Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Influences of light quality on the flashing light effect to enhance growth and CO₂ fixation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.","authors":"Yu Xia, Yuming Chen, Qing Ye, Xiaoyu Ji, Xiaolin Zhu, Jiangyang Du, Zhongfa Hu, Qilin Cai, Xi Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03392-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03392-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgal CO₂ fixation is a promising strategy for industrial carbon capture, yet its application remains limited by inefficient light utilization. Although the flashing light effect has been explored as a light-management strategy for improving photon utilization in microalgal cultivation, its effectiveness depends on spectral composition, flashing frequency, duty cycle, and cultivation conditions. In this study, light quality, including red (R), blue (B), white (W), and mixed red-blue (RB) light, and PWM flashing parameters, including frequency (10-1000 Hz) and duty cycle (30%-90%), were manipulated to evaluate their effects on the growth, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, biomass-based apparent CO₂ fixation, biochemical composition, and antioxidant responses of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Under the cultivation conditions, mixed red-blue light (R: B = 1:5) combined with 200 Hz flashing and a 50% duty cycle increased biomass yield by 58%, biomass-based apparent CO₂ fixation rate by 60%, and lipid yield by 41.9% relative to the continuous white-light reference. These responses were accompanied by improved PSII photochemical performance and coordinated antioxidant responses, suggesting that the optimized red-blue PWM regime helped maintain a more favorable balance between photochemical energy conversion and downstream biomass formation under the tested conditions. Overall, these results provide evidence that spectral optimization combined with PWM flashing illumination can improve the cultivation performance of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, offering physiological insights for light-management strategies and high-performance photobioreactor design.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2253-2270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming the limits of traditional rate calculations from sparse concentration data: a probabilistic framework for bioprocess modeling.","authors":"Anne Richelle, David Andersson, Anton Vernersson, Olivier Cloarec, Johan Trygg","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03382-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03382-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate estimation of growth and metabolic rates is essential for understanding and optimizing bioprocesses, yet traditional methods often fail when faced with sparse or noisy concentration data. We present MetRaC, a probabilistic framework based on Bayesian inference and Nested Sampling that addresses these challenges by integrating biological knowledge directly into the model structure. The approach transforms raw concentration measurements into pseudo-concentrations that account for distortions caused by bioreactor volume changes (e.g., feed additions, sample withdrawals), and models metabolic rates as linear combinations of basis functions to yield continuous rate profiles from discrete data. Using in-silico simulations, we evaluated the framework under a range of experimental conditions and compared its performance with a conventional rate calculation method. We further analyzed the influence of key experimental design parameters - sampling frequency, sample volume, and measurement noise - on both rate estimation accuracy and concentration reconstruction quality. Results demonstrate that the proposed framework delivers accurate, robust metabolic rate estimates even under severe data sparsity and noise, offering a powerful tool for improving bioprocess characterization and optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2147-2161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and preliminary physicochemical characterization of a Ramucirumab biosimilar candidate in CHO cells using shake-flask fed-batch culture.","authors":"Elcin Cagatay, Yonca Gungor, Sadettin S Ozturk, Hulya Ayar Kayali","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03358-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03358-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies requires strict control of critical quality attributes and a detailed understanding of cell culture performance. This study describes the development and preliminary physicochemical characterization of a candidate biosimilar monoclonal antibody targeting VEGFR-2 produced in CHO cells. Seventy-five clones generated through gene transfection were screened based on productivity and cell viability. Culture parameters including pH, glucose concentration, cell growth, and cell specific productivity (Qp) were monitored to evaluate their influence on production performance. Eight high producing clones were selected for shake-flask scale fed-batch production. The lead clone achieved a final titer of 2.79 g/L. The biosimilar candidates were characterized using intact mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, glycan analysis, and peptide mapping. Binding affinities were evaluated using SPR, demonstrating comparable interaction with VEGFR-2. The analytical results demonstrated structural similarity to the reference product with no critical differences in purity, charge variants, glycosylation patterns, or binding affinity. These findings demonstrate the importance of systematic clone screening and upstream process monitoring for achieving consistent product quality in biosimilar antibody production and provide practical insights for mammalian cell-based bioprocess development.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2033-2043"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148026894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operationalizing digital twins in biomanufacturing through interoperable process analytical technology.","authors":"Abhijeet Satwekar, M Cyndell Gracieux-Singleton, Chris Cummings, Jonquil A R Horton, Monica Accerbi, Veerabhadraiah Palakollu, Ryan R Barton, Sandeep Kedia, Thomas Cornish, Katharina S Yandrofski, Roger Hart, Dannielle Berlinghieri, James Saylor, Kelvin H Lee","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03369-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03369-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) within digital twin architecture represents an important advancement in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. While existing literature has separately addressed digital twin dimensions, interoperability levels, and manufacturing standards, their systematic integration for real-time bioprocess control remains underexplored. Our work provides an operational framework that bridges established frameworks on digital twin dimensions with hierarchical interoperability levels. Our conceptual framework establishes an interoperability \"triangle\" wherein Data and Connection dimensions function as the central hub linking Physical and Virtual entities with Services to enable model-based predictive control (MPC) through PAT integration. We exemplify the practical application of our proposed approach using a galactosylation adaptive control case study that spans purpose-driven systematic technology assessment to operational deployment at the testbed. Our study provides theoretical advancement in digital twin operationalization and a practical approach for implementing MPC-enabled PAT systems in highly regulated biopharmaceutical manufacturing, with potential for applicability across multiple critical quality attributes, unit operations, and manufacturing scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2061-2083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148468685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering growth independent production: programmable control loops for high-titer rhamnolipids for improved green surfactant sustainability.","authors":"Vivek Kumar Gaur, Shweta, Yashika Raheja, Satish Kumar Ainala, Ajay Kumar, Janmejai Kumar Srivastava","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03375-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03375-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhamnolipid biosurfactants have garnered significant attention as renewable, biodegradable alternatives to conventional, petroleum-derived surfactants, aligning closely with global sustainable development goals. Nevertheless, their commercial viability remains hampered by intrinsic production challenges mainly suboptimal production titers, expensive downstream recovery, and biosafety constraints of native producers. This review synthesizes current advances within an integrated framework that couples metabolic pathway optimization with strategies to enhance titer, rate, and yield (TRY), high-cell-density cultivation, and cost-effective downstream processing. Key innovations in pathway engineering such as elimination of competing routes and cofactor rebalancing are examined alongside dynamic regulatory systems that decouple growth from product formation. Process intensification techniques, including in situ foam control and membrane-based separations, are evaluated for their impact on purification efficiency and overall process economics. Critical research gaps and limitations are identified, with recommendations for future efforts to bridge metabolic landscape and scale-up implementation. Finally, potential market-ready rhamnolipid formulations are discussed, illustrating their application spectrum from agriculture and personal care to environmental remediation and healthcare. By contextualizing synthetic biology breakthroughs within rigorous techno-economic and life-cycle assessments, this review maps a clear trajectory toward the industrial deployment of truly sustainable glycolipid biosurfactants.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1979-1991"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-energy treatment of decentralized kitchen wastewater: removal efficiency, stability, and microbial characteristics of ITBR in application.","authors":"Kai Li, Wenhao Sun, Zhijun Ren, Yaxin Zheng, Hui Zhou, Xueying Li, Han Wang, Yanyan Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03390-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03390-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An integrated two-stage biofilm reactor (ITBR) with a capacity of 16.4 m³/d and a footprint of 28.5 m² was designed and field-tested for decentralized treatment of rural kitchen wastewater in mountainous Guizhou, China. Employing sludge immobilization, gravity flow, and two-stage low-oxygen aeration, the ITBR achieved average removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended solids (SS) of 92.9 ± 1.6%, 83.6 ± 2.2%, 86.0 ± 1.9%, 84.7 ± 5.9%, and 93.0 ± 4.1%, respectively, with robust stability under fluctuating influent load, temperature, and HRT. Optimized aeration at 341 m³/d in Stage I and 225 m³/d in Stage II yielded volumetric removal loads of 1.30 kg COD/(m³·d) and 0.03 kg NH₄⁺-N/(m³·d) at an energy consumption of only 0.234 kWh/m³. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing revealed abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and filamentous bacteria in both stages; Thiothrix and Candidatus Microthrix dominated Stage I and Stage II, respectively, The EPS matrix and filamentous bacteria played a critical role in microbial immobilization and overall system stability. These findings provided essential biological insights for the optimization and control of the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"2239-2251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148547671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching of biodetoxification stage to microbial lipid fermentation stage by adding fungicide sodium hypochlorite in lignocellulosic biorefining process.","authors":"Bin Zhang, Eric Principe Umutumwa, Chaolong Qu, Shinan Wu, Tao Han, Lixia Pan, Jie Bao","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03363-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03363-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biodetoxification serves as a crucial bridge between pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation in lignocellulosic biorefinery chain by selectively removing inhibitors generated from harsh pretreatment process and improving the fermentability of hydrolysate. However, few research paid attention to effectively eliminating the biodetoxification microorganisms and preventing them from competing with fermenting strains for substrates. In this study, the biodetoxification fungus Paecilomyces variotii ZW70 efficiently removed 100% of 5-HMF, 100% of furfural, and 52.7% of acetic acid from wheat straw hydrolysate within 23 h, with the fermentable sugar loss of only 0.2%. Nevertheless, the robust environmental adaptability of P. variotii ZW70 allowed its survival during fermentation, leading to 62.6% reduction in subsequent microbial lipid production by Trichosporon cutaneum. Sodium hypochlorite, a chlorination-based reagent for water disinfection, was thus added into the biodetoxified hydrolysate and evaluated as a fungicide for fast switching of biodetoxification stage to fermentation stage. The results showed that almost no viable P. variotii ZW70 colonies were detected following a 30 min of exposure to 1.5 g/L sodium hypochlorite in biodetoxified wheat straw hydrolysate. The lipid titer reached 20.8 ± 1.3 g/L using biodetoxified and activated wheat straw hydrolysate. Cells morphology and staining showed that the inactivation of P. variotii in biodetoxified hydrolysate by adding sodium hypochlorite eliminated the competitive inhibition of P. variotii on oleaginous yeast T. cutaneum, and improved the lipid accumulation. This study provides a straightforward solution for inactivation of biodetoxification microorganisms in lignocellulosic biorefinery chain, significantly improving the cellulosic lipid fermentation performance under aerobic condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1969-1978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"10 years of CRISPR/CAS genomic engineering in Yarrowia lipolytica.","authors":"Rodrigo Gonçalves Dias, Fernanda Pinheiro Moreira Freitas, Samuel Lessa Barbosa, João Victor Marques Gonçalves Assis, Thaynara Lorenzoni Entringer, Juliana Silva Carneiro Fonseca, Miguel Edmundo Romanizio, Bruno Brayan Zanotti Pimentel, Maria Emilene Martino Campos-Galvão, Nívea Moreira Vieira, Luciano Gomes Fietto, Agustin Zsögön, Wendel Batista da Silveira","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03347-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03347-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yarrowia lipolytica is a versatile cell factory widely used in bioprocesses for producing lipids, organic acids, and other high-value compounds. Historically, its genetic engineering was constrained by low homologous recombination (HR) efficiency and the predominance of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), limiting strain development and metabolic pathway optimization. The advent of CRISPR-Cas technologies has revolutionized genome editing in Y. lipolytica, enabling precise, efficient, and multiplexed modifications. Innovations such as pCAS1yl and pCRISPRyl plasmids, along with genomic Cas9 integration, have enhanced targeted editing efficiency. CRISPR applications now extend to metabolic engineering for lipids, itaconic acid, erythritol, and other compounds. Beyond canonical Cas9, alternative systems, including CRISPRa, Cas12a, base editors, and sgRNA libraries, provide increased flexibility and functional diversity. Central to these approaches is the rational design of guide RNAs (gRNAs), supported by bioinformatics platforms such as CHOPCHOP v3, CRISPOR, CCTop, and Cas-OFFinder, which assist in target site selection, off-target prediction, and editing optimization. This review summarizes the main CRISPR/Cas9 applications in Y. lipolytica, highlighting key engineered strains and emphasizing the critical role of bioinformatics in improving editing strategies. We also propose a pipeline for systematic gRNA design based on published evidence and discuss future perspectives, including the integration of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and emerging CRISPR variants to further advance yeast metabolic engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1767-1783"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148004474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated cellulase continuous production and downstream processing using a packed-bed bioreactor for solid-state fermentation by thermophilic fungus.","authors":"Nilton S C Mafra, Fernanda P Casciatori","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03371-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03371-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In situ cellulase production is a key strategy to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and robustness of second-generation bioethanol processes. However, limitations related to heat transfer, bioreactor operation, and downstream processing still hinder large-scale implementation of solid-state fermentation (SSF) for enzymes production. This study systematically evaluated the integrated production, extraction, recovery and stabilization of endoglucanase from the cultivation of Myceliophthora thermophila I-1D3b in a multilayer packed-bed bioreactor operated under batch and continuous modes, using sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran (7:3 w/w) as substrate. Fermentations were carried at 45 °C for 96 h, and the enzymatic extracts were characterized as a function of pH and temperature, as well as subjected to concentration by ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitation. Maximum enzymatic activity was achieved at 60 °C and pH 4.0, confirming a thermoacidophilic profile suitable for industrial applications. Ammonium sulfate precipitation outperformed ethanol, achieving 78.7% of recovering of total units of enzymatic activity from the raw extract and an activity of 156 U·g.d.s⁻¹ (enzyme units per gram of dry substrate), whereas ethanol resulted in significant activity losses under the evaluated conditions. Within the bioreactor, maximum temperatures reached 48.2 °C (batch) and 48.9 °C (continuous), indicating effective mitigation of overheating. Increasing percolation water flow rate significantly enhanced enzyme recovery, highlighting mass transfer as a key limiting factor in downstream performance. Similar average activities were obtained for batch (95.63 ± 28.37 U·g.d.s⁻¹) and continuous operation (96.36 ± 4.63 U·g.d.s⁻¹), while continuous mode reduced variability among modules, indicating improved spatial homogeneity. Overall, process integration combining thermal control, percolation-based extraction, and downstream processing enhances robustness and industrial applicability of SSF-based cellulase production.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1939-1957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate-hydrochar composite anodes for stable, high-power microbial fuel cells with customized biodegradation behavior.","authors":"Abdul Azeez Olayiwola Sirajudeen, Shaliza Ibrahim, Mohamad Suffian Mohamad Annuar, Kamil Kayode Katibi, Muhammad Fikri Zulkornain, Mohd Arif Dar, Siti Rohana Majid, Temitope Theophilus Dele-Afolabi","doi":"10.1007/s00449-026-03367-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00449-026-03367-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advancement of sustainable bioelectrochemical systems requires anode materials that simultaneously deliver high power output, structural robustness, and controlled biodegradability. This study develops a new class of composite bioanodes by integrating biosynthesized medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) with sugarcane bagasse-derived hydrochars possessing tailored surface chemistries namely raw (PHA-R), phosphate (PHA-P), and sulfonated (PHA-S), and compares their performance to a carbon-nanotube equivalent (PHA-C). The biocompatible mcl-PHA matrix acts as a multifunctional binder that improves electrode cohesion and ion transport, while hydrochar porosity and functional groups regulate interfacial charge transfer and microbial adhesion. Polarization analysis shows that the PHA-R composite achieves an average open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 938 ± 4 mV with a maximum power density of 1.5 ± 0.1 W/m² and current density of 3.2 ± 0.2 A/m², outperforming its non-polymeric counterpart. PHA-P and PHA-S composites also enhance power output up to 1.4 ± 0.1 W/m², and current generation up to 3.6 ± 0.1 A/m² relative to their respective pristine hydrochar MFC setups, highlighting strong polymer-carbon synergy. The PHA-C control MFC set up recorded the lowest power output exhibiting 901 ± 4 mV, 0.4 ± 0.0 W/m² and 1.7 ± 0.1 A/m². Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that PHA-R and PHA-P composites substantially lower charge-transfer resistance compared with the control (PHA-C). Post-MFC operation, PHA-P and PHA-R retained the highest electrochemical activities, with specific capacitances of 26.3 and 16.9 F/g respectively, while PHA-S showed minimal capacitance of 4.6 F/g. Gel permeation chromatography further indicates reductions in mcl-PHA molecular weight, suggesting that biodegradation behavior can be modulated, although swelling and degradation should be carefully managed to maintain long-term anode stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":9024,"journal":{"name":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1837-1851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}