damage. This effectively improved the efficacy of radiation dynamic therapy (RDT). <i>In vivo</i>, the NPs combined with RT achieved 100% tumor suppression in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9418-9429"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144287670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatible NaLn(WO₄)₂ core-shell nanoplatelets for multimodal MRI contrast, NIR imaging, and high sensitivity infrared luminescent ratiometric thermometry.","authors":"Carlos Alarcón-Fernández, Carlos Zaldo, Manuel Bañobre-López, Juan Gallo, Pedro Ramos-Cabrer, Sandra Plaza-García, Gonzalo Villaverde, Alejandro Ruperti, Concepción Cascales","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00548e","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00548e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multifunctional nanoprobes combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast as well as near infrared (NIR) imaging and thermometry are demonstrated by using quasi-bidimensional core-multishell nanostructures based on the scheelite-like NaLn(WO₄)₂ host (Ln = trivalent lanthanide). These nanostructures are composed of a NaHo(WO₄)₂ core, plus a first shell of Tm,Yb:NaGd(WO₄)₂, and a second shell of Nd,Yb:NaGd(WO₄)₂. Proton nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion studies and MRI of water dispersions of nanoprobes, whose quasi-bidimensional geometries promote the interaction of Gd³⁺ with water protons, reveal behaviors evolving from a <i>T</i>₁-weighted MR contrast agent (CA) at 1.5 T to a highly effective <i>T</i>₂-weighted MR CA at ultrahigh magnetic fields of 7 T and above, and even a dual <i>T</i>₁/<i>T</i>₂-weighted CA at a clinical 3 T magnetic field. By NIR excitation (<i>λ</i>_EXC ∼ 803 nm) of Nd³⁺, luminescence-based thermometry was accomplished at wavelengths within the second biological transparency window (II-BW) through ratiometric analysis of ⁴F_3/2 → ⁴I_11/2 Nd³⁺ (<i>λ</i> = 1058 nm) and ²F_5/2 → ²F_7/2 Yb³⁺ (<i>λ</i> = 996 nm) emissions. Under a biologically safe excitation of 0.68 W cm^-2, a chemically stable 2 mg mL^-1 nanoprobe water dispersion presents absolute, <i>S</i>_A, and relative, <i>S</i>_R, thermal sensitivities as remarkable as <i>S</i>_A = 480 × 10^-4 K^-1, and <i>S</i>_R = 0.89% K^-1 at 40 °C (313 K), and temperature resolution <i>δ</i> ≈ 0.1 K. Moreover, through efficient Nd³⁺ → Yb³⁺ → Tm³⁺ and Nd³⁺ → Yb³⁺ → Ho³⁺ energy transfers, NIR photoluminescence from Tm³⁺ at ∼1800 nm and Ho³⁺ at ∼2000 nm facilitates in depth imaging. The low nanoprobe cytotoxicity allows NIR biolabeling during cellular temperature measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9642-9665"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant human collagen microneedle patches loaded with PRP for diabetic wound treatment.","authors":"Xinyue Wang, Xinyue Zhang, Yihan Zhao, Xue Zhan, Chen Hu, Haihang Li, Xiaoju Fan, Jie Liang, Yafang Chen, Yujiang Fan","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00836k","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00836k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic nonhealing wounds represent significant complications of diabetes, bearing a substantial burden and posing risks of disability or mortality. In diabetic wounds, continuous tissue fluid exudation, inflammatory cell migration, fibrosis, and bacterial biofilm formation create a \"barrier\", which decreases the treating efficacy of therapeutics. To address these limitations, a recombinant human collagen type III microneedle patch (rhCol III-PRP^M) loaded with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was developed, in which methacrylated rhCol III (rhCol III-MA) loaded with PRP was utilized to form needle tips, while rhCol III-MA formed the base part of the patch. RhCol III-PRP^M featured adequate mechanical qualities, swelling capacity, and sustained <i>in vitro</i> release of growth factors from the activation of PRP for over 7 days. Leveraging the synergistic effects of rhCol III and PRP, rhCol III-PRP^M patches facilitated cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and reduced oxidative stress. In animal experiments, this microneedle patch effectively promoted the healing of diabetic wounds during a 20-day treatment, partially due to upregulating integrins and phosphorylated ERK protein levels. Diverging from other microneedle strategies, the rhCol III exhibited \"dual functionality,\" serving as both the microneedle patch matrix and therapeutic agent, promoting wound healing upon patch dissolution while delivering PRP. The combination of rhCol III and PRP in the form of a microneedle patch offered a straightforward and efficacious way for effective diabetic wound management, and showed promise in bringing new possibilities in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9607-9624"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144644459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant hyaluronic acid-incorporated self-healing injectable hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering: a case study on effects of molecular weight.","authors":"Manoj Kumar Sundaram, Chelladurai Karthikeyan Balavigneswaran, Iniyan Saravanakumar, Guhan Jayaraman, Vignesh Muthuvijayan","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00248f","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00248f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cartilage injury represents a significant clinical challenge, necessitating innovative repair strategies. Self-healing injectable hydrogels are emerging as promising solutions for cartilage regeneration. However, the hydrogel with robust mechanical strength mimicking the natural cartilage and appropriate extracellular matrix production has not yet been achieved. To address this challenge, we have fabricated self-healing injectable hydrogels by combining oxidized alginate (OA) and gelatin (G) with recombinant hyaluronic acid (HA) of varying molecular weights (0.5 MDa, 1.0 MDa, and 2.0 MDa) derived from metabolically engineered <i>Lactococcus lactis</i>. Incorporating HA resulted in improved physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. The 1.0 MDa HA-incorporated hydrogel (OAGH_1.0) exhibited superior injectability and self-healing efficiency due to the balance between dynamic covalent and non-covalent interactions within the hydrogel network. The OAGH_1.0 hydrogel's enhanced shear-thinning properties aided in printing the hydrogel into a mesh-like structure using a 3D printer. The OAGH_1.0 hydrogel showed an ultimate strength of 1.2 MPa, comparable to the natural cartilage. <i>In vitro</i> studies confirmed that these hydrogels also fostered cell adhesion, proliferation, and collagen deposition. These results indicate that the balance between dynamic covalent and non-covalent interactions achieved in the OAGH_1.0 hydrogel will open promising avenues for advancing cartilage regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9589-9606"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144639119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of halloysite nanotube-based nanomaterials for theranostic applications: fluorescent probes and chemodynamic activity.","authors":"Marina Massaro, Federica Leone, Françisco M Raymo, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Rita Sánchez-Espejo, César Viseras, Renato Noto, Serena Riela","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00510h","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00510h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of theranostic systems is of fundamental importance for the treatment of diseases. These systems should combine the features of fluorescent molecules that can act as diagnostic systems and species with therapeutic potential. Herein, we report the synthesis of a multifunctional halloysite nanotube (HNT)-based nanomaterial <i>via</i> the covalent modification of the external surface of the clay with a halochromic probe and the immobilization of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (HNTs-1@Fe₃O₄) with chemodynamic activity. The covalent modification of HNTs was performed using two different synthetic approaches, and the best strategy was evaluated by estimating the degree of functionalization of the clay <i>via</i> thermogravimetric analysis. The synthesized nanomaterial was thoroughly characterized, and its photoluminescence properties under different conditions, <i>i.e.</i> different solvents, pH conditions and temperatures, were studied. The HNTs-1@Fe₃O₄ nanomaterial was found to exhibit good peroxidase-like activity, as shown by testing its performance in the catalytic oxidation of the colorless enzyme substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue TMB oxide (ox-TMB) in the presence of H₂O₂. This study highlights the usefulness of the covalent approach for modifying halloysite surfaces to generate nanomaterials for potential tissue imaging under different stimuli. In addition, the combination with Fe₃O₄NPs led to the synthesis of multifunctional materials with potential use as theranostic systems for the treatment of diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9407-9417"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molten stringing 3D printed microfibrous net-integrated mineralized hydrogels with tunable micromechanical and cell-responsive properties.","authors":"Dongxuan Li, Fengxiong Luo, Yu Yang, Ziqi Zhao, Ruiqi Mao, Yawen Huang, Yafang Chen, Kefeng Wang, Yujiang Fan, Xingdong Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00449g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00449g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micro/nanofibrous materials play an increasingly important role in tissue regeneration due to their ECM-mimicking properties and mechanical regulation capabilities. This study developed a microfiber fabrication method based on molten stringing of fused deposition modeling (FDM), successfully creating an ordered microfiber network with spatial structures. It surpasses the size limits of FDM filaments, enabling the precise fabrication of microfibers with diameters of 15-150 μm. The customizable PLA microfiberous-net was then encapsulated in GelMA hydrogel and mineralized <i>in situ</i>, effectively producing biomimetic bone repair materials with customization of surface microstructures and control of micromechanics, which in turn influences and regulates cell behavior. By adjusting the structure and density of the microfiber network, it is possible to control the compressive modulus, viscoelasticity, and tensile strength to match the micromechanical environment for cell spreading and proliferation. Additionally, the network structure can guide cell alignment and aggregation, influencing cell morphology and enabling controlled guidance of cellular behavior. Our simple and convenient microfibrous printing method holds great potential for the preparation of various fibrous materials for tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9536-9549"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review of multi-cross-linked hydrophobic associated hydrogels for soft electronic, biomedical, and environmental applications.","authors":"Pooria Rahmani, Akbar Shojaei, Mohammadreza Sahabi, Mohammad Akbarizadeh, Mani Mahmoodi, Aref Zarghanishiraz","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00506j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00506j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thanks to their considerable toughness, self-recoverability, high swelling degree and stimuli-responsiveness, hydrophobic association (HA) hydrogels are promising in wearable electronics, biomedical applications and the water treatment industry. Multiple (physical and/or chemical) cross-links can also promote the above-mentioned properties, broadening the applications of the gels. Previous reviews on the HA hydrogels focused only on their mechanical and self-healing properties for biomedical applications. Herein, we aim to introduce HA hydrogels having multiple crosslinks (multi-cross-linked HA (MCHA) gels), discuss their various properties, and then present their (potential) practical applications. To explain, this review first describes the synthesis of MCHA gels. Then, the mechanical, rheological, self-healing, injectability, swelling, and stimuli-responsive properties of MCHA hydrogels are discussed. In the meantime, we suggest useful approaches to address the current challenges for the sake of improving these properties. Finally, based on the properties of MCHA gels, we introduce their (potential) applications in the fields of soft electronics, biomedicine, the environment, and superabsorbents, followed by evaluation of the performance of the developed devices in some cases. Taken together, this review can provide helpful perspectives for developing high-performance MCHA hydrogels.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9329-9350"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144628349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting PDT with DPA-NI-Bu: high photocytotoxicity through redox homeostasis perturbation.","authors":"Jingwen Tu, Zhiyuan Wang, Mengzhao Zhang, Suntao Shi, Miao Zhong, Zhengyu Ma, Haijuan Zhang, Jiang Wu, Zhongtian Bai, Baoxin Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5tb00693g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5tb00693g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment that relies on reactive oxygen species (ROS) to disrupt cellular redox homeostasis, ultimately leading to cell death. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is a pivotal regulatory system for antioxidant defence, which plays a key role in immune response and cell death. Thus, perturbating the Trx system could enhance the efficacy of PDT. Naphthalimide skeletons are research hotspots in photosensitizers due to their tunable photophysical properties and high ROS yield. A series of novel photosensitizers based on naphthalimide skeletons were designed and synthesized here. Photocytotoxicity assays demonstrated that most compounds possessed considerable photosensitive effects, and DPA-NI-Bu exhibited the highest photocytotoxicity (phototoxicity index > 66.23) with IC₅₀ values of 1.51 ± 0.32 μM upon light activation. Mechanistic studies revealed that DPA-NI-Bu significantly disrupts intracellular redox homeostasis by disrupting the Trx system and glutathione (GSH) system, thereby promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, clone formation assays showed that DPA-NI-Bu exerted a potent photodynamic effect, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation by 94.9 ± 2.8%. These findings highlight the significant improvement in photosensitizing properties through structural modification and offer valuable insights for designing more effective photosensitizers for PDT applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9550-9558"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144628353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung-targeted feedback regulation of the mitochondrial ATP synthesis pathway for orthotopic tumor suppression.","authors":"Zhou Jiang, Songlan Pan, Jianhua Chen, Huihuang Yi, Yingfeng Li, Yi Qing, Erhu Xiong, Zhen Zou","doi":"10.1039/d4tb02856b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4tb02856b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abundant adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an important mediator of metabolic reprogramming in cancer progression, is regarded as a significant target in cancer treatment. Nonetheless, due to low selectivity, attempts to exhaust ATP may induce undesirable side effects because ATP also plays key roles in maintaining normal cell function. Inspired by the feedback inhibition mechanism found in nature, we propose feedback inhibition of the mitochondrial ATP synthetic pathway for tumor inhibition with minimal side effects. As a proof-of-concept, an ATP-responsive ZIF-90 broad framework for the mitochondria-targeted delivery of 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]-dihydrochloride (AIPH) and an FDA-approved drug, bedaquiline (BE), is presented in this work. The ZIF-90/AIPH/BE nanocomplex exhibits unique properties, including high pulmonary accumulation and mitochondria-targeting capability. When ATP is present, the ZIF-90/AIPH/BE nanoparticles disintegrate and release the encapsulated molecules because of the competitive binding between ATP and Zn²⁺ present in ZIF-90. The released AIPH and BE significantly reduce ATP production, causing mitochondrial ATP depletion. The reduction in ATP acts as a negative feedback and restricts the subsequent release of the ZIF-90/AIPH/BE nanocomplex. The feedback inhibition mechanism expands the possibility of targeted disease treatment and opens up new avenues for ATP-based nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94089,"journal":{"name":"Journal of materials chemistry. B","volume":" ","pages":"9442-9451"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144639118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}