ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.001
Yingjiang Zhou, Chenglong Zhu, Guoping Jiang, Xiaoling Wang
{"title":"Lead-time composite control of the single-gimbal control moment gyro under multi-source disturbances.","authors":"Yingjiang Zhou, Chenglong Zhu, Guoping Jiang, Xiaoling Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Servo systems for spacecraft attitude control face two core challenges: 1) Traditional prescribed-time control tends to cause controller gain explosion in pursuit of fast convergence; 2) Coupled high-frequency disturbances, flexible vibrations, parameter uncertainties, and multi-source disturbances severely restrict control accuracy and dynamic performance. To address these issues, this paper proposes a lead-time composite control framework, which integrates an inner-loop lead-time high-frequency disturbance observer (LTHFDO), an outer-loop lead-time super-twisting extended state observer (LTSTESO), and a lead-time second-order integral sliding mode controller (LTSISMC). The dual observers achieve refined separation and accurate estimation of multi-source disturbances. The controller guarantees lead-time stability without gain explosion, suppresses chattering, and eliminates steady-state errors. Comparative simulations verify that the proposed scheme can accurately estimate and compensate for disturbances, shorten the convergence time by 15% and reduce the steady-state error amplitude by more than 80% compared with typical existing methods, demonstrating its superiority and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-05-05DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.004
Xuan Duc Pham, Tung Lam Nguyen, Duc Thinh Le
{"title":"Fixed-time fault-tolerant control for electro-mechanical braking systems under input saturation and time-delay.","authors":"Xuan Duc Pham, Tung Lam Nguyen, Duc Thinh Le","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant control strategy for electro-mechanical brakes (EMB) subject to supply faults, input saturation, and time delays, aiming to enhance vehicle safety and align with the development of high-precision fault-tolerant anti-lock braking systems (ABS). The proposed strategy employs a fixed-time controller with a time-varying funnel constraint to maintain the slip ratio within its optimal range, thereby ensuring maximum braking efficiency and enabling the vehicle to achieve the shortest possible stopping distance during emergency braking. Furthermore, a fixed-time command filter is introduced to mitigate the derivative explosion problem, while a fractional-order compensation strategy with auxiliary compensation signals is developed to counteract filtering inaccuracies and input saturation effects. To improve robustness and fault tolerance against external disturbances, supply faults, and input delays, fixed-time extended state observers (FESO) are integrated, enabling the ABS to effectively handle lumped disturbances under various road conditions. The global fixed-time stability of the entire system is rigorously established using Lyapunov theory, and simulation results under dry, wet, and snowy road conditions-along with analyses of key performance indicators (KPIs)-demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and novelty of the proposed control strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory-based event-triggered fuzzy path tracking security control for autonomous vehicles against stochastic false data injection attacks.","authors":"Longxin Guan, Lie Guo, Linli Xu, Pingshu Ge, Xu Wang, Xiaojian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controller area network (CAN)-dependent autonomous vehicles (AVs) control system is vulnerable to limited network bandwidth and stochastic false data injection (FDI) attacks, presenting a potential threat to the path tracking performance for AVs. To address this challenge, this article investigates a novel event-triggered robust security control method to enhance the system safety and efficiency. Firstly, an interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno (IT2 T-S) fuzzy model is established to depict lateral vehicle dynamics. Secondly, an IT2 T-S fuzzy observer is designed to estimate the lateral speed of the vehicle. Then, a novel memory-based event-triggered mechanism (METM) is proposed to balance the network burden and control performance. After that, an observer-based fuzzy security controller is developed to guarantee H<sub>∞</sub> stability by Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals (LKFs) and the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) approach. Finally, simulation and CAN-based semi-physical hardware-in-loop (HiL) results reveal that, compared with a typical H<sub>∞</sub> output feedback controller, the proposed method can reduce the root mean square values of lateral error and yaw angle error by more than 31% and 11%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.003
Ruhan Pontes Policarpo de Souza, Wesley Angelino de Souza, Cristiano Marcos Agulhari, Alessandro Goedtel, Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo, Óscar Duque-Perez, Vanesa Fernandez-Cavero
{"title":"Fault detection of broken rotor bars in induction motors based on the conservative power theory.","authors":"Ruhan Pontes Policarpo de Souza, Wesley Angelino de Souza, Cristiano Marcos Agulhari, Alessandro Goedtel, Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo, Óscar Duque-Perez, Vanesa Fernandez-Cavero","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Induction motors (IMs) are widely used in energy conversion and industrial drive systems. One of the critical faults in IMs is the broken rotor bar (BRB), which must be promptly identified due to its potential for abrupt damage. Several monitoring techniques have been proposed for the detection process, including motor current signature analysis (MCSA) and model-based fault detection (MBFD) but the challenges of supply unbalance and harmonic conditions persist as a gap. This paper presents a BRB detection framework based on Conservative Power Theory (CPT), employing time-domain power components as physically interpretable features. In contrast to spectral-based approaches, the proposed method extracts statistical features from the CPT power quantities, naturally accommodating nonsinusoidal and unbalanced supply conditions. The fault identification is evaluated using the k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, random forest, and multilayer perceptron classifiers. Experimental validation was conducted on three induction motors operating at 50 Hz and 60 Hz, under multiple loads and voltage unbalance factors up to 5.77%. The results demonstrate performance metrics of more than 98% in all cases, with maximum accuracy and an F1-score of 99.77% in binary classification. The treatment of incipient fault severity is addressed by assessing the likelihood of a motor being healthy or faulty, allowing the severity and progression analysis of the faults.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust gait generator based on the LIPDF model for biped robot with five anti-disturbance strategies.","authors":"Yingxing Li, Zhaohui Yuan, Jingchao Li, Pengfei Yang, Yuheng Zeng, Jing He, Zeyu Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robust control is crucial for bipedal locomotion. This paper proposes a novel model-based robust gait generator for biped robot. First, a linear inverted pendulum with distributed flywheels (LIPDF) model is introduced, where the actively regulated ankle joint serves as one of the gait anti-disturbance strategies. Building on this model, a robust gait generator is developed that integrates five linear anti-disturbance strategies to enhance locomotion stability on uneven terrain and adaptability to external disturbances. Then, a quadratic programming (QP) solver is embedded into the model predictive control (MPC) framework, enabling efficient and adaptive gait optimization under multiple constraints. Finally, the proposed method is systematically validated through simulations and experiments on the position-controlled biped robot NaoV50. The results demonstrate a 55.6% reduction in push recovery time and more than a threefold improvement in robustness on uneven terrain.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-04-30DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.038
Weihan Li, Lipeng Wang, Zhi Zhang, Donghui Yuan
{"title":"Event-triggered optimal line-of-sight formation control for underactuated USVs with unknown disturbance.","authors":"Weihan Li, Lipeng Wang, Zhi Zhang, Donghui Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents an event-triggered optimal line-of-sight (ETO-LOS) control scheme for multiple underactuated USVs with unknown dynamics and external disturbances. A two-stage Identifier-Actor-Critic (IAC) framework is combined with dynamic surface control (DSC) to achieve online optimal policy learning. A unified event-triggered mechanism operating on the norm of the total control vector is introduced, which enforces strictly synchronous updates of both channels so that the actual number of actuator actions corresponds exactly to the number of trigger events, achieving genuine resource savings at the actuator level. An inertia-matrix norm normalization term is further incorporated into the reference signal design to constrain the signal amplitude within a physically feasible range. Lyapunov-based analysis proves that all closed-loop signals are Semi-Globally Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (SGUUB) and Zeno behavior is excluded. Simulation results on the high-fidelity 'Dolphin 2' USV model verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resilient prescribed performance optimal control for underactuated unmanned surface vehicle: A differential game guidance strategy based on control barrier functions.","authors":"Junji Feng, Guoqing Zhang, Shilin Yin, Jinhui Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper investigates the predefined optimal control problem for underactuated unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) in non-cooperative adversarial scenarios, with a focus on enabling defending USVs to achieve effective collision avoidance in obstacle environments while performing optimal interception of attacking USVs. In the guidance stage, the Nash equilibrium point of the game is solved analytically using geometric methods as the expected interception point for both parties. To ensure that USVs maintain a safe distance from obstacles during the game, control barrier functions (CBFs) are introduced to formulate a quadratic programming problem, which strictly enforces safety constraints while minimizing adjustments to the game strategy. In the controller design stage, in order to satisfy the transient and steady state performance constraints of the system states, a robust controller based on predefined time functions and error transformation is designed. By incorporating an elastic term mechanism, this controller enhances the flexibility of error constraints while meeting the prescribed performance bounds. Theoretical analysis proves the optimality of the guidance strategy and the semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) stability of the closed-loop system. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness, safety and superiority of the proposed algorithm in complex adversarial scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-04-28DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.030
Roham Farhadi, Ramin Vatankhah, Navid Eqra
{"title":"Stable and interpretable DDPG controllers: Integrating Control Lyapunov Functions and symbolic regression via Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks.","authors":"Roham Farhadi, Ramin Vatankhah, Navid Eqra","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents a stability-constrained deep reinforcement learning framework for nonlinear control systems by integrating Control Lyapunov Functions (CLFs) with the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm. The proposed Stability-Constrained DDPG (SDDPG) ensures safety by filtering unstable actions in real time. When RL actions violate constraints, a backup controller enforces stability. Furthermore, we repurpose the backup controller's trajectories as expert demonstrations to boost training efficiency. We extract symbolic policies from trained networks via Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs), enabling formal verification through eigenvalue analysis and the Hartman-Grobman theorem. Validated on a cart-pole system, SDDPG demonstrates superior stability, convergence, and robustness to parameter variations compared to vanilla DDPG, CLF-QP, and LQR baselines. This framework advances safe, interpretable RL for safety-critical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prescribed-time bearing-based time-varying formation control for multi-agent system.","authors":"Yong Chen, Bowen Hao, Fuxi Niu, Zuxiang Wei, Xiaohong Nian, Xunhua Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this manuscript, we investigate the problem of prescribed-time bearing-based formation tracking for multi-agent systems. The proposed control law employs a two-stage strategy to achieve formation tracking within a prescribed time. For multi-agent systems with time-varying leader velocities, follower agents estimate the leaders' inputs through a prescribed-time bearing-based observer. The second stage of the control law is a prescribed-time bearing-based formation tracking controller. Relying solely on the measurement and communication of bearing-related information between neighboring agents, the controller drives the followers to achieve the desired bearing-constrained formation in a prescribed time for first-order systems and enables the agents to achieve velocity coordination with the leaders for second-order systems. The prescribed times for the two stages of the control law can be assigned independently by the user, and convergence is proved using Lyapunov analysis. In addition, to demonstrate the effectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed control law, simulations and a UAV swarm experiment are conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147825036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISA transactionsPub Date : 2026-04-27DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.032
Ruicheng Ma, Jiarun Xin, Yuanchao Qu, Yuliang Cai, Li Yang
{"title":"Adaptive prescribed-time tracking control with guaranteed performance for uncertain nonlinear systems with arbitrary initial errors.","authors":"Ruicheng Ma, Jiarun Xin, Yuanchao Qu, Yuliang Cai, Li Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.04.032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper addresses the challenging problem of adaptive prescribed-time tracking control with guaranteed performance for uncertain strict-feedback nonlinear systems subject to arbitrary initial errors. Unlike existing methods that require restrictive initial conditions or are limited to stabilization problems, this work develops a unified control framework that simultaneously achieves three key objectives: handling arbitrary initial errors without performance violation, ensuring exact prescribed-time convergence, and maintaining guaranteed transient performance throughout the operation. The main contributions include a novel generalized tanh-based error transformation technique that decouples control performance from initial error magnitudes, automatically confining arbitrary initial errors within asymmetric prescribed performance bounds. Furthermore, an enhanced adaptive backstepping framework incorporating fractional-order terms is proposed to guarantee that the tracking error enters the prescribed performance region before a user-specified entry time and converges to zero exactly at a prescribed settling time. Rigorous theoretical analysis demonstrates the uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed-loop signals while achieving both prescribed-time convergence and guaranteed transient performance under system uncertainties. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":94059,"journal":{"name":"ISA transactions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147824953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}