ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.038
Dong-Xu Liu, Jing-Wen Zhang, Cui Wei, Yang Yu, Yi-Cheng Hong, Dan-Wei Zhang
{"title":"Low-order digital controller design based on l<sub>2</sub> parametric stability margin.","authors":"Dong-Xu Liu, Jing-Wen Zhang, Cui Wei, Yang Yu, Yi-Cheng Hong, Dan-Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The uncertainties inherent in engineering control systems are generally intricate and multifaceted. Sometimes, the model parameters of the plants may even fluctuate significantly. To address this undesirable scenario and ensure system stability under such conditions, the controller parameters with the largest parametric stability margin in the stabilizing set should be selected. In industrial processes, the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is the most widely used control approach. However, an excessive focus on the system's dynamic performance may result in PID controller tuning parameters that are dangerously close to the stability boundary, even with widely used tuning methods. In this paper, a novel design strategy for digital PID controllers is proposed based on a class of second-order uncertain discrete-time control systems. First, the stabilizing set of PID parameters, which consists of a family of parallel convex polygons in three-dimensional space, is derived from the stability condition of the closed-loop system. Then, the coordinate axes are rotated to make the convex polygons perpendicular to one of the axes. Next, an algorithm based on linear programming is developed to determine the coordinates of the Chebyshev center of the stabilizing set. Finally, the coordinates of the Chebyshev center in the original space are obtained via the inverse coordinate-axes rotation transformation and then adopted as the controller parameters. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a tuning method for digital PID controllers, which provides the maximum l<sub>2</sub> parametric stability margin and makes the controller non-fragile in the PID parameter space. In addition, this paper explicitly presents the method for determining the PID parameter stabilizing set for second-order discrete-time systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.027
Jianjie Jiang, Intisar Omar, Muhammad Khan
{"title":"Predicting wear damage in moving mechanical contacts: Comparative analysis of regression algorithms and feature selection techniques.","authors":"Jianjie Jiang, Intisar Omar, Muhammad Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>+Accurate wear prediction is essential for industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and power generation, as it helps reduce operational risks, minimise downtime, and extend the lifespan of critical components. This study presents a machine learning-based predictive model for estimating wear volume in pin-on-disc systems. The methodology comprises four key stages: feature selection, sample size determination, regression model selection, and model evaluation. The experimental data include parameters such as friction coefficient, tangential force, penetration depth, sliding distance, sound pressure, and load. Feature selection is employed to identify the most relevant parameters for wear prediction, utilising two methods -wrapping and embedding -to refine the feature subset and enhance accuracy. To optimise model performance, the sample size is determined to balance underfitting and overfitting. Initially, linear regression is applied, followed by adjustments to the sample size. Where necessary, more complex algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVMs) and random forests (RFs), are explored to enhance accuracy. Model evaluation employs metrics including mean absolute error (MAE), mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R²) to assess predictive performance. This research offers a systematic approach to wear volume estimation and presents a comparative analysis of regression algorithms, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in wear prediction applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144983445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.035
Bin Guo, Jiawei Feng, Yuzhong Zhong, Jianchun Liao, Songyi Dian
{"title":"Optimal trajectory tracking control of robotic manipulator system added by discrete-time fast terminal sliding mode predictive approach.","authors":"Bin Guo, Jiawei Feng, Yuzhong Zhong, Jianchun Liao, Songyi Dian","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the problem of trajectory tracking optimal control of robotic manipulator system subjected to external load disturbances is investigated, and an observer-based discrete fast terminal sliding mode predictive optimal control (FTSMPC) strategy is presented. Firstly, to address the unknown friction torque and load disturbances, a novel discrete-time extended state observer is designed to estimate the lumped disturbances, in which the boundedness of the observation error can be guaranteed through theoretical analysis. Then, with the outputs of the observer, an FTSMPC control approach is designed. In this control scheme, the reaching phase is optimized by designing a predictive input torque controller, which not only enhances the trajectory tracking response performance effectively but also makes the input torque curve smoother. Moreover, the theoretical stability proof of the system is verified strictly. Finally, a simulation case and an experimental application are carried out, and the comparison results show the excellent control performance of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.023
Lian Chen, Cui Cai, Song Ling, Yuebin Lun
{"title":"Stability of delayed systems: delay-compensatory impulsive control.","authors":"Lian Chen, Cui Cai, Song Ling, Yuebin Lun","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper investigates the stability characteristics of systems exhibiting delayed and unstable dynamics, along with destabilizing impulse gains, using a method called delay-compensatory impulsive control. A new control strategy, termed delay-compensatory impulsive control, is introduced, which incorporates and utilizes impulse delays to counteract the instability induced by unstable impulse gains. Initially, a compensation criterion is formulated, taking into account both unstable impulse gains and impulse delays concurrently. Subsequently, a modified Halanay impulsive delay inequality with real impulse gain is proposed. Next, sufficient conditions for achieving exponential stability in delayed impulse systems are established, employing the aforementioned impulse delay compensation criterion and the relaxed Halanay inequality. Finally, the comparative simulation not only illustrates the advantages of the proposed control algorithm but also proves that the impulse delay can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of unstable impulse gain on the controlled dynamic system.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144983783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.013
Liqiang Yao, Shaojun Xu, Mingyue Cui, Hui Shang
{"title":"Tracking control of surface vessel systems with disturbances and deferred full state constraints.","authors":"Liqiang Yao, Shaojun Xu, Mingyue Cui, Hui Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper studies the tracking control of surface vessel systems with unknown disturbances and deferred full state constraints, employing a continuous controller and a dynamic event-triggered controller, respectively. To ensure the tracking performance while accommodating deferred full state constraints, a continuous controller with a nonnegative time-varying gain is constructed. By adjusting the value of nonnegative time-varying gain (i.e., κ≥0), both the asymptotic tracking performance (κ>0) and the practical tracking performance (κ=0) can be realized. Compared with existing studies on state constraints, the proposed controller in this paper guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system. On that basis, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism is further developed to decrease the number of controller updates without compromising system control performance. Compared with the existing dynamic event-triggered mechanisms, the proposed dynamic event-triggered mechanism removes a certain stringent restriction. Illustrative results exhibit the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented control schemes in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144983758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.019
Simeng Song, Zhilin Liu, Shouzheng Yuan, Lin Yang, Yingkai Ma
{"title":"Anti-disturbance trajectory tracking event-triggered control for underactuated surface vessels: A novel switching self-tuning mechanism.","authors":"Simeng Song, Zhilin Liu, Shouzheng Yuan, Lin Yang, Yingkai Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prescribed performance control has garnered significant interest for its capability to predefine system performance indicators. However, some unresolved challenges persist in prescribed performance control for underactuated surface vessels (USVs) under disturbances and input saturation. To address these issues, this paper proposes a fixed-time trajectory tracking scheme for underactuated surface vessels, where external disturbances, input saturation, and prescribed performance are considered. Specifically, the underactuated control challenge is first solved by a coordinate system transformation. A smooth saturation model addresses the actuator input saturation. Then, a dynamic event-triggering mechanism is proposed to reduce the unnecessary communication burden. Meanwhile, a non-fragile prescribed performance function is designed to avoid the serious degradation of the tracking accuracy caused by the trigger mechanism and to ensure that the tracking error converges within a prescribed range even when the desired trajectory switches. Next, we employ a command filter to avoid the \"explosion of complexity\" and design the compensation system for the filtering error to guarantee control accuracy. Furthermore, by designing a switching self-tuning mechanism, the negative effect of the uncertainty term on the USV can be compensated in real time, requiring no a priori knowledge of uncertainty terms. Finally, based on the Lyapunov theory, we demonstrate that our scheme is theoretically reasonable. Further simulations verify that the underactuated surface vessel can still guarantee the prescribed tracking performance under our scheme, even under external disturbances and input saturation, while significantly reducing the unnecessary communication burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.020
Mustafa İnci, Yusuf Altun
{"title":"Robust gain-scheduled feedforward compensator with quasi-LPV model for buck converters in abrupt input voltage disturbances.","authors":"Mustafa İnci, Yusuf Altun","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents a robust control strategy for DC-DC Buck converters operating under sudden input voltage disturbances. A novel quasi-Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) model is constructed by incorporating parasitic elements and expressing system dynamics as functions of the duty cycle to capture real-world dynamics more accurately. Based on this model, a gain-scheduled LPV feedforward compensator is synthesized using affine parameter-dependent Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) to achieve H<sub>∞</sub> disturbance attenuation performance. The proposed feedforward compensator adapts continuously to duty cycle variations using only input voltage measurement, thereby simplifying implementation without compromising control performance. This feedforward structure is integrated with a generic feedback controller, enhancing the system's ability to reject abrupt input disturbances effectively. Experimental results demonstrate superior performance. Compared to a conventional PI controller, our proposed method achieves a 22.46 % higher Disturbance Rejection Ratio (DRR), 65 times higher Attenuation Ratio (AR), 83.49 dB higher Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR), and an impressive 98.46 % reduction in output voltage ripple (from 38.235 % to just 0.588 %). Furthermore, it allows only 0.35 % of the disturbance to pass to the output (Disturbance Transmission Gain - DTG). Comparative analysis confirms this approach outperforms other state-of-the-art methods across all disturbance rejection metrics, delivering significantly higher AR and PSRR, and substantially lower voltage ripple. Our controller maintains a 99.65 % DRR even under a challenging 146.15 % input voltage disturbance, highlighting that it exhibits superior robustness. This makes it highly applicable for demanding power electronics systems in areas like renewable energy, electric vehicles, and industrial power converters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144983629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.017
Zhou Ziyang, Liang Xiaohui, Xu Bin
{"title":"Optimizing trajectory tracking control for hypersonic flight vehicles via ADDHP.","authors":"Zhou Ziyang, Liang Xiaohui, Xu Bin","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.08.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article proposes an intelligent hybrid control strategy for hypersonic flight vehicles (HFVs) that integrates sliding mode control (SMC) with actor-dependent dual heuristic programming (ADDHP) to address trajectory tracking challenges. An SMC baseline controller is first developed to ensure stable tracking with model uncertainties. Additionally, a novel angle of attack (AOA) protection mechanism is designed, which maintains the AOA within constraint boundaries by generating smooth modifying signals. Furthermore, multiple ADDHP-based optimal compensators are then implemented in the velocity and altitude subsystems. These model-free compensators dynamically optimize control performance through error-driven learning, significantly improving tracking accuracy and adaptability in complex environments. Lyapunov stability analysis proves the convergence of both SMC and ADDHP. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strategy are validated through comparative simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2025.07.054
Jie Zhang, Yifan Dong, Li Yin, Zhiwu Li
{"title":"Attack concealment for cyber-physical systems using a mechanism borrowing from differential privacy.","authors":"Jie Zhang, Yifan Dong, Li Yin, Zhiwu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.07.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.07.054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cyber-physical system in general consists of a physical process intertwined with computational elements supported by a communication network, sensors, and actuators, making such a system vulnerable to external attacks. This work, from the viewpoint of an attacker, considers cyberattack protection (concealment) of cyber-physical systems in the framework of discrete event systems modeled by finite automata such that the system operator cannot detect the attacks. In particular, different types of attacks (referred to as attack dictionaries) are applied to a cyber-physical system, potentially resulting in the corruption or alteration of the generated observations. By observing the output of the attacked system, the system operator may detect which specific attack dictionary has been imposed or utilized through state estimation. To prevent the attacks launched by an attacker from being detected, a mechanism, called state sequence differential privacy, is introduced to the observer of the attacked system. Suppose that two observations exist, where one of them allows for the detection of an attack type, while the other is randomly generated. A differential privacy mechanism is designed to disguise these two observations, ensuring that its modified output (exposed to the system operator) has an approximate probability with the two input observations. As a result, the attack dictionary cannot be detected by the system operator, even if the employed differential privacy mechanism is public. Finally, a case study is presented on the attack protection for a nuclear power facility, with a specific focus on the cyberattack incident at the Natanz nuclear power plant in Iran.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144857260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Slosh-free feedback stabilization of liquid-propellant satellites with robustness to fuel density.","authors":"Meysam Jokar, Hassan Salarieh, Hossein Nejat Pishkenari","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.07.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.07.049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fuel sloshing plays a direct and pivotal role in the tracking control tasks of liquid-propellant satellites. To address this problem, existing works have considered some simplifying assumptions on fuel motion, such as fuel rigidity and potential ideal fluid. On the other hand, most studies have used discretized model-based control schemes to stabilize the infinite-dimensional satellite-fuel system, which can cause spillover instability and lead to a significant loss of accuracy. This paper solves the boundary feedback stabilization problem for the satellite-diaphragm tank system. This study presents two significant contributions to the field. First, it derives nonlinear parabolic partial ordinary differential equations that govern the attitude-trajectory dynamics of a satellite containing viscous fuel, utilizing Hamilton's principle. Second, it constructs innovative boundary feedback laws that provide stability in the attitude/trajectory control in the presence of fuel sloshing as well as robustness to variations in fuel density, employing the control Lyapunov functional methodology. These advancements provide a deeper understanding of satellite dynamics and enhance the effectiveness of control strategies in the presence of viscous fuel. The primary challenge resides in the fact that no sensor can be deployed within the fuel domain. Thus, the proposed boundary feedback control scheme does not require exact knowledge of fuel density and simply requires measurements of (i) rigid satellite data, and (ii) fuel boundary parameters. Additional controller features are highlighted by simulation results, including its transient response benefits in contrast to existing results and also the controller/viscosity contributions in fuel stabilization. In summary, the analysis reveals an average reduction in root mean square error for the attitude by 20 %. Furthermore, the convergence to the desired attitude is observed to be 42 % faster when compared to existing methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144983693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}