3D printed hollow microneedles: the latest innovation in drug delivery.

Introduction: Hollow microneedles (HMNs) offer a minimally invasive and highly efficient method for transdermal drug administration, overcoming the limitations of traditional delivery systems.

Areas covered: This review focuses on recent advancements in 3D-printed HMNs, highlighting their transformative potential in drug delivery applications. The integration of cutting-edge 3D printing technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), has enabled the fabrication of complex, precise, and customizable microneedles (MNs). These innovations facilitate patient-specific applications, enhance drug bioavailability, and provide unparalleled control over dosage and delivery. Advances in biocompatible and biodegradable materials have further improved the safety and functionality of HMNs. Applications range from insulin delivery to biomarker sensing and theranostic systems, showcasing their versatility.

Expert opinion: 3D-printed HMNs are set to play an important role in improving personalized medicine and precision healthcare. By addressing fabrication and design issues, and using new materials, these devices are expected to change drug delivery systems and help develop new therapeutic and diagnostic platforms.