Rafaela Canassa Maiolini, Ana Beatriz do Amaral Oliveira, João Lucas de Oliveira Dantas, Fábio Augusto Bispo Júnior, Guilherme Ferreira Caetano, Ricardo José de Mendonça, Patrícia Soares Santiago
{"title":"A bioprocessing approach for osteogenic differentiation: combining electrical stimulation with the F1 protein fraction from natural latex of Hevea brasiliensis.","authors":"Rafaela Canassa Maiolini, Ana Beatriz do Amaral Oliveira, João Lucas de Oliveira Dantas, Fábio Augusto Bispo Júnior, Guilherme Ferreira Caetano, Ricardo José de Mendonça, Patrícia Soares Santiago","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03366-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03366-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rising life expectancy and aging of bones have created a demand for new treatments for fractures and bone loss. Tissue engineering and development of scalable bioprocesses are emerging as a promising solution for tissue repair. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow of Wistar rats subjected to electrical stimulation (ES) and cultured with F1 protein fraction from the latex of the Hevea brasiliensis rubber tree. Additionally, the study aimed to analyze the expression of genes related to osteogenesis. Cell viability (MTT) and osteogenic differentiation (Alizarin red) assays were performed using ES of 60 s, 150 s, and 300 s at 10 μA. The medium was supplemented with F1 at concentrations of 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01%. For gene expression analyses, cells were stimulated for 60 s and 300 s and supplemented with 0.001% and 0.0001% F1. All experimental conditions demonstrated cell viability above 70% with no cytotoxicity. Osteogenic differentiation exceeded 80%, with the ES-60 s group combined with 0.0001% F1 showing the highest efficacy. Expression of Bmp2 and Ltype genes increased with 60 s F1-0.001% and 0.0001%. Col1a1 gene expression was higher with F1-0.001% and ES-300 s, while Alp and Runx2 were prominent with F1-0.0001%. Camk2 showed increased expression with F1-0.001% at 60 s and 300 s. F1 protein fraction of latex has a significant biological effect on promoting the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, especially when combined with ES. This highlights its potential as a therapeutic option in regenerative medicine for bone repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1827-1836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing methane production from corn stover through thermophilic anaerobic digestion and digestate recirculation: performance and the microbial community.","authors":"Xinhui Yu, Chunshuang Wang, Fangtong Wei, Haipeng Wang, Shaojie Bi, Changjiang Zhao, Qin Yao, Yanjie Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03364-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03364-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural residues, such as corn stover, generate more than 2 billion tons of biomass annually, presenting challenges for efficient bioenergy conversion due to their lignocellulosic structure and microbial instability under suboptimal conditions. These limitations reduce methane yields and hinder system scalability in anaerobic digestion processes. This study examined the effects of temperature variations and digestate recirculation on methane production from corn stover. Batch biochemical methane potential assays were conducted at 25 °C, 37 °C, and 55 °C, followed by continuous stirred-tank reactor experiments with organic loading rates of 2.1-3.1 g VS/(L·d); microbial community analysis involved 16 S rRNA sequencing and correlation assessments. The thermophilic conditions (55 °C) resulted in methane yields of 218 mL/g VS, representing increases of 169% and 12% over the psychrophilic (25 °C) and mesophilic (37 °C) conditions; digestate recirculation in the continuous reactors reduced volatile fatty acid accumulation by 23-55% and increased yields to 162 mL/g VS at 2.6 g VS/(L·d), with shifts in the bacterial and archaeal communities favoring lignocellulose degradation and methanogenesis. These results demonstrate improved anaerobic digestion efficiency through integrated strategies, advanced bioenergy production and waste conversion by optimizing microbial stability and process kinetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1799-1811"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration of feather waste hydrolysis, enzyme production, and cultivation of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) and its potential economic and environmental benefits.","authors":"Keletso Masisi, Matthews Mokoba, Lesedi Lebogang, Amare Gessesse","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03354-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03354-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study feather hydrolysate served as the sole nitrogen source for the cultivation of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) replacing nitrate used in the standard medium. Although Spirulina is well known for its excellent nutritional content ideal for food and animal feed application and it allows a climate smart production system, its wide use remains limited because of high production cost. The growth medium used for cultivation where nitrate serves as the nitrogen source has significant contribution to the high production cost. Therefore, the use of cheaper growth substrates could help lower production cost and make Spirulina biomass accessible to most users. The feather hydrolysate used in this study was prepared through microbial solubilization which also resulted in the production of a protease that has properties suitable for different industrial applications. The whole feather hydrolysate and the enzyme-free feather hydrolysate obtained after recovery of the enzyme supported good growth of Spirulina equivalent to nitrate in the standard medium. Currently the poultry industry releases huge quantities of feather as waste posing serious risks of environmental pollution. The results of this study, therefore, indicate that feather could serve as a cheap substrate to produce an industrially important enzyme while the enzyme free hydrolysate serve as a substrate for the cultivation of Spirulina. This process, in addition to lowering production costs, could help to reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, integration of feather hydrolysis, enzyme production, and Spirulina cultivation could lead to a circular bioeconomy offering huge environmental and economic benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1959-1968"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148293276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaojie Bi, Fangtong Wei, Jiayi Yu, Liyi Guo, Lili Guo, Chunshuang Wang, Haipeng Wang, Xinhui Yu, Sisi Huang, Yanjie Wang
{"title":"NaOH-urea pretreatment of corn stover under outdoor cold conditions for enhanced biodegradability and anaerobic methane yield.","authors":"Shaojie Bi, Fangtong Wei, Jiayi Yu, Liyi Guo, Lili Guo, Chunshuang Wang, Haipeng Wang, Xinhui Yu, Sisi Huang, Yanjie Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03368-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03368-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lignocellulosic biomass, including corn stover, offers substantial potential for sustainable methane production through anaerobic digestion, yet its recalcitrant structure limits efficiency and contributes to environmental waste. This study investigated the optimization of outdoor freezing temperature NaOH-urea pretreatment to address gaps in outdoor application and resource efficiency. The objectives included evaluating the effects of storage period, NaOH-urea concentration, and solid-to-liquid ratios on substrate composition and digestion performance. The methods involved preparing NaOH-urea solutions, pretreating corn stover under outdoor conditions (-20 ± 5 °C for up to 90 days), conducting batch and continuous anaerobic digestion assays, and analyzing structural changes via fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed 64.9% lignin removal, an increase in cellulose crystallinity from 55.3% to 78.8%, and methane yields increasing from 151 mL/g VS in untreated samples to 252 mL/g VS in pretreated samples, with kinetic modeling indicating faster production rates. These outcomes demonstrate enhanced substrate biodegradability and process efficiency, support scalable bioenergy systems, reduce energy demands in cold regions, and contribute to renewable energy policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1853-1867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One-pot bioprocessing: dynamics and opportunities for integrated multiproduct recovery-a review.","authors":"Daniel O Ojwang, Sammy K Chebon, Francis J Mulaa","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03341-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03341-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One-pot bioprocessing (OPB) represents an integrated strategy for biomass valorization within a single reactor rather than across sequential, isolated units. By consolidating formation-stage steps that are traditionally separated, OPB can lower capital intensity and reduce intermediate losses. It may also improve carbon utilization under specific conditions compared with conventional modular biorefineries optimized around a single product. Despite these advantages, OPB has yet to achieve robust scalability. This review examines the dynamic processes governing biomass fractionation into individual constituents and biocatalytic transformation in single-reactor systems. It synthesizes recent advances in metabolic engineering, process intensification, and dynamic flux control to assess how biological network behavior, thermodynamic feasibility, and reactor-scale transport phenomena jointly constrain feasible product combinations within integrated one-pot systems. Persistent limitations arising from metabolic trade-offs, physicochemical incompatibilities, and increasing control complexity are evaluated alongside emerging enabling strategies, including dynamic metabolic regulation, hybrid one-pot architectures, and digital bioprocess twins. This work provides a data-informed framework indicating that effective one-pot bioprocess design depends on aligning biological compatibility, control capacity, and operational robustness to support adaptive and anticipatory control of multiproduct formation dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1753-1766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147833232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixture design optimisation of anaerobic co-digestion of human excreta and livestock manure for enhanced methane production.","authors":"Ftimbé Laré, Seyram K Sossou, Yacouba Konaté","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03373-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03373-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficient valorisation of human excreta and livestock manure via anaerobic co-digestion remains a major challenge for decentralised biogas toilet systems in low-resource settings. This study aimed to optimise substrate mixtures to enhance methane production using a statistically based mixture design. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays were conducted with human excreta, cow dung, pig slurry, and sheep droppings under mesophilic conditions (35 ± 2 °C). A quaternary mixture design, combined with response surface methodology and kinetic modelling, was used to evaluate interaction effects and identify optimal blending ratios under realistic constraints on the availability of household substrates. Results showed that co-digesting human excreta with livestock manure increased methane yield compared with mono-digestion. Co-digesting human excreta with pig slurry increased methane yield by up to 65% relative to human excreta alone (151.72 NmL CH<sub>4</sub>·g<sup>- 1</sup> VS added). The most effective mixture was 10.87% human excreta and 89.13% pig slurry, yielding 265.88 NmL CH<sub>4</sub>·g<sup>- 1</sup> VS added. Kinetic modelling using the modified Gompertz equation indicated that this synergistic effect was associated with a longer lag phase (Δλ = 0.74-1.87 days), suggesting microbial acclimation to the mixed substrate. These insights support the design of digesters that advance sustainable sanitation and energy recovery for low-resource communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1909-1922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multivariate analysis of the effects of high seeding density on therapeutic protein production and sialylation in an intensified CHO cell culture process.","authors":"Hoon-Min Lee, Hyun-Seung Kim, Yeon-Gu Kim","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03361-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03361-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intensified processes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture are increasingly implemented to enhance therapeutic protein production in biopharmaceutical manufacturing; however, their impact on glycan-related product quality attributes, particularly terminal sialylation, remains insufficiently characterized. In this study, a design of experiments approach combined with an Ambr<sup>®</sup> 250 high-throughput bioreactor system was used to evaluate the effects of key process parameters on cell culture performance and glycan quality in recombinant CHO cells producing an Fc-fusion glycoprotein under intensified conditions. Three factors-seeding density, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO)-were evaluated using a Box-Behnken design. Their effects on the integral of viable cell density (IVCD), product titer, and tetra-sialylation level were quantified using response surface modeling. Regression analysis identified seeding density and pH as the primary parameters influencing the balance between product titer and glycan maturation, whereas DO showed comparatively minor effects. Increasing seeding density significantly enhanced IVCD and product titer but reduced terminal sialylation, particularly at elevated pH, indicating a trade-off between process intensification and glycan quality. By integrating predefined criteria for product titer and tetra-sialylation, a probabilistic design space was established, and a robust operating condition was identified at pH 6.9 with a moderate seeding density. Experimental validation confirmed balanced protein production and sialylation under this condition, whereas higher seeding densities did not maintain acceptable glycan quality. These findings highlight the importance of multivariate optimization in defining operating ranges that support both high protein production and consistent product quality in intensified CHO cell culture processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1785-1797"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148216184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jin Zhang, Xiaojie Ren, Xinyu Zhang, Jiangsen Pei, Lu Sun, Weihong Huang, Shangjing Liu, Yanyan Zheng, Xinhe Zhao
{"title":"Metabolic mechanisms underlying osmoprotectant-enhanced xylitol biosynthesis from glucose by Zygoascus hellenicus.","authors":"Jin Zhang, Xiaojie Ren, Xinyu Zhang, Jiangsen Pei, Lu Sun, Weihong Huang, Shangjing Liu, Yanyan Zheng, Xinhe Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03365-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03365-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xylitol, a high-value sugar alcohol, holds significant potential for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Biomanufacturing xylitol from low-cost, green feedstocks provides a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive and highly polluting chemical synthesis process. Current research primarily focuses on xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion, whereas native glucose-to-xylitol converters remain underexplored. In particular, a systematic understanding of their osmotic stress adaptation and metabolic regulation is lacking, which directly impedes the scale-up of xylitol production from low-cost glucose. To address this gap, this study investigated Zygoascus hellenicus, an osmotolerant yeast capable of directly converting glucose to xylitol, and proposed a novel strategy to enhance xylitol production by supplementing exogenous osmoprotectants. Results showed that adding 80 mL/L glycerol or 80 g/L trehalose increased xylitol titers to 28.44 g/L and 23.63 g/L, representing improvements of 41.99% and 17.99%, respectively, compared with the control group. Mechanistic investigations revealed the dual regulatory roles of these osmoprotectants. Physiologically, they enhanced osmotic tolerance, preserved membrane integrity, and stabilized enzyme activity. Metabolically, they significantly activated key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (G6PDH and 6PGDH) and inhibited glycolytic enzymes, thereby redirecting carbon flux toward xylitol biosynthesis. Dynamic metabolic flux analysis (dMFA) further confirmed that osmoprotectant treatment substantially increased the metabolic flux through the xylitol synthesis pathway mediated by G6PDH and 6PGDH, while reducing carbon flow in glycolysis. This study provides mechanism-based insights into xylitol production from glucose in a native producer, revealing a green and alternative glucose-based biomanufacturing route.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1813-1826"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148248925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanostructures from yeast strains isolated from kombucha and beetroot kwass for antimicrobial thin film applications.","authors":"Gülden Kılıç, Gökhan Gurur Gökmen, Yogendra Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03372-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03372-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing demand for sustainable antimicrobial materials has accelerated the development of environmentally friendly synthesis strategies that minimize the use of hazardous chemicals and energy-intensive processes. However, the application of unconventional yeast strains for integrated nanoparticle production and thin film fabrication remains largely unexplored. In this study, yeast strains isolated from kombucha and beetroot kvass were employed for the extracellular biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), followed by thin film fabrication, enabling systematic investigation of structure-property-antibacterial relationships. This approach provides a sustainable route for developing biologically derived antimicrobial materials with potential relevance to food and biomedical applications. ZnO NPs were synthesized and deposited as thin films via spin coating. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) confirmed nanoparticle formation, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed agglomerated nanoparticles and homogeneous nanoscale films. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified elemental composition, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified monoclinic and cubic crystalline phases with crystallite sizes ranging from 8.78 to 19.40 nm, whereas thin films displayed predominantly amorphous characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified characteristic absorption bands associated with Zn-O vibrations and surface functional groups. Water contact angle (WCA) analysis indicated hydrophilic surfaces. ZnO NPs exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Although thin films produced smaller inhibition zones, complete bacterial inactivation was achieved within 2 h under direct-contact conditions. These findings demonstrate the potential of biosynthesized ZnO nanostructures as sustainable antimicrobial platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1885-1907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed A Bhran, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Indumathi Thangavelu, Srinivas Tadepalli
{"title":"Copper coated β-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial and selective anticancer activity: structural, optical, and biological insights.","authors":"Ahmed A Bhran, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Indumathi Thangavelu, Srinivas Tadepalli","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03374-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03374-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial infections and cancer remain major challenges in biomedical applications, highlighting the need for multifunctional nanomaterials with enhanced antibacterial and anticancer properties. This study aimed to develop copper-coated β-tricalcium phosphate (Cu@β-TCP nanoparticles) nanoparticles to address these challenges. XRD confirmed retention of the rhombohedral β-TCP structure with reduced crystallite size after copper coating (18 ± 1.5 nm vs. 25 ± 2 nm). SEM, TEM, and DLS revealed smaller, spherical, and well-dispersed Cu@β-TCP nanoparticles. FTIR and XPS indicated preserved phosphate groups and successful copper deposition. Cu@β-TCP nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial and antifungal activity, lower MIC values, and faster bacterial killing compared to β-TCP. Cytotoxicity studies against MG-63 osteosarcoma cells showed IC₅₀ values for Cu@β-TCP nanoparticles of 119.2 µg/mL (24 h), 109.8 µg/mL (48 h), and 100.8 µg/mL (72 h), compared to 127.3 µg/mL, 120.6 µg/mL, and 115.6 µg/mL for β-TCP, while maintaining high fibroblast viability (> 81%). These results demonstrate that copper coating enhances the physicochemical properties, selective cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial performance of β-TCP, making Cu@β-TCP nanoparticles a promising candidate for biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1923-1938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}