Jianqi Nie, Zhaojing Xu, Yang Sun, He Ren, Zichuan Song, Yan Zhang, Zhonghu Bai
{"title":"Improved productivity of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) via triple transfection of HEK293 cells using perfusion cultivation.","authors":"Jianqi Nie, Zhaojing Xu, Yang Sun, He Ren, Zichuan Song, Yan Zhang, Zhonghu Bai","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03167-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03167-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are the promising viral transfer tools for gene therapy and clinical trials, thanks to their favorable safety profile and long-term transgene expression. The increasing demand for rAAVs for gene therapy led to a rise in the amount of these vectors required for pre-clinical trials, clinical trials, and approved therapeutic applications. A majority of suspension HEK293 cell-based rAAV production protocols reported rely on a triple transfection at cell density below 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL. However, the low yield of such biomanufacturing challenges bioprocess engineers to develop more efficient strategies capable of increasing volumetric productivity. In this study, we developed a perfusion bioprocess to enable rAAV production efficiently at high cell density. We first optimized three key process parameters (the total DNA amount, ratio of polyethyleneimine (PEI) to DNA, and proportion of the three plasmids) of rAAV production at cell density of 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL by the design of experiment method, from which the robust setpoint (total DNA amount of 1.37 μg/mL, ratio of PEI to DNA of 1.52 μL/μg, the proportion of plasmids pHelper 24%, pRC 46%, pGOI 30%) was explored. We then developed a rAAV production process at a cell density of ~ 8 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL, with increasing DNA amount on a cell basis and optimizing transfection complex preparation. This approach was confirmed in a 5 L benchtop bioreactor connected with a perfusion system, resulting in a viral genomic titer of 7.28 × 10<sup>11</sup> vg/mL and a cell-specific viral genomic titer of 4.97 × 10<sup>4</sup> vg/cell. This study demonstrates that the perfusion process coupled with optimized transfection complex preparation has the potential to improve manufacturing productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1159-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clara Bandeira de Carvalho, Vicente Elício Porfiro Sales Gonçalves da Silva, Francisca Kamila Amancio Frutuoso, André Bezerra Dos Santos
{"title":"Influence of saline stress in alternating pulses on aerobic granulation and resource production using different inoculum sources.","authors":"Clara Bandeira de Carvalho, Vicente Elício Porfiro Sales Gonçalves da Silva, Francisca Kamila Amancio Frutuoso, André Bezerra Dos Santos","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03163-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03163-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising technology for wastewater treatment, particularly for its ability to recover valuable resources such as polyhydroxyalkanoates, alginate-like exopolysaccharide, and phosphorus. However, achieving stable granule formation remains a significant challenge. Research has shown that the addition of salt can accelerate the granulation process and enhance bioresource production. The source of the seed biomass is also critical for the system's success, with most AGS studies using activated sludge as the inoculum. This study aims to compare granulation, reactor performance, and bioresource recovery outcomes using inocula from different sources while also evaluating the impact of saline stress. Four sequential batch reactors were monitored, differing in the type of inoculum sludge (biomass from an aerated biofilter or activated sludge systems) and the presence of NaCl in the feed. The saline feed alternated between cycles containing 5 gNaCl/L and conventional feed without NaCl. Osmotic pressure was found to favor granulation and solids accumulation in both types of biomasses. Reactors inoculated with activated sludge and subjected to salt addition achieved complete granulation more rapidly. In contrast, reactors inoculated with submerged aerated biofilter sludge exhibited higher solids concentrations. All systems demonstrated excellent chemical oxygen demand removal, with activated sludge reactors showing superior performance in ammonia and total nitrogen removal and bioresources recovery. Salt addition stimulated the production of extracellular polymeric substances and amino acids such as tyrosine and tryptophan while reducing the intensity of fulvic acid-like substances, irrespective of the inoculum type.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1113-1132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xia Yi, Xinji Li, Jianqi Han, Zhidan Liu, Xiaohui Shi, Tao Wen, Jie Zhu
{"title":"Itaconic acid production from corn stover hydrolysates for a newly isolated Aspergillus terreus through adaptive evolution.","authors":"Xia Yi, Xinji Li, Jianqi Han, Zhidan Liu, Xiaohui Shi, Tao Wen, Jie Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03161-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03161-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Itaconic acid can be produced using lignocellulosic biomass; however, the inhibitors from pretreatment process of biorefinery are toxic to the fermenting strains. Here, with 35.70 ± 0.69 g/L (0.19 ± 0.05 g/L·h and 73.84 ± 0.01%) itaconic acid from shake flask fermentation of synthetic medium (SM), a newly isolated Aspergillus terreus just produced 1.01 ± 0.01 g/L itaconic acid from corn stover hydrolysates (CSH) for the serious block of aldehyde inhibitors and acetic acid. Convincingly, 25.34 ± 3.94 g/L (0.13 ± 0.02 g/L·h and 37.92 ± 3.89%) itaconic acid was achieved from the detoxified CSH (with residual 0.49 g/L acetic acid) using 4.0% activated charcoal. 21.64 ± 2.42 g/L (0.05 ± 0.01 g/L·h and 26.96 ± 7.81%) itaconic acid was further achieved from CSH for the adapted A. terreus with better degradation ability of furanic aldehydes and phenolic aldehydes. Furthermore, the 108 mutation sites of nine genes from adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) for A. terreus were further uncovered through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis, and thus would be responsible for the improved fermentability of itaconic acid from CSH. The current work broke the bottlenecks in itaconic acid fermentation directly from CSH through improving A. terreus using directed evolution technique, and thus would provide a strain biocatalyst A. terreus and establish the alternative strategy to efficiently produce itaconic acid using corn stover.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1069-1087"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-strain synergistic fermentation of waste biomass with bacterial cellulose fermentation wastewater to prepare sustainable detergents.","authors":"Shuangfei Zhang, Jin Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03172-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03172-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthetic surfactants threaten the environment and public health due to their difficult degradation and high toxicity, creating a need for low-energy, high-efficiency green alternatives. Preparing natural surfactants is often expensive, inefficient, and complex, while the resource utilization of bacterial cellulose (BC) fermentation wastewater is still tricky. In this study, waste biomass, including pineapple peel and Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., was combined with BC fermentation wastewater using synergistic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus sp., and Acetobacter sp. to extract triterpene saponins and proteases. This process was used to prepare green detergents enriched with surface-active substances. The results showed that after 10 days of fermentation, the saponin extraction efficiency reached 84.29%, significantly outperforming traditional methods such as ultrasound-assisted alcoholic extraction (16.17%), ultrasound-water immersion (19.00%), double extraction (31.72%), and cellulase-assisted extraction (38.98%). Protease activity reached 36.92 ± 0.20 U/mg. The fermentation broth reduced surface tension by 36.95 mN/m compared to pure water, which improved emulsification and dispersion. It exhibited high surface activity and foam stability with a low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.163 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Green detergents showed a 20.71-45.87% higher efficiency than synthetic detergents in removing carbon black oil (90.38%), sebum (100%), and protein stains (89%). Saponins contributed to this advantage by reducing surface tension (P ≤ 0.01) and enhancing wettability (P ≤ 0.05). This study provides a sustainable new solution for the high-value utilization of waste biomass and BC fermentation wastewater and exhibits the broad prospects of green detergents for environmental and industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1221-1238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jasim Ahmed, Vanita Vinod Kumar, Vinod Kumar, Sabah AlMomin
{"title":"High-pressure treatment of the green and orange Dunaliella salina biomass: effect on particle size distribution, small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology, and microstructure.","authors":"Jasim Ahmed, Vanita Vinod Kumar, Vinod Kumar, Sabah AlMomin","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03160-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03160-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dunaliella salina, a halophilic microalga, is well known for its ability to produce β-carotene and has significant commercial applications. The actively growing green culture turns to orange color due to photosensitization, during which there is a significant reduction in chlorophyll content (chlorophyll A and B: 16.04 and 2.80-1.70, 0.21 mg/g dry basis, respectively) with an increase in carotenoids (α- and β-carotenes: 1.60 and 4.81 mg/g dry basis). This change has been accompanied by a considerable variation in protein content (green: 34.27% and orange: 18.57%) and ash content (green: 38.37% and orange: 58.11%). To avoid extreme heat sensitivity, high-pressure (HP) processing, a nonthermal technology, has been applied to pigment-rich Dunaliella. This research aimed to examine the effects of HP treatment (300-600 MPa/15 min) on the rheological, structural, and particle size distribution of Dunaliella in two consecutive cell growth stages (e.g., green and orange). Oscillatory rheology data displayed a distinct protein denaturation at 57.87 °C for untreated green cells, whereas orange cells did not. Conversely, several denaturation peaks appeared in the HP-treated orange cell suspensions, and those peaks remained unaffected by pressure treatment. Isothermal heating exhibited liquid-like behavior for green cells, whereas the solid-like behavior was evident for orange cells. PSD displayed a shift of unimodal to bimodal distributions of Dunaliella cells after the HP treatment. Orange cells exhibited PSD parameters of Dv<sub>10</sub>: 8.60 μm, Dv<sub>50</sub>: 71.6 μm, and Dv<sub>90</sub>: 255 μm. XRD patterns of both green and orange cells are almost identical, exhibiting several peaks that were attributed to metal ions absorbed by the cells from the growth media. Overall, a significant difference in compositional and functional properties was observed between the green and orange Dunaliella biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1025-1037"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clara Lüchtrath, Eva Forsten, Romeos Polis, Maximilian Hoffmann, Aylin Sara Genis, Anna-Lena Kuhn, Marcel Hövels, Uwe Deppenmeier, Jørgen Magnus, Jochen Büchs
{"title":"Small-scale fed-batch cultivations of Vibrio natriegens: overcoming challenges for early process development.","authors":"Clara Lüchtrath, Eva Forsten, Romeos Polis, Maximilian Hoffmann, Aylin Sara Genis, Anna-Lena Kuhn, Marcel Hövels, Uwe Deppenmeier, Jørgen Magnus, Jochen Büchs","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03159-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03159-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vibrio natriegens is a fast-growing microbial workhorse with high potential for biotechnological applications. However, handling the bacterium in batch processes is challenging due to its high overflow metabolism and mixed acid formation under microaerobic conditions. For early process development, technologies enabling small-scale fed-batch cultivation of V. natriegens Vmax are needed. In this study, fed-batch cultivations in 96-well microtiter plates were successfully online-monitored for the first time with a µTOM device. Using the online-monitored oxygen transfer rate, a scale up to membrane-based fed-batch shake flasks was performed. The overflow metabolism was efficiently minimized by choosing suitable feed rates, and mixed acid formation was prevented. A glucose soft sensor using the oxygen transfer rate provided accurate estimates of glucose consumption throughout the fermentation, eliminating the need for offline sampling. Analyzing the impact of the inducer IPTG on the recombinant production of the enzyme inulosucrase revealed concentration-dependent effects in batch processes. In contrast, fed-batch operating mode resulted in high inulosucrase activity even without induction. Overall, an inulosucrase titer of 80 U/mL was achieved. In conclusion, the advantages of small-scale fed-batch technologies supported by a glucose soft sensor have been demonstrated for early process development for V. natriegens Vmax.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1007-1024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12089209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scaling up biofilm bioreactors for enhanced menaquinone-7 production.","authors":"Aydin Berenjian, Ehsan Mahdinia, Ali Demirci","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03155-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03155-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health benefits of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) are well-established, and its production through fermentation techniques is widespread. Our team developed an innovative biofilm reactor utilizing Bacillus subtilis natto cells to foster biofilm growth on plastic composite supports to produce MK-7. The scalability of this biofilm reactor from a 2-L benchtop scale in our laboratory and its potential for commercial applications pose significant unresolved questions. Therefore, the current research was aimed to scale up the biofilm reactor from bench scale (2-L) to the pilot scale (30-L) bioreactor. Three strategies were evaluated to understand their impact on MK-7 biosynthesis during bioreactor volume expansion: volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k<sub>L</sub>a), agitation power input per unit volume (P/V), and impeller tip velocity (V<sub>tip</sub>). While k<sub>L</sub>a was successfully maintained during scaling, P/V and V<sub>tip</sub> varied and were assessed for their influence on MK-7 production. After investigating these methods, it was found that the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k<sub>L</sub>a) constant method proved to be the most effective one. The optimum MK-7 concentration achieved was 21.0 ± 1.0 mg/L, comparable to the highest MK-7 concentration of 20.6 ± 1.0 attained at the 2-L scale. This showcases the scalability of biofilm bioreactor technology and its promising potential for commercial production of MK-7. Furthermore, we explored the potential of fed-batch glucose addition to the base media in the biofilm reactor to enhance MK-7 concentration at the 30-L scale. Remarkably, results demonstrated that fed-batch strategy significantly increased MK-7 concentrations to 28.7 ± 0.3 mg/L, which made it almost 2.3-fold higher than levels produced in suspended-cell bioreactors. This finding highlights the potential of biofilm reactors as a promising replacement to the current static fermentation strategies for commercial production of MK-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"971-979"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visualization of fluorescently labeled lipase distribution characteristics at the oil-water interface.","authors":"Xian Du, Chunxiao Zhang, Biyu Peng","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03157-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03157-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A method based on fluorescently labeled enzyme proteins was established to visualize the absorption properties of lipase at the oil-water interface, and it can be used for the effective observation of the distribution characteristics of lipase at the oil-water interface. The optimal conditions for observation include the following: oil content of 10-20% (wt%), concentration of fluorescently labelled enzyme protein of 0.25 mg/mL, reaction temperature of 25-30 °C, emulsion dispersion and stirring time of 10 min, and emulsion resting time of 30-120 s. Based on this method, a preliminary analysis of the effects of oil and lipase species on the distribution characteristics of lipase at the oil-water interface was performed. The results reveal that differences in the distributions of lipase at the oil-water interface of various fats and oils had a certain degree of correspondence with their specificity and that the distribution characteristics of the lipases on the surface of olive oil enabled effective catalytic hydrolysis to a certain extent. This method is a more objective guide for the development of lipase application technology in the fields of tanning, fur making, glue making, detergents, and sewage treatment and so on.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"981-992"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kátia Dos Santos Morais, Ederson Paulo Xavier Guilherme, Bruna Dos Santos Menezes, Marcus Bruno Soares Forte, Patrícia Lopes Leal, Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira
{"title":"Study of the pretreatment and hydrolysis of a mixture of coffee husk, cowpea bean husk and cocoa pod for bacterial cellulose production.","authors":"Kátia Dos Santos Morais, Ederson Paulo Xavier Guilherme, Bruna Dos Santos Menezes, Marcus Bruno Soares Forte, Patrícia Lopes Leal, Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03158-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03158-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agro-industrial solid residues (AISR) need to be valued as rich sources of nutrients and energy. This work aimed to obtain reducing sugars (RS) from a mixture of coffee husk (CF), cowpea bean husk (BE) and cocoa pod (CO) to produce bacterial cellulose (BC), a versatile alternative to plant cellulose. The most adequate conditions for pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were selected with the Design of Experiments statistical tool for, respectively, a first solid load of 10% (w/v) of a mixture of CF:BE:CO = 2:8:2 in 0.25% (v/v) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, followed by a second solid load of 20% (w/v) in sodium citrate buffer [pH = 4.8 and] with 10 FPU/mg of cellulases. A hydrolysate was obtained, after 48 h of hydrolysis, containing 54.45 ± 2.61% (w/w) of glucose with a cellulose digestibility of almost 87%. This hydrolysate was added to nutrients and 20 g of pure glucose and was used in the cultivation of Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 23769 and resulted in BC = 179.00 ± 33.95 g/L (w. b.). These results encourage the biotechnological use of different AISR in mixtures to produce RS in order to obtain valuable materials, such as BC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"993-1006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12089151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modification of carbonyl reductase based on substrate pocket loop regions alteration: an application for synthesis of duloxetine chiral intermediate in high efficiency.","authors":"Xiao-Jian Zhang, Kai-Li Chen, Xiang-Yang Li, Qi-Qi Yuan, Chao-Ping Lin, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Yu-Guo Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s00449-025-03152-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-025-03152-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Duloxetine, a prominent 5-hydroxytryptamine norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is deployed mainly in the management of adult depression, showcasing minimal side effects, swift therapeutic onset, and a robust safety profile. Ethyl (S)-3-hydroxy-3-(2-thienyl)propionate ((S)-HEES) is the crucial chiral intermediate for duloxetine production. Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-HEES using carbonyl reductase as the biocatalyst has exhibited advantages including mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency and environmental friendliness. In the present study, a loop region alteration strategy was developed to screen for a carbonyl reductase for (S)-HEES synthesis and EaSDR6 from Exiguobacterium sp. s126 was identified with considerable catalytic performance and broad substrate adaptability. Site-directed mutagenesis was subsequently performed, Mut-R142A/N204A was identified with a 3.6-fold enhancement in activity relative to the wild-type EaSDR6. The mutant k<sub>cat</sub> value was 52.5 s<sup>-1</sup>, 2.9-fold compared to the wild type, and the total catalytic efficiency (k<sub>cat</sub>/K<sub>M</sub>) was 24.9 mM<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, 1.9-fold higher than the wild type. The n-butyl acetate-aqueous biphasic bioreaction system was established for the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-HEES with the conversion of ethyl 3-oxo-3-(2-thienyl)propionate (KEES) of 90.2%, the product e.e. of > 99% after 8 h reaction at a substrate concentration of 200 g/L. The spatiotemporal yield reached 22.5 g/(L·h), which was higher than the ever reports about (S)-HEES biosynthesis. The present research provides new knowledge and technology for the construction of stereoselective carbonyl reductase and the green biosynthesis of chiral alcohol pharmaceutical intermediates.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"927-937"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}