{"title":"Tumor stroma and its role in therapy resistance: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.","authors":"Duy Luong, Sayed Hassan Raza Shah, Siva Sankari Sivasoorian, Arun K Iyer","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2651211","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2651211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of cancer, immune, and stromal cells together with the extracellular matrix, plays critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Although immune-targeted therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells, have transformed cancer treatment, stromal cells are increasingly recognized as key regulators of tumor biology.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Stromal cells regulate tumor metabolism, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. They originate from surrounding tissues or cellular transdifferentiation and may exert tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive effects depending on context. Current strategies target stromal components such as hyaluronic acid and laminin for drug delivery or remodel the stroma to improve therapeutic response. Stromal-targeted delivery systems enhance penetration, specificity, safety, and biocompatibility, with promising clinical outcomes. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, tumor-associated adipocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes also represent emerging therapeutic targets. Relevant studies published through April 2025 were identified using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Targeting the tumor stroma represents a promising direction in oncology by improving drug delivery while advancing understanding of tumor biology and treatment resistance, supporting development of more effective, context-specific therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1359-1379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148152561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francis J Gilchrist, Sadie Clayton, William D Carroll
{"title":"Response to letter to the editor: 'Saving money but costing lives: the lack of integrated dose counters on pressurised metered dose inhalers'.","authors":"Francis J Gilchrist, Sadie Clayton, William D Carroll","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2694899","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2694899","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1573"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2580836","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2580836","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1357"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145370559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brenda Vara Almirall, Chun Yuen Jerry Wong, Hua Qian Ang, Daniela Traini, Narinder Singh, Kiao Inthavong
{"title":"Soft‑mist inhaler spray dynamics and laryngeal deposition in upper airway models.","authors":"Brenda Vara Almirall, Chun Yuen Jerry Wong, Hua Qian Ang, Daniela Traini, Narinder Singh, Kiao Inthavong","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2664001","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2664001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Targeted laryngeal drug delivery is clinically valuable for procedures requiring rapid topical anesthesia. This study evaluated how the mist from a soft-mist inhaler (Softbreezer) interacts with realistic upper-airway anatomy to influence lidocaine deposition.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>An <i>in vitro</i> experimental setup was used to assess deposition from the soft mist inhaler across four upper-airway geometries: two simplified models and two subject-specific models. Each model was tested at inhalation flow rates of 15 and 30 L min<sup>-1</sup>. Deposition was quantified across five anatomical regions. High-speed imaging (6100 fps, 20 μs exposure) characterized plume velocity and cone angle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Droplet size distributions were consistent across flow rates (Dv<math><mrow><msub><mi> </mi><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>≈</mo></math> 16 μm). The subject-specific realistic oral inhalation model achieved the highest laryngeal deposition at 5.3% of the delivered dose at 30 L min<sup>-1</sup>, compared with 2.1% in the simplified Virginia Commonwealth University model and 1.6% in the subject-specific artificially opened mouth model. The United States Pharmacopoeia model underestimated upper-airway deposition. High-speed imaging confirmed a slow, coherent plume with minimal turbulence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Physiologically realistic airway geometry captured during oral inhalation should more accurately represent the flow transitions governing laryngeal deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1345-1354"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arnau Domínguez, Natalia Navarro, Anna Aviñó, Carme Fàbrega, Ramon Eritja
{"title":"G-quadruplexes as therapeutic platforms for anticancer drug delivery: from intrinsic cytotoxicity to drug delivery and nanotechnology.","authors":"Arnau Domínguez, Natalia Navarro, Anna Aviñó, Carme Fàbrega, Ramon Eritja","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2659926","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2659926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>G-quadruplexes have emerged as a versatile class of oligonucleotides that combine molecular recognition, intrinsic anticancer activity and drug carrier functions, offering new opportunities to improve tumor selectivity and overcome limitations of conventional chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review summarizes structural and biological features that make G-quadruplexes attractive platforms for anticancer drug delivery, including cancer-selective uptake, high stability and scaffold versatility. We discuss G-quadruplexes with intrinsic antiproliferative activity, covalent G-quadruplex-drug conjugates including small molecules and nucleoside antimetabolites and G-quadruplexes that non-covalently host G-quadruplex ligands. We further examine G-quadruplex-decorated nanoparticles and DNA nanostructures, as well as, higher-order G-quadruplex architectures that enable multivalent receptor targeting. A literature search was conducted using the Web of Science database to identify peer-reviewed publications related to 'G-quadruplex.' The search covered the period from 2000 to the present (as of 12 January 2026).</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>G-quadruplexes represent a platform with unique capacity to unify targeting and therapy, offering a promising alternative to antibody-based systems. However, issues such as structural polymorphism, pharmacokinetics, and controlled drug release must be addressed through rational design and chemical modification to fully translate these delivery systems into clinically relevant anticancer therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1175-1192"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147679723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niels Christian Nilsson, Horacio Pace-Bedetti, Lone Hallum, Cecilie Benedicte Anker
{"title":"Strength data for female shield-activated autoinjector users.","authors":"Niels Christian Nilsson, Horacio Pace-Bedetti, Lone Hallum, Cecilie Benedicte Anker","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2659258","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2659258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Shield-activated autoinjectors are common for self-administration of medication, but data describing the strength required for their operation remain scarce. This study quantifies the maximum force capabilities of female autoinjector users.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The study crossed three variables: age group (young adolescents, adults, elderly), grip type (power grip, precision grip), and injection site (abdomen, thigh, upper arm). A sample of 123 female United States residents completed six simulated injections using surrogate autoinjectors measuring maximum force (activation force) and mean force at fixed intervals (hold force).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary results are statistics characterizing the activation and hold force exerted by each group across grip types and injection sites. Adults generally exerted higher activation forces but no significant differences were observed between adolescents and elderly. All participants exerted higher activation forces using power grip regardless of injection site, and injections in the thigh might allow for the highest forces when using power grip, but precision grip forces were less dependent on injection site.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study provides ecologically valid strength data for female users that can inform force specifications for shield-activated autoinjectors and inform training materials by identifying optimal grip types and injection sites for maximizing force.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1329-1344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ines Castangia, Maria Manconi, Bianca Maria Baroli, Maria Letizia Manca
{"title":"Penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs): from deformable liposomes to barrier-modulating delivery platforms across multiple administration routes.","authors":"Ines Castangia, Maria Manconi, Bianca Maria Baroli, Maria Letizia Manca","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2662322","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2662322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) were developed as lipid-based nanocarriers integrating vesicle deformability with controlled modulation of barrier architecture to improve drug permeation and tissue deposition.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review provides an overview of the composition, mechanism of actions and applications of PEVs. Initially introduced for dermal and transdermal delivery, PEVs have demonstrated superior performance than conventional liposomes in enhancing skin penetration of synthetic and natural bioactive. Evidence supports extension of the PEV concept to oral, mucosal, nasal, and pulmonary delivery, where permeability, stability, and epithelial interaction represent critical challenges. Particular emphasis is placed on the barrier-oriented design of PEVs, and on the possibility of tailoring penetration enhancer selection according to drug physicochemical properties and target tissues.The literature included in this review was identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on 2000 to 2025 and prioritizing recent studies.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>PEVs should not be considered merely as improved deformable liposomes but as adaptable barrier-modulating platforms. Their future clinical translation will depend on safety assessment of penetration enhancers, scalable manufacturing strategies, and standardized pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluation. If supported by systematic translational studies, PEVs may represent a versatile approach for the design of next-generation noninvasive drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1269-1288"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147792972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neha Ghosh, Shivam Pathak, Rupam Bera, Anjana Sharma, Dipti Kakkar, Balak Das Kurmi, Pradhi Srivasatava, Maitrayee Ghosh, Ritu Karwasra, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori, Swapnamoy Das, Nitin Sharma
{"title":"Biomimetic nanocarriers as advanced drug delivery strategies in neurological disorders.","authors":"Neha Ghosh, Shivam Pathak, Rupam Bera, Anjana Sharma, Dipti Kakkar, Balak Das Kurmi, Pradhi Srivasatava, Maitrayee Ghosh, Ritu Karwasra, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori, Swapnamoy Das, Nitin Sharma","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2659924","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2659924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neurological disorders represent a major and growing global health challenge due to complex central nervous system pathology and limited drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Conventional therapies are largely symptomatic and often fail to achieve sufficient brain bioavailability or disease modification. Biomimetic nanocarriers have emerged as a promising strategy to improve brain targeting and therapeutic efficacy.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review discusses recent advances in biomimetic nanocarriers for the treatment and diagnosis of neurological disorders. We summarize the pathological mechanisms underlying central nervous system diseases and discuss how cell membrane-coated nanocarriers derived from red blood cells, platelets, immune cells, stem cells, and cancer cells can enhance BBB penetration, immune evasion, and targeted delivery. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to evaluate therapeutic and diagnostic applications in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, ischemic stroke, and glioblastoma.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Biomimetic nanocarriers offer a promising strategy to overcome biological barriers and improve central nervous system drug delivery. However, clinical translation remains challenged by membrane source standardization, scalability, and safety concerns. Future research should focus on reproducible manufacturing, regulatory frameworks, and long-term toxicity evaluation to accelerate clinical adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1249-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inês Figueiredo, Joana Bicker, Carla Vitorino, Ana C Fortuna
{"title":"Targeting the brain: alternative administration routes and drug delivery systems for antidepressant therapy.","authors":"Inês Figueiredo, Joana Bicker, Carla Vitorino, Ana C Fortuna","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2668677","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2668677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although numerous antidepressants are clinically available, they are characterized by slow therapeutic onset, systemic effects, and limited brain exposure, which is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB).</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Alternative administration routes namely intranasal, ocular, and intratympanic delivery, are emerging as promising strategies for a direct drug targeting of the central nervous system. Data were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and regulatory agencies, 2010-2025. Intranasal route enables rapid brain delivery through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways, bypassing the BBB and avoiding systemic degradation. Ocular delivery allows drugs to reach the retina and optic nerve, providing access to deeper brain structures, while intratympanic route facilitates drug passage into the inner ear and subsequently into the cerebrospinal fluid through its connection to the cochlear perilymph, circumventing the BBB.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Innovative drug delivery systems have the potential to enhance drug stability, brain permeability, and enable sustained and targeted release. By integrating these technologies with novel administration routes, which allow direct brain delivery, it may be possible to enhance cerebral biodistribution, speed therapeutic onset, reduce systemic side effects. This is a crucial area of ongoing research, offering the potential for safer, more effective, and patient-centered treatments for depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1133-1154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ishwor Poudel, Chu Zhang, Nur Mita, Robert D Arnold, Amit K Tiwari, R Jayachandra Babu
{"title":"3D printed drug delivery devices: recent promises and challenges.","authors":"Ishwor Poudel, Chu Zhang, Nur Mita, Robert D Arnold, Amit K Tiwari, R Jayachandra Babu","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2658044","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2658044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>3D printing (3DP) has gained decent pace in the past decade in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. The approval of 3D-printed medical devices has gained more attraction than that of 3D-printed drug products. However, concerns related to cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and large-scale manufacturing are still prevalent, thus challenging the mainstream development of 3D-printed drug delivery devices.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Drug delivery devices and scaffolds, along with the possibilities involving artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and automation, for personalized applications. The regulatory guidelines, as well as a glimpse of drug delivery devices under clinical trials, are discussed.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Although 3DP offers patient-tailored, on-demand products, its clinical adoption is hindered by regulatory barriers, limited standards, and scalability issues. Integrating AI/ML could offer real-time adaptive clinical manufacturing; however, the guidelines for these disruptive technologies are often unclear. With patient-centric manufacturing, 3D-printed devices and scaffolds could play a key role in personalized medicine, delivering targeted and effective therapies.The transition from proof-of-concept to real-world testing underscores the growing feasibility and clinical relevance of 3DP technologies. With rapid progress in bio-responsive materials and AI-driven design tools, 3D-printed delivery platforms are expected to improve in adaptability and therapeutic effectiveness for next-generation personalized therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1155-1173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}