{"title":"Highly parallel, 1060 nm interferometric diffusing wave spectroscopy with a time-of-flight filter.","authors":"Santosh Aparanji, Mingjun Zhao, Akshay Shashidhar Nadig, Hector Garcia Estrada, Drew Hamilton, Vivek J Srinivasan","doi":"10.1364/BOE.576865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.576865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interferometric diffuse optics (iDO) has recently emerged as a promising class of near-infrared (NIR) light technologies for monitoring human brain signals associated with coherent light fluctuations. In this work, we demonstrate a line scan interferometric diffusing wave spectroscopy (iDWS) system at 1060 nm, a wavelength that has a multitude of benefits for high-speed cerebral blood flow index (BFI) monitoring. Pulsatile BFI measurements on the forehead of a moderately dark-skinned (Fitzpatrick Type V) subject with medium-length black hair up to a source-collector (S-C) separation of 5.5 cm on the forehead and 4.0 cm over the parietal cortex are demonstrated in continuous wave (CW) mode. On this high-throughput platform, we further implement a simple time-of-flight filter (TOF) via source wavelength tuning. The TOF filter can be turned on and off, and its width can be changed electronically, enabling probing different sample depths without requiring multiple S-C separations. At 4 cm S-C separation, an electronic TOF filter afforded a 2.92-fold reduction in scalp sensitivity over CW mode. With further optimization, the combination of TOF filtering with highly parallel detection in the 1060 nm range promises to improve depth sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of iDO in neuromonitoring applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1241-1254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tartrazine-enhanced visible-light OCT for deep-tissue imaging.","authors":"Jiaxuan Kong, Lingyun Wang, Shaohua Pi","doi":"10.1364/BOE.585266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.585266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) provides ultrahigh axial resolution and intrinsic spectroscopic contrast, but its performance in deep tissues is fundamentally limited by strong scattering and absorption at short wavelengths. Here, we report the use of tartrazine-an FDA-approved, water-soluble food dye-as a rapid, biocompatible contrast enhancer to improve vis-OCT penetration and structural visibility across multiple tissue types. We systematically evaluated tartrazine-assisted imaging in postmortem chicken muscle, optic nerve, and brain cortex, as well as <i>in vivo</i> at the ocular limbus and mouse ear. Topical or surface immersion with low-concentration tartrazine solutions significantly improved the vis-OCT signal in deep tissue with increased signal-to-noise ratio, extended penetration, and enhanced structure contrast. These results establish Tartrazine as an inexpensive, safe, and effective optical clearing and contrast-enhancing agent for vis-OCT, enabling deeper and higher-fidelity imaging of biological tissues both <i>ex vivo</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1255-1266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circular-scanning variance delay and sum algorithm for photoacoustic imaging.","authors":"Zhicheng Wang, Zijun Xi, Qian Song, Xiong Wang","doi":"10.1364/BOE.577910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.577910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) commonly uses the delay-and-sum (DAS) algorithm, which is fast but prone to artifacts. This work introduces variance delay-and-sum (VDAS), a novel algorithm for circular-array PAI that utilizes signal variance as a weighting factor. A high variance suggests a high probability of an optical absorber, significantly improving vasculature imaging. Numerical simulations and phantom/<i>ex-vivo</i> mouse ear experiments demonstrate that VDAS enhances image quality, reduces artifacts, and maintains computational efficiency compared to other DAS-based methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1205-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zitong Liu, Kaiming Li, Shuaichen Lin, Mohan Qin, Renxiong Wu, Yunchun Zou, Jie Zhong, Yong Liu, Guangming Ni
{"title":"Semi-supervised 3D diabetic macular edema segmentation in OCT volumes via independent dual-branch consistency learning.","authors":"Zitong Liu, Kaiming Li, Shuaichen Lin, Mohan Qin, Renxiong Wu, Yunchun Zou, Jie Zhong, Yong Liu, Guangming Ni","doi":"10.1364/BOE.584054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.584054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate 3D lesion segmentation in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images is crucial for the detection and treatment evaluation of diabetic macular edema (DME), but is hindered by scarce labeled data and complex boundaries. To address these challenges, we propose a semi-supervised 3D DME segmentation method that leverages a dual independent-branch co-training framework with mask perturbation consistency. The dual branches jointly exploit complementary multi-view features, while an independence-measuring strategy encourages parameter divergence to break performance bottlenecks. To improve robustness against diverse lesion morphologies, we introduce dynamic region-mask augmentation and a bidirectional confidence filtering mechanism, enforcing strong consistency constraints between the two branches. Additionally, a lightweight channel-attention module integrates multi-scale context. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method surpasses state-of-the-art approaches, validating its effectiveness and superiority.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1223-1240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irina Druzhkova, Anna Orlova, Pavel Subochev, Alexey Kurnikov, Anna Glyavina, Alina Isakova, Ekaterina Kukovyakina, Ekaterina Plotnikova, Marine Gasparian, Anastasia Komarova, Snezhana Sinyushkina, Arseniy Potapov, Ruslan Spashchanskii, Anastasia Anina, Mikhail Kirpichnikov, Dmitry Dolgikh, Daniel Razansky, Anne Yagolovich
{"title":"Assessment of the angiogenic potential of xenografted tumors by biomedical imaging techniques.","authors":"Irina Druzhkova, Anna Orlova, Pavel Subochev, Alexey Kurnikov, Anna Glyavina, Alina Isakova, Ekaterina Kukovyakina, Ekaterina Plotnikova, Marine Gasparian, Anastasia Komarova, Snezhana Sinyushkina, Arseniy Potapov, Ruslan Spashchanskii, Anastasia Anina, Mikhail Kirpichnikov, Dmitry Dolgikh, Daniel Razansky, Anne Yagolovich","doi":"10.1364/BOE.577775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.577775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor angiogenesis promotes tumor growth, metastasis and disease progression. Different cancer types vary in their angiogenic potential, which may influence prognosis and response to therapy. In the present work, we established xenograft models of three of the most aggressive types of human cancers: glioblastoma U87MG, gastric cancer MKN-45, and pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2, in immunodeficient mice. The study of vascular network by optoacoustic microangiography revealed the highest degree of vascularization in U87MG xenografts, and the lowest in MIA PaCa-2 xenografts. As shown by PAS-CD31 dual staining, U87MG-derived tumors also showed the highest expression of the endothelial marker CD31 as well as the highest vasculogenic mimicry capacity. In line with this, metabolic imaging by fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) revealed that MIA PaCa-2 xenografts were the most glycolytic, whereas U87MG had higher levels of oxidative phosphorylation, and MKN-45 showed intermediate values. Therefore, when creating animal models with xenografted tumors, it is important to understand the angiogenic potential of cancer cells, especially for studying drug candidates with an antiangiogenic effect. Also, the combination of optoacoustics and immunohistochemical analysis with FLIM imaging allows for a comprehensive assessment of both vascularization and the metabolic state of the tumor, which can help predict the therapeutic response.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1189-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuous scanning full-field OCT for fast volumetric imaging of multi-cellular aggregates.","authors":"C Kersuzan, A Jana, A Badon","doi":"10.1364/BOE.578177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.578177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) offers label-free, high-resolution imaging of biological samples but remains limited by slow acquisition due to piezoelectric mirror modulation. We present a continuous-scanning FF-OCT method that eliminates piezoelectric displacement and synchronization by continuously translating the sample with a motorized stage while recording images on the fly. Depth-resolved information is retrieved via Fourier analysis of the temporal signal at each pixel. This approach enables volumetric imaging over several hundred micrometers within tens of seconds and provides a higher contrast-to-noise ratio than traditional four-phase FF-OCT. Continuous-scanning FF-OCT thus represents a simpler and faster alternative for 3D bio-imaging of living tissues and organoids.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1163-1172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giovani G Martins, Rowan O Brothers, Kristin Wubbena, Mariam Akbar, Michael Arrington, Katherine B Turrentine, Sydney Triplett, Hongting Zhao, Tara M Urner, Shasha Bai, Amy Tang, Kirshma Khemani, Beatrice E Gee, R Clark Brown, Erin M Buckley
{"title":"Reliability of diffuse optical spectroscopies for evaluation of cerebral hemometabolic stress in children with sickle cell anemia.","authors":"Giovani G Martins, Rowan O Brothers, Kristin Wubbena, Mariam Akbar, Michael Arrington, Katherine B Turrentine, Sydney Triplett, Hongting Zhao, Tara M Urner, Shasha Bai, Amy Tang, Kirshma Khemani, Beatrice E Gee, R Clark Brown, Erin M Buckley","doi":"10.1364/BOE.582416","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.582416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diffuse optical spectroscopies are promising non-invasive optical techniques that may provide a point-of-care tool to evaluate cerebral hemometabolic stress. This study quantifies the intra- and inter-operator reliability of a battery of cerebral hemometabolic parameters quantified with diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FDNIRS) in children with sickle cell anemia. For measures of cerebral blood flow, oxygen extraction fraction, metabolic rate of oxygen, and cerebral blood volume, we found inter-operator concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) ranging from 0.45 to 0.97, intra-operator CCCs ranging from 0.81 to 0.98, and a median coefficient of variation < 16%.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1152-1162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fusing photoacoustic microscopy and ultrasound imaging: an artificial intelligence strategy for vessel enhancement in interventional guidance.","authors":"Wenjie Yin, Yanping He, Yuxiang Chen, Zixi Liu, Jinjun Fang, Chaohao Liang, Zhen Yuan, Kun Qian, Wuyu Zhang, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1364/BOE.588654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.588654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vessel localization is a key component of ultrasound (US) -guided interventional procedures. However, US imaging faces challenges such as insufficient resolution and a low recognition rate in skin vessel detection. In this study, a photoacoustic (PA) -US multi-modal imaging enhancement framework is proposed. High-resolution vascular light absorption maps from photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) provide objective and accurate labels for US images. Accurate enhancement of blood vessels in skin US images is realized by neural networks driven by high-quality data sources. The results of our novel architecture (UIU-Net) on an <i>ex vivo</i> dataset of controllable vascular complexity show that UIU-Net outperforms existing methods in complex vascular morphology. Based on <i>in vivo</i> experiments, UIU-Net predicts vessels with substantial similarity to actual vessels with the best performance compared to conventional methods, with a 25.57% improvement in the similarity coefficient. Extended to the rabbit ear vein puncture scenario, UIU-Net consistently enhances US images of deep microvasculature. This method successfully guided puncture interventions, establishing a US vascular enhancement paradigm guided by PA imaging. It provides an intelligent solution that combines anatomical fidelity with the ability to avoid microvessels, thereby reducing complications in minimally invasive interventional US settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1173-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative holographic agglutination assay for immunoglobulin A.","authors":"Rushna Quddus, Kent Kirshenbaum, David G Grier","doi":"10.1364/BOE.581211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.581211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study introduces a holographic agglutination assay for quantifying levels of the immunoglobulin protein IgA in biological samples. This is the first example of a label-free and bead-free assay that quantifies protein agglutinates by direct detection using Total Holographic Characterization. A proof-of-concept assay for human serum immunoglobulins is demonstrated using Jacalin, the galactose-specific plant lectin, to induce selective agglutination. By analyzing the size, refractive index, and number of particles in an assay sample, we obtain a reproducible and quantitative measurement of galactosylated immunoglobulins in a given sample. The assay is calibrated for a reference interval of IgA concentrations from 4 mg dL<sup>-1</sup> (0.25 μM) to 32 mg dL<sup>-1</sup> (2 μM) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.3 mg dL<sup>-1</sup> (0.39 μM) in emulated biological samples. This covers the physiologically relevant concentration range with ten-fold dilution. The assay clearly distinguishes samples containing IgA from samples containing IgG. More broadly, this study introduces a platform for creating lectin-mediated holographic agglutination assays to monitor levels of immunoglobulins in biological samples. The ability to quantify immunoglobulin levels efficiently in clinical samples is likely to be valuable for diagnostics and will provide a basis for assaying other proteins that can be induced to agglutinate.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1125-1137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"fNIRS reveals comparable reductions in cortical hyperconnectivity following once-daily and twice-daily rTMS in poststroke aphasia.","authors":"Chong Lu, Yizhen Liu, Yao Wang, Tiantian Xue, Siyu Wang, Tianxu Chen","doi":"10.1364/BOE.583648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.583648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In clinical practice, there is a common assumption that more frequent intervention yields better outcomes for patients with post-stroke aphasia (PSA). This study investigated this by comparing the efficacy of once-daily versus twice-daily low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). In this non-randomized trial, 40 PSA patients self-selected into once-daily (n = 20) or twice-daily (n = 20) 1 Hz rTMS groups targeting the right Broca's area for three weeks, alongside 26 healthy controls. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) assessed oxygenated hemoglobin-based functional connectivity (FC) during a verbal fluency task pre- and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Pre-intervention, PSA patients exhibited maladaptive cortical hyperconnectivity. Following rTMS, both groups showed comparable improvement in aphasia quotient scores, with no significant between-group differences. Analysis of fNIRS data showed that both once-daily and twice-daily rTMS regimens led to a clear reduction in the count of strong FC edges, accompanied by an overall decrease in global mean FC following intervention. Notably, reductions in global mean FC were more pronounced in the twice-daily group, whereas only modest changes were observed following once-daily stimulation. Overall, both low-frequency rTMS regimens effectively attenuated maladaptive cortical hyperconnectivity in poststroke aphasia, supporting their role in network normalization. Importantly, the absence of a clear advantage for twice-daily stimulation challenges the \"more is better\" paradigm and highlights the potential value of individualized and cost-effective treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 3","pages":"1138-1151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}