{"title":"Studying nasal aerosols in microfluidics: opportunities and challenges.","authors":"Hanieh Gholizadeh, Shaokoon Cheng","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2579172","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2579172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The nasal route is attracting increasing interest for delivering therapeutics and vaccines. The application of novel <i>in-vitro</i> technologies, such as microfluidic organ-on-chips for relevant nasal drug tests, is highlighted in the literature.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This report highlights the advantages of using microfluidics for studying aerosols, sheds light on the potential challenges and suggests solutions for future research in nasal aerosols studies. This report covers research available at peer-reviewed journal article databases, including PubMed and Scopus from the past 10 years up to September 2025.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Accurate modeling of the nasal airway microenvironment, including airflow and the associated mechanical stresses, is necessary to replicate the realistic interaction between aerosol particles and their surrounding geometries as they traverse complex respiratory pathways through the nose. Novel measures and techniques to complement organ-on-chip devices will be critical to replicating the transport and deposition of aerosols in realistic nasal airways. Future research may focus on the development of more powerful tools that enable high-throughput examinations of nasal aerosols, delivering simultaneous insights into particle behavior and tissue responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145350567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zufika Qamar, Saif Ahmad Khan, Pallavi Kumari, Mariya Khan, Pushadapu Veera Venkata Siva Krishna, Shweta Dang, Sanjula Baboota, Asgar Ali, Javed Ali
{"title":"Receptor-mediated nose-to-brain delivery of drug combination-loaded polymeric nanocarriers for the treatment of glioblastoma- current progress and future perspectives part II: polymeric nanocarriers for combination therapy and advanced targeting.","authors":"Zufika Qamar, Saif Ahmad Khan, Pallavi Kumari, Mariya Khan, Pushadapu Veera Venkata Siva Krishna, Shweta Dang, Sanjula Baboota, Asgar Ali, Javed Ali","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2578376","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2578376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with a bleak prognosis, complicated by factors such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the tumor's heterogeneity, and the systemic toxicity associated with standard therapies. Utilizing receptor-mediated delivery through nasal routes with polymeric nanocarriers provides a noninvasive approach to enhance brain targeting, improve therapeutic outcomes, and increase safety.</p><p><strong>Area covered: </strong>This review focuses on polymeric nanocarriers, including nanoparticles, nanocapsules, dendrimers, and micelles, for use in combination therapy for GBM. It emphasizes targeting overexpressed receptors, advanced carrier designs that enable controlled or responsive release, and multifunctional systems with theranostic capabilities. Additionally, it highlights immunomodulatory and personalized strategies, underscoring their importance for clinical translation.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Polymeric nanocarriers designed for receptor-mediated delivery from the nose to the brain offer a revolutionary approach for combination therapy in GBM, enhancing drug absorption, specificity, and therapeutic effectiveness. Although promising advancements have been made in preclinical studies, their translation to clinical settings is hindered by physiological barriers in the nose, complex formulations, and challenges related to scalability. Moving forward will necessitate refined nanocarrier design, accurate receptor targeting, and thorough clinical testing to confirm these systems as advanced treatment platforms for GBM.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145350615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kiao Inthavong, Daniela Traini, David Morton, David F Fletcher
{"title":"A fluid and particle mechanics perspective of nasal drug delivery.","authors":"Kiao Inthavong, Daniela Traini, David Morton, David F Fletcher","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2575944","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2575944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Intranasal drug delivery offers a noninvasive, rapid, and metabolically advantageous route for local and systemic therapies. However, achieving targeted and efficient delivery remains a significant challenge due to the nasal cavity's complex anatomy, protective airflow structures, and physiological variability. Traditional focus on formulation chemistry overlooks the critical role of fluid and particle dynamics in determining drug fate.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review synthesizes decades of research on nasal drug delivery with a focus on biophysical and aerodynamic considerations. The literature review covered clinical studies, CFD investigations, and emerging device innovations. The article progresses from clinical targets and barriers (anatomical and human factors) to particle-fluid dynamics governing deposition, leading into advances in experimental and computational models to understand how to overcome these barriers, culminating in translational insights and future directions.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Patient-specific, GPU-accelerated CFD simulations, increasingly refined by AI, will enable predictive deposition mapping and integration with PBPK models. This supports in silico trials and personalized device optimization, yet clinical translation is limited by validation gaps, regulatory conservatism, and manufacturing complexities. Future integration of real-time imaging, AI surrogates, and smart delivery systems may shift nasal drug delivery toward per-nostril precision medicine and virtual-cohort-based regulatory acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145310358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Rigon, Carmelo Fogliano, Per Odin, Angelo Antonini
{"title":"Infusion therapies for Parkinson's disease: where are we in 2025?","authors":"Leonardo Rigon, Carmelo Fogliano, Per Odin, Angelo Antonini","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2577710","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2577710","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zufika Qamar, Saif Ahmad Khan, Pallavi Kumari, Mariya Khan, Pushadapu Veera Venkata Siva Krishna, Shweta Dang, Sanjula Baboota, Asgar Ali, Javed Ali
{"title":"Receptor-mediated nose-to-brain delivery of drug combination-loaded polymeric nanocarriers for the treatment of glioblastoma- Current progress and future perspectives part I: Receptor-mediated nose-to-brain delivery approaches for glioblastoma.","authors":"Zufika Qamar, Saif Ahmad Khan, Pallavi Kumari, Mariya Khan, Pushadapu Veera Venkata Siva Krishna, Shweta Dang, Sanjula Baboota, Asgar Ali, Javed Ali","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2578384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2025.2578384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive tumor with poor survival rates. Current treatment strategies are hindered by blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the delivery of medication, and by systemic toxicity and insufficient drug levels at the tumor site. A promising new approach, nose-to-brain delivery, offers non-invasive way to bypass the BBB through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways, allowing for direct brain targeting. One promising method, receptor-mediated transport, utilizes receptors found on nasal epithelial cells and glioblastoma cells to enhance drug uptake at the tumor site. However, this approach faces challenges, including difficulties with mucociliary clearance, dosing issues, and variations in medication response among patients.</p><p><strong>Area covered: </strong>This review offers an overview of receptor-mediated nose-to-brain delivery strategies for GBM. It focuses on nasal pathways, transport mechanisms, and key receptors, including transferrin, insulin, folate, and integrins. The review highlights that targeting these receptors can enhance delivery efficiency, increase brain penetration, and facilitate the co-delivery of drugs to address tumor heterogeneity and resistance.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Receptor-mediated intranasal delivery offers a promising strategy for GBM therapy. Advancing this approach will require precise receptor targeting and robust clinical validation to ensure effective translation from bench to bedside.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145338406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Silva Passos, Ana Beatriz Duarte Fonseca, Maria Áurea Lira Feitosa, Rafael Guerra Lund
{"title":"Topical curcumin in the treatment of denture stomatitis: a systematic review of clinical efficacy.","authors":"Amanda Silva Passos, Ana Beatriz Duarte Fonseca, Maria Áurea Lira Feitosa, Rafael Guerra Lund","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2578372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2025.2578372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Conventional treatment for Denture Stomatitis (DS) uses antifungals, but microbial resistance and adverse effects from prolonged use have led to the search for alternatives. In this context, Curcumin shows promise due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This to systematically review evaluates the efficacy of topical curcumin in different drug delivery systems for treating DS, compared to other therapies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two independent reviewers conducted a literature search between August 2024 and March 2025 across seven databases: PubMed, BVS/Medline, EMBASE, SciELO, CAPES Journals, Google Scholar, and BDTD. Clinical trials with no language or publication date restrictions were included. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and evidence quality was evaluated via the GRADE system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search identified 20,675 articles. After applying eligibility criteria, five randomized clinical trials involving 207 participants were included. Drug delivery systems used were mouthwash, ointment, and photodynamic therapy with curcumin solution. All studies reported a reduction in C. albicans colony count. However, the quality of evidence (GRADE) is moderate, with inconsistencies and risk of bias affecting outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Topical use of curcumin can reduce the number of Candida albicans CFU/clinical signs in patients with denture stomatitis, but the quality of the evidence is moderate.</p><p><strong>Protocol registration: </strong>: CRD42024549944.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145338412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janaki Iyer, Arvind Hariharan, Riho Kanai, Yuanyuan Peng, Mohammed Badwelan, Yoshinori Sumita, Simon D Tran
{"title":"Drug and stem cells delivery to salivary glands - a concise review.","authors":"Janaki Iyer, Arvind Hariharan, Riho Kanai, Yuanyuan Peng, Mohammed Badwelan, Yoshinori Sumita, Simon D Tran","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2569641","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2569641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Systemic equilibrium, oral health, and digestion depend on the health of the salivary glands (SGs). SG disorders, such as Sjögren's syndrome, oral and maxillofacial cancer, and radiation-induced damage, are usually associated with xerostomia, which severely impacts the patient's quality of life. Current therapeutic modalities primarily provide symptomatic therapy without addressing the basic underlying tissue damage or promoting regeneration. Emerging pharmacological and stem cell treatments may restore SG function, but tailored delivery, effectiveness, and safety issues restrict their clinical application.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review summarizes preclinical and clinical findings on systemic and localized stem cell and pharmaceutical drug administration. We discuss various SG conditions to match therapy methods to disease-specific demands and underline the necessity for accurate, efficient delivery systems to improve results and reduce adverse effects. We conclude with existing limits, future views, and prospective SG medicine regenerative therapy advancements.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Advancements in drug and stem cell delivery systems for SGs offer the potential to move beyond symptomatic relief and instead regenerate damaged tissues. These approaches promise more targeted, cost-effective, and long-lasting therapies, though challenges like immune rejection, safety, and cost remain significant. Future research should focus on improving stem cell sources, delivery, and tracking, while integrating technologies such as gene editing, nanocarriers, and tissue engineering to enhance efficacy. Ultimately, treatment strategies are shifting toward regenerative solutions aimed at restoring SG function with fewer systemic side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Next-generation bi-gel platforms for site-specific anticancer delivery.","authors":"Somnath Das, Manish Kumar, Subhrojyoti Mukherjee, Sheeba Shafi, Arun Kumar Singh, Manoj Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2575954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2025.2575954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bi-gels are a novel drug delivery system that enhances the regulated and targeted release of anticancer therapies by combining hydrogels and organogels. These dual-phase systems, including a hydrophilic polymer network (hydrogel) and a lipophilic polymer network (organogel), enable the simultaneous administration of hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. In bi-gels, the aqueous and organic phases provide complementary functions.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This study examines the principles of bi-gels, encompassing their definition, composition, gelation processes, and preparation techniques. It emphasizes the design and formulation techniques for cancer treatment, concentrating on polymeric materials, phase roles, and encapsulation parameters. The discussion encompasses targeting strategies including passive mechanisms (EPR effect), active mechanisms (ligand-receptor interactions), and response to the tumor microenvironment. Applications in oncology, namely bi-gel systems treating cutaneous malignancies, are highlighted. The review combines formulation science with therapeutic targeting to introduce bi-gels as potential platforms for regulated drug delivery and improved anticancer effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Bi-gels are sophisticated dual-phase drug carriers created by several gelation processes. They facilitate efficient encapsulation, phase-controlled delivery, and tumor-specific targeting via ligand interactions and microenvironment sensitivity, presenting promising applications in cancer therapy with improved precision and bioavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomimetic nanocarriers for targeted therapy of colorectal cancer.","authors":"Shivam Pathak, Rupam Bera, Anjana Sharma, Dipti Kakkar, Balak Das Kurmi, Pradhi Srivasatava, Maitrayee Ghosh, Nitin Sharma","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2570847","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2570847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Colorectal cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies worldwide, with treatment often hampered by poor drug bioavailability, systemic toxicity, and resistance to conventional therapies. Biomimetic nanocarriers have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations by combining nanotechnology with the biological functions of cell-derived membranes.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review critically examines the design, fabrication, and application of biomimetic nanocarriers specifically for colorectal cancer. Focusing on various membrane coatings, including red blood cells, platelets, and cancer cells, and their role in enhancing drug delivery efficacy. It further explores the application of these nanocarriers in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, photothermal therapy, and cancer theranostics, while also discussing advances in targeting the unique tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer.Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases covering publications from 2012 to May 2025.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Despite encouraging preclinical results, the clinical translation of biomimetic nanocarriers faces challenges including scalability, membrane heterogeneity, immunogenicity, and regulatory hurdles. Furthermore, existing studies often overlook the unique features of the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment. Future research should focus on precision nanomedicine tailored to colorectal cancer, addressing current limitations to enable safer, more effective, and targeted cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tehsin Ullah Khan, Mohamed Sharaf, Sohaib Khan, Khurshid Ahmad, Chen-Guang Liu
{"title":"Advanced nano-delivery systems in <i>H. pylori</i> eradication: targeting, efficacy, and clinical translation.","authors":"Tehsin Ullah Khan, Mohamed Sharaf, Sohaib Khan, Khurshid Ahmad, Chen-Guang Liu","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2569642","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2569642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infections demand innovative therapeutic strategies due to rising antibiotic resistance. This review consolidates recent advances in nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems engineered to optimize antimicrobial efficacy against <i>H. pylori</i>.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We critically examine the design, functionality, and performance of metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, and biomimetic nano-carriers, highlighting their advantages over conventional antibiotic delivery.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Key innovations include: Lipid-based systems enabling synergistic co-delivery of hesperidin (0.064 μg mL⁻¹) and clarithromycin (0.15 mg mL⁻¹) for enhanced drug bioavailability; Polymeric NPs (e.g. rhamnolipid-chitosan hybrids) achieving deep biofilm penetration ( > 99% eradication) within gastric mucus at minimal inhibitory concentrations (32-132 µg/mL). These nanoplatforms demonstrate precision gastric-mucosa targeting, improved penetration of biological barriers, and controlled antimicrobial release. By maximizing localized drug delivery while minimizing systemic exposure, NP-based systems address critical limitations of current therapies, including resistance and microbiota disruption. We further emphasize the need for clinical validation to translate these delivery technologies into standardized treatments, ultimately reducing the global burden of <i>H. pylori</i>-associated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}