Biomedical optics express最新文献_第4页

Broadband 2-µm fiber-laser supercontinuum for high-resolution optical coherence tomography. 用于高分辨率光学相干层析成像的宽带2µm光纤激光超连续体。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-26 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.611066

Rongjie Zhang, Shotaro Kitajima, Jacob Kokinda, Norihiko Nishizawa

引用次数: 0

Optimal excitation polarization schemes to boost the precision of single-molecule orientation imaging. 提高单分子定向成像精度的最佳激发偏振方案。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-26 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.607950

Kaizhi A Nie, Yuanxin Qiu, Matthew D Lew

{"title":"Optimal excitation polarization schemes to boost the precision of single-molecule orientation imaging.","authors":"Kaizhi A Nie, Yuanxin Qiu, Matthew D Lew","doi":"10.1364/BOE.607950","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.607950","url":null,"abstract":"Modulating excitation polarization across camera frames can improve the precision of single-molecule orientation-localization microscopy (SMOLM), but principled methods for designing these excitation sequences remain underdeveloped. Here, we introduce a Fisher-information framework for optimizing linearly and circularly polarized excitation schemes under a fixed total illumination photon budget. For the multi-view reflector microscope, 3000 illumination photons, and 7.5 detected background photons per pixel, an optimized four-frame linear scheme improves median orientation measurement precision by 21.2% relative to the conventional six-frame equal-pumping scheme and achieves Cramér-Rao-bound-limited median precisions of <math><msub><mi>σ</mi> <mrow><mi>θ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>50</mn></mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup><mn>2.59</mn> <mo>∘</mo></msup> </math> and <math><msub><mi>σ</mi> <mrow><mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>50</mn></mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup><mn>3.22</mn> <mo>∘</mo></msup> </math> . Increasing to six optimized linear frames provides only modest additional improvement, demonstrating that four frames offer an effective balance between precision, uniformity across molecular orientations, and temporal resolution. With only two frames, circularly polarized excitation yields more uniform performance and 27% better median precision than two-frame linear excitation, whereas linear schemes perform better with four or more frames. Applying the framework to four engineered dipole-spread functions shows that excitation sequences should be tailored to the detection system. These results provide practical strategies for balancing orientation precision, photon budget, and acquisition speed in SMOLM.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4854-4869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Automated processing pipeline for functional imaging of human cardiac organoids using optical coherence tomography. 利用光学相干断层成像技术进行人类心脏类器官功能成像的自动化处理流水线。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-26 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.609131

Kechao Lu, Erin C O'Kane, Wan Wang, Lauren E Parker, Ravi Karra, David A Miller, Adam Wax

{"title":"Automated processing pipeline for functional imaging of human cardiac organoids using optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Kechao Lu, Erin C O'Kane, Wan Wang, Lauren E Parker, Ravi Karra, David A Miller, Adam Wax","doi":"10.1364/BOE.609131","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.609131","url":null,"abstract":"Structural and functional assessment of human cardiac organoids (hCOs) is essential for pharmaceutical drug screening and disease modeling. Existing evaluation approaches have provided valuable insights, but many rely on invasive sensors that may influence contractility, or on 2D imaging approaches that are constrained by geometric assumptions and restrict field of view. To address these challenges, we present a non-invasive imaging approach using 4D optical coherence tomography (4D-OCT) to reconstruct a synchronized, volumetric video of beating hCOs by denoising, segmenting, and synchronizing adjacent time-series B-scan stacks. We used 4D-OCT to visualize the morphological deformation of beating hCOs, enabling quantification of chamber deformation ratio (CDR) and deformation fraction (DF). Ultimately, our 4D-OCT pipeline measured an 8-fold higher DF in the vascular endothelial growth factor-treated hCO compared to the control hCO for proof of concept. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of performing non-invasive functional assessment, paving the way for advanced cardiac disease modeling and drug screening in hCOs using 4D-OCT.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4807-4822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification and quantification of oral lymphatic vessel networks using optical coherence tomography (OCT). 使用光学相干断层扫描（OCT）识别和定量口腔淋巴管网络。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-25 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.595664

Jiacheng Gu, Yilong Zhang, Simon Shepherd, Michaelina Macluskey, Zhihong Huang, Chunhui Li

{"title":"Identification and quantification of oral lymphatic vessel networks using optical coherence tomography (OCT).","authors":"Jiacheng Gu, Yilong Zhang, Simon Shepherd, Michaelina Macluskey, Zhihong Huang, Chunhui Li","doi":"10.1364/BOE.595664","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.595664","url":null,"abstract":"Lymphatic vessels play essential roles in immune regulation and tissue homeostasis, yet their distribution within the oral mucosa is incompletely quantified due to the lack of noninvasive, depth-resolved imaging tools. In this study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) combined with an optimized optical attenuation coefficient estimation (OAC) was used to segment and quantify lymphatic vessel networks in healthy and ulcerated human oral mucosa. The results showed descriptive depth-related patterns across the three oral regions (lip, hard palate, and buccal mucosa). The lip showed an overall increase across the measured depth intervals; the hard palate remained consistently low in mean lymphatic density with little variation, whereas the buccal mucosa increased in superficial intervals and gradually decreased at greater depths. In ulcerative lesions, lymphatic density was lower within the ulcer region compared with the surrounding tissue in superficial and mid-depth layers, with this difference decreasing at greater depths. OCT angiography further demonstrated spatial parallelism between lymphatic vessel networks and blood vessels in both healthy and ulcerated tissues. These findings demonstrate that OAC-enhanced OCT enables non-invasive, depth-resolved visualization and quantification of oral lymphatic vessel networks, providing reference characteristics for normal oral mucosa and revealing region and pathology-associated lymphatic alterations relevant to inflammatory conditions and early pathological changes.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4795-4806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neurointerventional optical coherence tomography using a piezo-driven microprobe. 使用压电驱动微探针的神经介入光学相干断层扫描。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-25 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.606116

Boquan Wang, Xiaoxiao Liu, Hang Yu, Kuiyuan Tao, Rui Liu, Dawei Wu

{"title":"Neurointerventional optical coherence tomography using a piezo-driven microprobe.","authors":"Boquan Wang, Xiaoxiao Liu, Hang Yu, Kuiyuan Tao, Rui Liu, Dawei Wu","doi":"10.1364/BOE.606116","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.606116","url":null,"abstract":"Intravascular optical coherence tomography (IV-OCT) is a promising tool for cerebrovascular imaging, but its clinical use remains limited by two unresolved problems: proximal-scanning catheters suffer from non-uniform rotational distortion (NURD) in tortuous vessels, whereas distal-scanning micro-electromagnetic motors are hampered by wire artifacts that block full 360° visualization. Here, we present a piezoelectric-driven micro-optical probe for imaging within complex cerebral vasculature. Using an integrated structure-function design, the probe is compact, measuring 0.55 mm in diameter and 4 mm in length. A slanted-groove configuration converts longitudinal vibration into torsional vibration, enabling wire-artifact-free scanning with a single-phase drive circuit. In a full-scale human cerebrovascular phantom, the probe navigated the middle cerebral artery and rotated uniformly at speeds up to 58 revolutions per second. Imaging of metal-tube phantoms, magnolia-leaf microveins, vascular stents, ex vivo porcine vessels, and human atherosclerotic plaques confirmed that the probe can resolve microvascular architecture, stent geometry, lipid deposits, and fibrotic tissue, with the OCT findings supported by histological analysis. Together, these results indicate that the proposed piezoelectric-driven microprobe offers a viable route toward precise intravascular optical imaging for cerebrovascular interventions.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4726-4740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Motion-corrected Gaussian, mean, and parametric curvature mapping of the posterior eye with pupil-tracked whole-eye OCT. 瞳孔追踪全眼OCT的运动校正后眼高斯、均值和参数曲率映射。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-25 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.606681

George Tian Funkenbusch, Rick Laoprasert, Nipun T Hewage, Arizona Greene, Joseph A Izatt, Anthony N Kuo, Ryan P McNabb

{"title":"Motion-corrected Gaussian, mean, and parametric curvature mapping of the posterior eye with pupil-tracked whole-eye OCT.","authors":"George Tian Funkenbusch, Rick Laoprasert, Nipun T Hewage, Arizona Greene, Joseph A Izatt, Anthony N Kuo, Ryan P McNabb","doi":"10.1364/BOE.606681","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.606681","url":null,"abstract":"Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for accessible, high-resolution measurement of posterior eye curvature, including for applications such as exploration of local eye shape deformations in pathologic myopia. However, OCT is a point-scanning interferometric imaging method that spatially encodes the effects of patient motion during acquisition into an acquired volume. These motion artifacts reduce accuracy and increase intra-acquisition variation in measured curvature, reducing the utility of OCT for monitoring posterior eye curvatures longitudinally. We present a method utilizing 3D pupil tracking and sparse orthogonal scanning for post-acquisition correction of motion artifacts in posterior eye OCT volumes and their corresponding curvature maps. We imaged six subjects exhibiting moderate (-6.0 to -3.0 D) to high (<-6.0 D) myopia and demonstrate a reduction in intra-session curvature variability when using our pupil tracking motion correction scheme. We also propose alternative metrics for representing 2-dimensional posterior eye curvature data to researchers and clinicians.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4741-4760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Image-driven OCT calibration from a single B-scan. 图像驱动的OCT校准从单个b扫描。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-25 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.608117

Owen Simmons, Philippe de Wilde, Adrian Podoleanu

{"title":"Image-driven OCT calibration from a single B-scan.","authors":"Owen Simmons, Philippe de Wilde, Adrian Podoleanu","doi":"10.1364/BOE.608117","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.608117","url":null,"abstract":"Optical coherence tomography (OCT) requires accurate calibration of wavenumber sampling and dispersion compensation to achieve optimal axial resolution. Conventional calibration methods rely on dedicated mirror measurements acquired at multiple optical path differences, requiring dedicated acquisitions, careful alignment, and additional acquisition time. We present a physics-informed optimisation framework that recovers OCT calibration directly from a single routine B-scan. Within the complex leader-follower reconstruction framework, the method jointly estimates wavenumber remapping and dispersion compensation functions by optimising image quality in reconstructed OCT data. Experiments on a swept-source OCT system demonstrate that the recovered calibration functions produce image quality comparable to conventional mirror-based calibration while requiring only a single acquired image and 30-60 seconds of optimisation. Samples containing depth-distributed structure recover calibration functions closely matching the underlying system calibration, whereas structurally limited samples produce image-specific effective calibration within the observed depth range. These results demonstrate the feasibility of rapid software-defined OCT calibration directly from imaging data, reducing dependence on dedicated calibration measurements, and simplifying OCT system operation.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4778-4794"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machine learning reconstruction of digit bone Raman spectra enables noninvasive transcutaneous detection of systemic osteoporosis. 手指骨拉曼光谱的机器学习重建使全身骨质疏松症的无创经皮检测成为可能。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-25 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.610973

Mohammad Hosseini, Sadia Afrin, Anthony Yosick, Emma Wong-Woo, Hani Awad, Andrew J Berger

{"title":"Machine learning reconstruction of digit bone Raman spectra enables noninvasive transcutaneous detection of systemic osteoporosis.","authors":"Mohammad Hosseini, Sadia Afrin, Anthony Yosick, Emma Wong-Woo, Hani Awad, Andrew J Berger","doi":"10.1364/BOE.610973","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.610973","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoporosis, a major global epidemic, often remains undetected until a fracture occurs, partly because access to screening with reference standard methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) remains limited. As a potential complementary, nonionizing screening approach, we present transcutaneous spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) combined with machine learning (ML) to recover bone Raman spectra through overlying soft tissue and extract diagnostically relevant information. In this human cadaveric study, we acquired paired Raman measurements from fingers of normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic donors at transcutaneous SORS and then from the same exposed finger bones. Using this paired dataset, supervised ML models were trained to reconstruct the exposed bone Raman spectra from transcutaneous measurements. Across 38 cadaveric hands, the reconstructed bone spectra achieved a mean correlation coefficient of r = 0.987 with corresponding exposed bone spectra. The ML-predicted spectra also preserved the characteristic bone Raman features and demonstrated statistically significant bone health-associated differences for key Raman derived metrics, including carbonate substitution and mineral-to-matrix ratios. While the distal-radius DXA T-scores expectedly correlated with the exposed bone spectra (r = 0.88, RMSECV = 0.90), they also correlated with the ML-predicted spectra (r = 0.69, RMSECV = 1.40). To demonstrate translational feasibility, preliminary in vivo transcutaneous SORS measurements on the proximal phalanges of two volunteers revealed clear bone-related spectral features consistent with cadaveric measurements. Together, these results establish a foundation for transcutaneous Raman assessment of systemic bone health using ML spectral reconstruction from accessible finger measurement sites.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4761-4777"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Label-free measurements of lipid droplets in cells based on quantitative differential phase contrast imaging with high oblique illumination. 基于高斜照度定量差相衬成像的细胞脂滴无标记测量。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-24 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.607773

Xiaohao Ma, Chao Feng, Peng Guo, Ziyi He, Jifu Lyu, Hao Wu, Jun He, Fengya Lu, Runbo Jiang, Yi Wang, Jinhua Zhou, Zhensheng Zhong

{"title":"Label-free measurements of lipid droplets in cells based on quantitative differential phase contrast imaging with high oblique illumination.","authors":"Xiaohao Ma, Chao Feng, Peng Guo, Ziyi He, Jifu Lyu, Hao Wu, Jun He, Fengya Lu, Runbo Jiang, Yi Wang, Jinhua Zhou, Zhensheng Zhong","doi":"10.1364/BOE.607773","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.607773","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles enclosed by a single layer of phospholipids and proteins, which play an important role in key physiological processes. As a critical parameter, LD size is a sensitive indicator of the effects of exogenous substances on adipogenesis. Accurate measurement of LD size in live cells is important for understanding disease mechanisms and developing targeted therapies. Fluorescence imaging offers high specificity, but it suffers from diffraction, making it difficult to distinguish smaller LDs and leading to inaccurate LD counting. Furthermore, fluorescent staining and labeling introduce phototoxicity and significant photobleaching, which disrupt the normal physiological state and impede long-term dynamic studies of LDs in live cells. Quantitative differential phase contrast (qDPC) imaging with high oblique illumination is proposed to measure LD size without any staining. According to simulations of illumination parameters, the annular LED array was designed with an illumination angle of 75 degrees. Using this qDPC configuration and L1-Retinex reconstruction, the resolution has approached 173 nm, as verified by the USAF-target. Furthermore, 200-nm microbeads produced detectable high-contrast phase signals. Then, an SEM-based calibration curve was established to obtain calibrated qDPC size estimates for microbeads ranging from 200 nm to 1 μm. In three cell lines, quantitative size, roundness, and refractive index of intracellular LDs are investigated, which can be applied to analyze their diverse dynamics. This method provides a high-resolution, label-free approach for size measurement and dynamic phase characterization of intracellular LDs.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4698-4713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Backward sensing FUS modulated light from a brain phantom through human adult skull specimen. 后向感应FUS调制光从脑幻影通过人类成人颅骨标本。

IF 3.2 2区医学

Biomedical optics express Pub Date : 2026-08-24 eCollection Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.606753

Zuomin Zhao, Mohammadreza Omidali, Triana Rahayu, Teemu Myllylä

{"title":"Backward sensing FUS modulated light from a brain phantom through human adult skull specimen.","authors":"Zuomin Zhao, Mohammadreza Omidali, Triana Rahayu, Teemu Myllylä","doi":"10.1364/BOE.606753","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.606753","url":null,"abstract":"Near-infrared (NIR) diffusive reflection spectroscopy is widely useful in medical applications. However, its spatial resolution is low, especially when studying deep tissue. Focused ultrasound (FUS) modulated light, also known as acousto-optic (AO) can be used to improve the spatial resolution of optical sensing of deep tissue based on detection of the modulated photons from focal area of the FUS. In this study, we investigated FUS-modulated light in deep bio-tissue phantoms in reflection mode through a human adult skull specimen. The experiment setup used an optical fiber (source fiber) to guide coherent light illuminating the sample surface, and another optical fiber (detection fiber) to receive optical signal to be sent to a photoreceiver. First, we investigated AO signal coming from deep tissue, accepted by the detection fiber located 3 cm away from the source fiber. Then we studied the effects of ultrasonic modulation frequency and detection fiber diameter on the AO signal intensity. Finally, we studied the effect of adult human skull specimen on AO signal from brain phantom which was in the skull. The results show that it is possible to detect AO signals from a brain phantom through a human skull, although the skull specimen reduced the AO signal intensity by approximately 50% at the applied FUS pressure level. This study provides useful insights toward future AO sensing of the human brain when using FUS-modulated light.","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 9","pages":"4714-4725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0