ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.011
Sepideh Jahani VakilKandi, Farhad Bayat, Abolfazl Jalilvand, Andrzej Bartoszewicz
{"title":"Cyber-physical systems under hybrid cyber-attacks: Resilient event-triggered H<sub>∞</sub> control approach.","authors":"Sepideh Jahani VakilKandi, Farhad Bayat, Abolfazl Jalilvand, Andrzej Bartoszewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article introduces a novel adaptive event-triggered finite-time H<sub>∞</sub> control approach for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) under the influence of bounded disturbances, actuator faults, and randomly occurring hybrid cyber-attacks, including aperiodic DoS attacks, deception attacks, and replay attacks. This paper presents a novel integrated framework for hybrid attacks that consists of aperiodic DoS attacks, deception attacks, and replay attacks. To minimize continuous data transmissions in the network and maximize the utilization of limited resources, an adaptive periodic event-triggered mechanism (APETM) is developed by employing the DoS-dependent adaptive varying threshold. Compared to common event-triggered mechanisms, this method allows for periodic monitoring and effectively increases the lower bound of event intervals, making it well-suited for real-world applications. Initially, a new theoretical framework for cyber-physical systems is proposed, incorporating an adaptive periodic event-triggered mechanism under hybrid cyber-attacks, external disturbances, and actuator faults. Based on the established model, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii stability theory is employed to establish sufficient conditions for ensuring the finite-time stability with an H<sub>∞</sub> performance level. Additionally, a linear matrix inequality technique is utilized to determine the controller gains and triggering parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a simulation of the one-link flexible joint robot systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.004
Yang Qu, Zhou Liu, Lilong Cai
{"title":"Simultaneous planning and executing (SPAE) control for a fourth-order underactuated inverted pendulum with double-layer asynchronous convergence.","authors":"Yang Qu, Zhou Liu, Lilong Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cart-type inverted pendulum is a typical fourth-order underactuated system that has been widely used in diverse industrial applications. This paper presents a new control method to handle the stability problem of a cart-type inverted pendulum. The system is divided into two second-order subsystems: an inner-layer dynamic system of the rod and an outer-layer dynamic system of the cart. Then a simultaneous planning and executing (SPAE) control method based on double-layer polynomial planning is proposed to make the inner-layer and outer-layer systems asynchronously converge in different time intervals. To achieve this asynchronous convergence, the outer-layer system adjusts the cart displacement. Its goal is to provide a smooth reference angle. The inner-layer system should track this angle quickly and precisely. In contrast to existing control approaches, the proposed method does not require parameter optimization or an accurate nonlinear model. Simulated and experimental results have verified that the proposed control method can achieve the double-layer asynchronous convergence in different time intervals, indicating its superiority over other feedback control approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.001
Tao Wang, Yapeng Li, Jikun Li
{"title":"Observer-based fault detection for large-scale systems with event-triggered protocols.","authors":"Tao Wang, Yapeng Li, Jikun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this note, the problem of continuous linear large-scale systems fault detection based on event-triggered interval observers is considered. First, an interval observer-based fault detection scheme is proposed. The interval observer design process is mainly implemented based on positive system theory and Lyapunov stability theory, and the residual interval is constructed to determine whether the system behavior is normal. To improve the fault sensitivity and maximize the impact of the fault signal on the residual signal, the corresponding performance indicators are introduced in the interval observer design process. Second, an event-triggered protocol is added to the interval observer design to reduce the occupation of communication resources. The solution conditions of the observer matrix are derived by constructing an augmented system. In addition, it is demonstrated that no Zeno behavior occurs under the adopted event-triggered protocol. Finally, the correctness of conclusions is verified by a practical example of a large-scale system consisting of several F-18 aircraft and a numerical example.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.002
Yang Yang, Huang Cuicui, Dai Chunhui, Long Zhiqiang
{"title":"An active resisting disturbance control method for high-speed maglev train with weak model dependence.","authors":"Yang Yang, Huang Cuicui, Dai Chunhui, Long Zhiqiang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the speed of high-speed maglev increasing, external disturbances will be further aggravated, leading to a deterioration in the stability and dynamic performance of the electromagnetic levitation (EML) system. Improving the disturbance rejection capability of EML systems is crucial for ensuring safe and stable train operation. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an active resisting disturbance control method with weak model dependence, combining model reference adaptive control (MRAC) and active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). First, MRAC is used to approximate the plant to the reference model to avoid problems caused by model uncertainty. Then, a linear extended state observer (LESO) is constructed based on nominal model parameters to estimate and compensate for disturbances. Additionally, a tracking differentiator (TD) is incorporated to extract system states for constructing the MRAC law. The Lyapunov stability theory is used to prove that the EML system can achieve stability under the proposed control law. Finally, the simulation experiment and physical verification experiment are designed. The experimental results show that the proposed control method outperforms PID, SMC, and ADRC in disturbance rejection and its control performance is insensitive to the changes in model parameters and equilibrium point.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.006
Mohammad Hosein Sabzalian
{"title":"Safety-critical controller design for nonlinear systems: Stabilization and robustness.","authors":"Mohammad Hosein Sabzalian","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study proposes innovative closed-form solutions for designing safe controllers for nonlinear affine control systems, thereby eliminating the need for real-time quadratic programming optimization. We first focus on asymptotic stabilization using a Lyapunov-based control law, referred to as the \"unsafe control\", and introduce an additional state variable alongside a \"safeguarding control\" to guarantee safe operation of the closed-loop system. The proposed closed-form scheme limits the impact of the safeguarding control on the functionality of the closed-loop system, ensuring the derivative of a control Lyapunov function remains at least negative semi-definite. User-defined parameters provide flexibility in managing safety constraints, while the method's adaptability allows for integration with existing control techniques. Furthermore, we extend our results to robust safety control for nonlinear systems subject to external disturbances, ensuring both safety and input-to-state stability. In addition to theoretical developments, the effectiveness of the proposed controllers is validated through three comprehensive case studies, demonstrating their potential in real-world applications. The results highlight the controllers' ability to maintain safety and stability without the computational burden of real-time quadratic programming, thereby enhancing their suitability for systems with fast dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aeroengine remaining useful life prediction via integrating enhanced inverted transformer and spatiotemporal graph learning.","authors":"Shilong Sun, Hao Ding, Zida Zhao, Yu Zhou, Dong Wang, Wenfu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate prediction of aeroengine Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is critical for ensuring flight safety, minimizing maintenance costs, and improving operational efficiency. This study proposes a novel model, the Fourier-Enhanced Inverted Transformer with Graph-Augmented Spatiotemporal Modeling (FIT-GSTM), to enhance RUL prediction performance. FIT-GSTM combines an inverted Transformer with a Spatiotemporal Graph Convolutional Network (STGCN) to effectively capture global spatiotemporal dependencies across multi-sensor data. To further enrich feature representation, the model incorporates Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to extract frequency-domain information and fuses it with time-domain features, enhancing robustness to noise. Additionally, the integration of Memory Tokens and Reversible Instance Normalization (RevIN) strengthens the model's ability to retain long-term dependencies and adapt to heterogeneous data distributions. Experimental evaluations on the C-MAPSS dataset demonstrate that FIT-GSTM achieves superior RUL prediction accuracy and generalization compared to existing methods, highlighting its potential for real-world deployment in aeroengine health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A data-driven online estimation method for aerodynamic parameter of high-speed aircraft considering strong nonlinearity and noise.","authors":"Bowen Xu, Weiqi Yang, Yunfan Zhou, Wei Zhao, Xianyu Wu, Zhidong Zhang, Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During large-scale maneuvers, high-speed aircrafts face more complex noise, greater overload and deformation, increasing the uncertainty and time-varying nonlinearity of the aerodynamics, which greatly influence the accuracy of aerodynamic parameters. An online modeling method is proposed by using least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF), to improve the estimation accuracy of aerodynamic parameters. Firstly, augmented state variables are designed with the dynamics and kinematics of the aircraft, in which the identified aerodynamic parameters are extended in the origin state variables. In this way, the identification of time-varying aerodynamic parameters is transformed into an online estimation of state variables. Then, an LS-SVM based online identification method is proposed to construct the coupling relationship of multiple parameters, and regarded as a data-driven observation equation with respect to augmented state variables. Furthermore, an UKF-based online update strategy integrating empirical knowledge and real-time information is proposed to improve the adaptability of aerodynamic parameters on data noise and external disturbances. The effectiveness of this method is verified through theoretical analysis and simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-05DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.005
Hairui Zhao, Dongyan Chen, Jun Hu
{"title":"Intermittent control for nonlinear hybrid stochastic delayed systems with measurement error via dynamic event-triggered mechanism.","authors":"Hairui Zhao, Dongyan Chen, Jun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals with the problem of intermittent control based on dynamic event-triggered mechanism (DETM) for nonlinear hybrid stochastic delayed systems (NHSDSs) with measurement error. The DETM and intermittent control strategy are employed to alleviate the network burden in feedback and forward channels, respectively. After giving the existence and uniqueness theorem for the solution to NHSDSs, the sufficient condition to guarantee p-th moment exponential stability and almost surely exponential stability of NHSDSs is established by comparing with the constructed auxiliary system. On this basis, the intermittent control based on self-triggered mechanism is developed. In addition, it is also proved that neither the DETM nor the self-triggered mechanism can produce the Zeno phenomenon. Finally, a simulation example is given to verify the validity of the theoretical results.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-05-05DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.003
Lu Yang, Qiuhui Xu, Baolei Wei, Naiming Xie, Shenfang Yuan
{"title":"Sparse grey forecasting model learning and applications to fatigue life prediction of aircraft lap joint structures.","authors":"Lu Yang, Qiuhui Xu, Baolei Wei, Naiming Xie, Shenfang Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A key challenge in the study of grey forecasting models is model structure discovery: converting measurement data into equations that are not only predictive, but provide a deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics inherent in the observations. The predominant approach relies on the cumulative sum operator, a knowledge-based technique that requires a well-characterized shape and extensive empirical experience. In this work, we propose a paradigm for data-driven modelling that simultaneously learns the structures of grey forecasting models and estimates the measurement noise at each observation. First, in the context of a state-space framework utilizing the integral representation of the grey model as a state equation, a candidate feature library is designed to explicitly depict the model equation, likely in a redundant form, and solved by sparse learning. Then, by combining signal-noise decomposition and time-stepping constraints, a regularized objective function is formulated to jointly learn model structure and noise. Next, large-scale simulations are designed to investigate the finite sample performance of the proposed method, including model structural identification accuracy, forecasting accuracy, and denoising capability. The results demonstrate high accuracy in model structure learning and robustness to measurement noise. Finally, we conduct fatigue testing on aircraft lap joints to collect crack propagation data. The proposed method is then applied to uncover dynamic patterns in the evolution of fatigue cracks and predict the remaining useful life of aircraft lap joint structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-04-30DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.04.035
Xu Wang, Yifan Deng, Yuanli Cai, Haonan Jiang
{"title":"An event-triggered deep reinforcement learning guidance algorithm for intercepting maneuvering target of speed advantage.","authors":"Xu Wang, Yifan Deng, Yuanli Cai, Haonan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.04.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.04.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypersonic vehicle interception raises stringent and challenging requirements for traditional guidance laws in terms of speed and maneuverability advantage. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms provide potential solutions for intercepting maneuvering targets of speed advantage, but they are greatly hindered by policy training inefficiency. To address these limitations, we propose a novel event-triggered deep reinforcement learning (ETDRL) algorithm along with an event-triggered training and time-triggered execution (ETTE) framework. The ETTE framework reformulates the agent-environment interaction as an event-triggered Markov decision process (ETMDP) model, where the agent updates its action only when the environment state meets a specific event triggering condition, otherwise maintaining the previous behavior between events. As a result, this approach significantly accelerates policy training by reducing the total number of decision steps required during the learning phase. To mitigate the potential degradation in control performance caused by the event-triggered mechanism, the ETTE framework enables well-trained policies to be executed with a fixed decision interval, that is, in a time-triggered way. Based on the proposed method, an ETDRL guidance law is developed for intercepting maneuvering targets of speed advantage under constraints of limited maneuverability, large initial heading error, and bearings-only measurement. By following the design principle of nullifying the line-of-sight angular rate to establish a collision course with the target, we model the guidance problem as an ETMDP. The twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm is utilized to train the ETDRL guidance law. Numerical simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed ETDRL method over DRL algorithms in terms of policy training efficiency, while also highlighting its enhanced guidance performance over traditional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}