Expert opinion on drug delivery最新文献

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Recent advances in the use of liquid crystalline nanoparticles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment. 利用液晶纳米粒子治疗非小细胞肺癌的最新进展。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2474693
Thiagarajan Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Fiona Sze Nee Lye, Kamal Dua
{"title":"Recent advances in the use of liquid crystalline nanoparticles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment.","authors":"Thiagarajan Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Fiona Sze Nee Lye, Kamal Dua","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2474693","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2474693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to pose a considerable health challenge with few therapeutic alternatives. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCN) are nanostructured drug delivery systems made of lipid-based amphiphilic materials that self-assemble into crystalline phases in aqueous environments. LCN have become a promising way to treat NSCLC owing to their specific properties that make them useful for targeted delivery and controlled drug release.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The review provides a brief overview of the use of LCN in the treatment of NSCLC. It explores their composition, fabrication methods, and characterization processes. The article further addresses several nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of NSCLC. Ultimately, it underscores the promise of LCNs as a promising drug delivery system for NSCLC and discusses the obstacles and outlook in this field.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>LCN represents a promising frontier in the treatment of NSCLC, offering several specific advantages over conventional therapies. Utilizing their intrinsic self-assembly characteristics, LCN provides meticulous control over drug encapsulation, release kinetics, and cellular absorption, which are crucial for improving therapy success. LCN also has the capability for co-delivery of various drugs, facilitating synergistic therapeutic benefits and addressing multidrug resistance, a prevalent issue in NSCLC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"615-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent advances in optimizing siRNA delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. 优化肝癌细胞 siRNA 传输的最新进展。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2484287
Ralf Weiskirchen, Sabine Weiskirchen, Chiara Grassi, Bruna Scaggiante, Mario Grassi, Domenico Tierno, Alice Biasin, Nhung Hai Truong, Thanh Dang Minh, Maja Cemazar, Giorgia Pastorin, Federica Tonon, Gabriele Grassi
{"title":"Recent advances in optimizing siRNA delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma cells.","authors":"Ralf Weiskirchen, Sabine Weiskirchen, Chiara Grassi, Bruna Scaggiante, Mario Grassi, Domenico Tierno, Alice Biasin, Nhung Hai Truong, Thanh Dang Minh, Maja Cemazar, Giorgia Pastorin, Federica Tonon, Gabriele Grassi","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2484287","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2484287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC), the primary form of liver cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Current therapies have limited effectiveness, particularly in advanced stages of the disease, highlighting the need for innovative treatment options. Small-interfering RNA(siRNA) molecules show great promise as a therapeutic solution since they can inhibit the expression of genes promoting HCC growth. Their cost-effective synthesis has further encouraged their potential use as novel drugs. However, siRNAs are vulnerable to degradation in biological environments, necessitating protective delivery systems. Additionally, targeted delivery to HCC is critical for optimal efficacy and minimal undesired side effects.</p><p><strong>Areacovered: </strong>This review addresses the challenges associated with the delivery of siRNA toHCC, discussing and focusing on delivery systems based on lipid and polymeric nanoparticles in publications from the past five years.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Future nano particles will need to effectively cross the vessel wall, migrate through the extracellular matrix and finally cross the HCC cell membrane. This may be achieved by optimizing nanoparticle size, the equipment of nanoparticles withHCC targeting moieties and loading nanoparticles with siRNAs againstHCC-specific oncogenes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"729-745"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polyphosphoester cubosomes: introducing a novel drug delivery system. 多聚磷酸酯立方体:介绍一种新的给药系统。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2484309
Frederik R Wurm
{"title":"Polyphosphoester cubosomes: introducing a novel drug delivery system.","authors":"Frederik R Wurm","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2484309","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2484309","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"609-613"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An overview of oral bioavailability enhancement through self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. 通过自乳化给药系统提高口服生物利用度的综述。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2479759
Flavia Laffleur, Gioconda Millotti, Jennifer Lagast
{"title":"An overview of oral bioavailability enhancement through self-emulsifying drug delivery systems.","authors":"Flavia Laffleur, Gioconda Millotti, Jennifer Lagast","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2479759","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2479759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The pharmaceutical technologists face a lot of challenges and limitations when designing novel drug delivery systems such as low oral bioavailability of many drugs, primarily due to poor solubility, slow dissolution rates, limited permeability through gastrointestinal mucosa, and rapid degradation within the body.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The biopharmaceutical classification (BCS) classification represents a map in drug delivery research. Numerous active ingredients are characterized by low bioavailability due to poor water solubility, especially active ingredients of BCS class II and IV. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) could act as game changer in order to overcome the challenges and limitations of poor bioavailability. In this review, timelines representing the launch of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, their introduction to the pharmaceutical platform and their benefits will be discussed in detail.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The development of multifunctional systems capable of combining controlled release, targeted delivery, and diagnostic capabilities is a promising avenue. As the technology matures, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems are likely to become a standard approach for delivering BCS class II and IV drugs, transforming the pharmaceutical landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"659-671"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143618088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performance characterization of spring-actuated prefilled pen devices for lebrikizumab and dupilumab. 用于lebrikizumab和dupilumab的弹簧驱动预填充笔装置的性能表征。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2477656
Rozhin Derakhshandeh, Javad Eshraghi, Milad Tavakolian, Kevin H Duffy, Jean-Christophe Veilleux, Galen H Shi, Pavlos P Vlachos
{"title":"Performance characterization of spring-actuated prefilled pen devices for lebrikizumab and dupilumab.","authors":"Rozhin Derakhshandeh, Javad Eshraghi, Milad Tavakolian, Kevin H Duffy, Jean-Christophe Veilleux, Galen H Shi, Pavlos P Vlachos","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2477656","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2477656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Design parameters of prefilled pens, known as autoinjectors within the medical device community, can affect pen's functioning and user experience. This study compares the performance of two 2 mL prefilled pen devices: lebrikizumab (125 mg/mL) and dupilumab (150 mg/mL).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We recorded force and acoustic signals during administration from the prefilled pen devices and performed high-speed video recording during needle insertion and drug delivery. Measurements were reported in these categories: (i) The kinematics of needle movement during insertion captured by two cameras (ii) Injection flow rate and duration, and the time between acoustic 1st (activation) click and 2nd click sounds (iii) Post-2nd click injection duration, and (iv) delivered dose volume. We investigated the impact of temperature on device performance by experimenting at room temperature (~25℃) and cool condition (~5℃).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lebrikizumab device demonstrated faster injection and more reliable end-of-dose indication, while the dupilumab device showed less lateral needle movement in air during insertion. The device activation forces are provided.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our investigation uncovered performance distinctions between lebrikizumab and dupilumab prefilled pens, which could potentially translate into patient experience, and varying levels of risk associated with intramuscular injection for the adult population and premature device removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"747-756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Particle surface coating for dry powder inhaler formulations. 干粉吸入器配方的颗粒表面涂层。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2482052
Yijing Huang, Chanakya D Patil, Kinnari Santosh Arte, Qi Tony Zhou, Li Lily Qu
{"title":"Particle surface coating for dry powder inhaler formulations.","authors":"Yijing Huang, Chanakya D Patil, Kinnari Santosh Arte, Qi Tony Zhou, Li Lily Qu","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2482052","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2482052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is challenging due to the need for micronized particles to achieve lung delivery. The high specific surface area of micronized particles renders them cohesive and adhesive. Addition of certain excipients like magnesium stearate has been reported to coat the particles and improve the aerosolization in the carrier-based DPI. Therefore, application of particle coating in DPI developments has been investigated and expanded over the years, along with the growing need of high-dose carrier-free DPIs.</p><p><strong>Area covered: </strong>In addition to modifying inter-particulate forces, particle coating has also been demonstrated to effectively provide moisture resistance, modify particle morphology, improve the stability of biologics, alter dissolution behaviors for DPI developments. These different coating functions have been discussed in the current work. Moreover, various coating techniques including solvent-based coating, dry coating, and vapor coating, as well as coating characterization have been summarized in the present review.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The extent of particle coating is critical to DPI performance; however, there is a demand for advanced characterization techniques to quantify and understand the coating quality. Further advancements in coating materials, methods, characterization techniques are needed to better relate coating properties to performance, especially for complex drug modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"711-727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12055444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143660065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
GalNac-siRNA conjugate delivery technology promotes the treatment of typical chronic liver diseases. GalNac-siRNA缀合递送技术促进了典型慢性肝病的治疗。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2466767
Zhen-Xin Qin, Ling Zuo, Ziran Zeng, Rongguan Ma, Wenyan Xie, Xiao Zhu, Xiaorong Zhou
{"title":"GalNac-siRNA conjugate delivery technology promotes the treatment of typical chronic liver diseases.","authors":"Zhen-Xin Qin, Ling Zuo, Ziran Zeng, Rongguan Ma, Wenyan Xie, Xiao Zhu, Xiaorong Zhou","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2466767","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2466767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have become a key pillar of the 'third wave' of modern medicine, following the eras of small molecule inhibitors and antibody drugs. Their rapid progress is heavily dependent on delivery technologies, with the development of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugates marking a breakthrough in targeting liver diseases. This technology has gained significant attention for its role in addressing chronic conditions like chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are challenging to treat with conventional methods.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review explores the origins, mechanisms, and advantages of GalNAc-siRNA delivery systems, highlighting their ability to target hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). The literature reviewed covers preclinical and clinical advancements, particularly in CHB and NASH. Key developments in stabilization chemistry and conjugation technologies are examined, emphasizing their impact on enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>GalNAc-siRNA technology represents a transformative advancement in RNA interference (RNAi) therapies, addressing unmet needs in liver-targeted diseases. While significant progress has been made, challenges remain, including restricted targeting scope and scalability concerns. Continued innovation is expected to expand applications, improve delivery efficiency, and overcome limitations, establishing GalNAc-siRNA as a cornerstone for future nucleic acid-based treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"455-469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transmucosal drug delivery: prospects, challenges, advances, and future directions. 经黏膜给药:前景、挑战、进展和未来方向。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2470224
Francis Brako, Joshua Boateng
{"title":"Transmucosal drug delivery: prospects, challenges, advances, and future directions.","authors":"Francis Brako, Joshua Boateng","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2470224","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2470224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Traditional administration routes have limitations including first-pass metabolism and gastrointestinal degradation for sensitive drugs (oral) and pain associated with parenteral injections, which also require trained personnel and refrigeration, making them expensive. This has increased interest in alternative routes, with mucosal surfaces being of high priority.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Mucosal routes include ocular, oral (buccal/sublingual), nasal and vaginal mucosae which avoid the limitations of the oral and parenteral routes. Though mucosal routes show great potential, they are still hindered by several barriers, especially for systemic absorption, resulting in the development of more advanced novel drug delivery systems to overcome these limitations and achieve therapeutic actions both locally and systemically, similar to or exceeding the oral route. This paper systematically reviews and compares the different mucosal routes, challenges, and recent advances in advanced novel drug delivery system design for emerging clinical challenges including the advent of large biological macromolecules (proteins, peptides, and RNA) for treatment and prevention of diseases. The review also focuses on current challenges and future perspectives.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Among the various transmucosal routes discussed, nose-to-brain drug delivery has the greatest translational potential to go beyond the current state of the art and achieve significant clinical impact for neurological diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"525-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143461032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Subunit antigen delivery: emulsion and liposomal adjuvants for next-generation vaccines. 亚单位抗原递送:用于下一代疫苗的乳剂和脂质体佐剂。
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2474088
Al Zahraa Khalifa, Yvonne Perrie, Aliasgar Shahiwala
{"title":"Subunit antigen delivery: emulsion and liposomal adjuvants for next-generation vaccines.","authors":"Al Zahraa Khalifa, Yvonne Perrie, Aliasgar Shahiwala","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2474088","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2474088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Developing new vaccines to combat emerging infectious diseases has gained more significance after the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination is the most cost-effective method for preventing infectious diseases, and subunit antigens are a safer alternative to traditional live, attenuated, and inactivated vaccines.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Challenges in delivering subunit antigens and the status of different vaccine adjuvants. Recent research developments involving emulsion and liposomal adjuvants and their compositions and properties affecting their adjuvancy.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Lipid-based adjuvants, e.g. emulsions and liposomes, represent a paradigm shift in vaccine technology by enabling robust humoral and cellular immune responses with lower antigen doses, a property that is particularly critical during pandemics or in resource-limited settings. These adjuvants can optimize vaccine administration strategies by potentially reducing the frequency of booster doses, thereby improving patient compliance and lowering healthcare costs. While emulsions excel in dose-sparing and broadening immune responses, liposomes offer customization and precision in antigen delivery. However, the broader clinical application of these technologies is not without challenges. Stability issues, e.g. the susceptibility of emulsion-based adjuvants to freezing and their reliance on cold-chain logistics, pose significant barriers to their use in remote/underserved regions. Future developments will likely focus on improving manufacturing scalability and cost-effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"583-597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is electroporation the key to drug delivery in drug-resistant cancers? 电穿孔是耐药癌症药物传递的关键吗?
Expert opinion on drug delivery Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2471463
Julita Kulbacka, Vitalij Novickij
{"title":"Is electroporation the key to drug delivery in drug-resistant cancers?","authors":"Julita Kulbacka, Vitalij Novickij","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2471463","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2471463","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"441-445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143477007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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