{"title":"In vitro optical characterization of the RayOne Galaxy spiral extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens using high-resolution Mach-Zehnder interferometry.","authors":"Damien Gatinel, Amy Entin, Benjamin Stern","doi":"10.1364/BOE.596696","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.596696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spiral optics have been proposed to extend depth of focus through controlled phase modulation. We characterized the RayOne Galaxy spiral intraocular lens using high-resolution Mach-Zehnder interferometry and a simulated pseudophakic Arizona eye model. Wavefronts were decomposed into Zernike polynomials and compared with monofocal, trifocal, and spherical-aberration-based extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF) lenses. The Galaxy exhibited a smooth EDOF profile with a moderate reduction in contrast rendering. Symmetry analysis showed that radially symmetric aberrations primarily generated the EDOF effect, while the spiral component played a secondary role.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3984-4001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in Technology and Applications of Optical Sensing and Imaging for Biomedicine: introduction.","authors":"Wu Yuan, Guanghan Meng, Timothy M Baran","doi":"10.1364/BOE.609129","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.609129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This feature issue of <i>Biomedical Optics Express</i> presents 13 original research articles that highlight recent innovations and current directions in optical sensing and imaging for biomedical research and translation. The contributions span several major areas, including machine learning and image processing; microscopy; optical coherence tomography; optical diagnostics and optics in biotechnology; tissue optics and spectroscopy; and terahertz spectroscopy. Together, these studies advance optical methods for quantitative assessment of molecular, cellular, tissue, and physiological features, with applications including collagen remodeling characterization, ocular and vascular imaging, cortical functional assessment, cancer-related tissue and cell evaluation, and cartilage optical-property estimation. The collection highlights the integration of optical instrumentation, computational analysis, and clinical validation toward more quantitative and application-oriented biomedical optics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3959-3960"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akuroma Tolvanen, Mahdi Qaryan, Nithin Sadeesh, Ervin Nippolainen, Ari-Petteri Ronkainen, Iman Kafian-Attari, Isaac O Afara
{"title":"Developing a fiber-based diffuse reflectance spectroscopy setup for tissue optical property estimation.","authors":"Akuroma Tolvanen, Mahdi Qaryan, Nithin Sadeesh, Ervin Nippolainen, Ari-Petteri Ronkainen, Iman Kafian-Attari, Isaac O Afara","doi":"10.1364/BOE.596022","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.596022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our study demonstrates that a compact, low-cost, phantom-calibrated diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system can provide realistic estimates of tissue optical properties, supporting its progression toward <i>in situ</i> cartilage diagnostics. We developed and validated a fiber-based DRS system capable of quantitative estimation of absorption coefficient (µ<sub>a</sub>) and reduced scattering coefficient (µ<sub>s</sub>') in cartilage using a phantom-derived calibration model at wavelengths of 660, 780, and 850 nm. Diffuse reflectance spectra were acquired using a custom-built multi-distance probe, corrected using wavelength-specific calibration coefficients derived from optical phantoms, and fitted using diffusion theory with extrapolated boundary correction to recover µ<sub>a</sub> and µ<sub>s</sub>'. Our system was validated using phantoms with known optical properties, calibrated to correct system response, and applied to articular cartilage. Theoretical and measured reflectance showed an excellent agreement (bias ∼0, 95% limits of agreement ±0.0114). After calibration, µ<sub>a</sub> and µ<sub>s</sub>' were extracted from bovine patellar cartilage at the same wavelengths. The estimated µ<sub>a</sub> values (0.07-0.24 cm<sup>-1</sup>) were characteristic of weakly absorbing, hydrated soft tissue, while µ<sub>s</sub>' values (9.7-15.8 cm<sup>-1</sup>) showed the expected consistent decrease with wavelength. We found our estimated optical properties were consistent with literature trends, especially µ<sub>s</sub>' values, which were between the range reported for µ<sub>s</sub>' values from integrating-sphere and Monte Carlo-based analysis for bovine cartilage. Phantom-calibrated DRS enables accurate, reproducible estimation of cartilage optical properties, providing a validated framework for future translation toward arthroscopic optical assessment of joint health.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3944-3958"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Longitudinal drug response assessment of tumor organoids based on optical attenuation coefficient and multi-dimensional morphological characterization.","authors":"Shanshan Yang, Jing Guo, Wanli Wang, Zhe Feng, Ling Wang, Mingen Xu","doi":"10.1364/BOE.604536","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.604536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) are vital for precision oncology, but standard drug screening methods, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays, are destructive and prevent longitudinal monitoring. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers non-destructive 3D imaging, capturing morphological features and tissue attenuation characteristics via the optical attenuation coefficient (OAC). Here, we propose a non-destructive evaluation framework for tumor organoids that fuses OAC and multi-dimensional morphological features. Using intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) PDTOs treated with icaritin, we found that OAC exhibited a significant dose-dependent increase (up to 32.8% at 80 μM compared to control), accompanied by a morphological transition of cystic organoids into solid phenotypes. By integrating these features via K-means++ clustering and principal component analysis, we constructed a relative growth score. This fusion score correlated strongly with the ATP gold standard (Pearson correlation coefficient <i>r</i> = 0.938), outperforming a morphology-only model (<i>r</i> = 0.906). Furthermore, independent experiments with first-line chemotherapeutics (e.g., 5-Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine) and combinatorial regimens indicated the model's potential generalizability (<i>r</i> = 0.887). This method overcomes the limitations of destructive, single-metric evaluations, providing a quantitative and non-destructive platform for high-throughput drug screening and personalized treatment decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3922-3943"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viktoras Mazeika, Mykolas Maciulis, Kamdin Mirsanaye, Serguei Krouglov, Mehdi Alizadeh, Lukas Kontenis, Virginijus Barzda
{"title":"Double Stokes polarimetry of birefringent structures.","authors":"Viktoras Mazeika, Mykolas Maciulis, Kamdin Mirsanaye, Serguei Krouglov, Mehdi Alizadeh, Lukas Kontenis, Virginijus Barzda","doi":"10.1364/BOE.603139","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.603139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Birefringence of collagen fibers influences second-harmonic generation (SHG) polarimetric measurements by introducing phase retardation for the incident fundamental beam and the SHG signal. The effect of birefringence on double Stokes polarimetry (DSP) parameters is investigated by imaging unstained rat tail tendon sections of varying thicknesses. In thin sections (≈10 μm thick), birefringence effects can be neglected; however, parameters combining linear and circular polarization states are affected, indicating a presence of complex-valued achiral susceptibility ratio due to fiber chirality. In thicker samples (≈80 μm thick), birefringence significantly affects DSP polarimetric and ultrastructural parameters, although approximate in-plane fiber orientation can still be retrieved. DSP polarimetric parameters enable rapid collagen characterization and are suited for large-area whole-slide investigations in histopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3892-3908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-time monitoring and quantitative analysis of PAG-mediated chemical cochleostomy using 1.06-µm swept-source optical coherence tomography.","authors":"You-Nan Tsai, Chuan-Bor Chueh, Ting-Hao Tsai, Ting-Yen Tsai, Ting-Hao Chen, Hsin-Chien Chen, Chih-Hung Wang, Hsiang-Chieh Lee","doi":"10.1364/BOE.603374","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.603374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional cochleostomy relies on mechanical drilling, which carries inherent risks of acoustic and thermal trauma. In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of phosphoric acid gel (PAG)-mediated chemical cochleostomy in <i>ex vivo</i> mouse cochleae using a 1.06-µm swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system. The imaging results demonstrated that 1.06-µm OCT provides high contrast for visualizing internal anatomic features, such as the organ of Corti, and changes in cochlear architecture during the chemical etching process. Quantitative evaluation revealed a reduction in bony wall thickness and enhanced visibility of intracochlear conduits post-PAG-application. Notably, the PAG-mediated thinning mitigates signal attenuation by reducing scattering from the dense bony wall, thereby improving OCT imaging contrast of internal structures. Real-time M-mode OCT imaging successfully captured dynamic reaction kinetics, providing a reliable feedback mechanism for identifying the etching endpoint. These findings suggest that 1.06-µm SS-OCT is a feasible guidance tool for precise, hearing-preservation cochlear interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3909-3921"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiting Tan, Ao Jiang, Yuxuan Liang, Heng Zhang, Yeling Ma, Liang Dong, Pingping Wang
{"title":"<i>In vivo</i> assessment of melanoma based on photoacoustic absorption and viscoelasticity imaging.","authors":"Yiting Tan, Ao Jiang, Yuxuan Liang, Heng Zhang, Yeling Ma, Liang Dong, Pingping Wang","doi":"10.1364/BOE.603217","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.603217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malignant melanoma tends to metastasize early, and its prognosis is extremely poor and life-threatening in advanced stages. Tumor size and lesion thickness are the most common imaging parameters used to detect melanoma. While changes in mechanical properties during the disease process are closely related to the tumor's basic composition and cellular activity, and are directly linked to its invasiveness and metastatic potential. Here, we present a dual-modality imaging system that combines photoacoustic absorption imaging (PAI) and photoacoustic viscoelasticity imaging (PAVEI) for the staging biopsies of melanoma. The tumor size and thickness can be accurately evaluated by PAI, and PAVEI helps to characterize the tumor viscoelasticity through the phase delay of photoacoustic signals. Experimental results demonstrate that the PAI-PAVEI system can comprehensively characterize the absorption characteristics and mechanical properties of tumor lesions, thereby providing essential reference for the early diagnosis, staging assessment, and efficacy prediction of melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3877-3891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dennis Scheidt, Felix Matuschke, Katrin Amunts, Miriam Menzel, Markus Axer
{"title":"Hadamard-encoded scattered light imaging for faster, signal-enhanced mapping of brain fiber orientations.","authors":"Dennis Scheidt, Felix Matuschke, Katrin Amunts, Miriam Menzel, Markus Axer","doi":"10.1364/BOE.596576","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.596576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A deeper understanding of brain function requires resolving the intricate networks formed by neurons at the microscopic scale. Imaging the connecting nerve fibers remains a significant challenge, particularly due to the difficulty of resolving crossing fibers using conventional optical imaging techniques. Computational Scattered Light Imaging (ComSLI) addresses this by using obliquely incident light to reconstruct the in-plane orientations of nerve fibers based on their scattering profiles, enabling the resolution of fiber crossings. One approach is to use an LED display as a light source, which allows for illuminating the sample by arbitrary patterns and measuring full scattering patterns as well as angular scattering profiles. However, when using an LED display instead of a high-intensity LED spot, ComSLI is limited by a low signal and acquisition times of several seconds per image. To overcome these limitations, this work introduces Hadamard basis sampling for the angular illumination patterns, allowing an increase in illumination intensity and a corresponding reduction in measurement time. Compared to standard sampling approaches, this method yields significantly sharper defined scattering peaks, resulting in enhanced angular resolution of the scattering profiles. The Hadamard-based illumination enhances the reconstruction of cortical fiber organization, overcoming a key limitation in challenging ComSLI applications and neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3854-3876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Missed isochromatic cardiac pulsation in remote photoplethysmography: detection, impact, and removal.","authors":"Gurnoor Kaur, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan, Simarjeet Singh Saini","doi":"10.1364/BOE.599752","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.599752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) extracts the cardiac pulse from facial video by isolating chromatic variation due to wavelength-dependent hemoglobin absorption. We report that this signal model is incomplete. A second cardiac-frequency signal is present in skin video: an isochromatic pulsation along the skin's mean reflectance direction, arising from ballistocardiographic modulation of skin surface geometry and changes in the effective scattering cross-section of the dermal vascular bed. This isochromatic component is conflated with the chromatic signal by every rPPG method we evaluated, including chrominance-based methods (POS, CHROM) and other projection or decomposition methods (OMIT, LGI, PBV, ICA). The two signals share the cardiac frequency but differ in phase and signal fidelity, and their relative directions vary with skin tone, lighting, and recording conditions. To assess whether the isochromatic component contributes significant error to rPPG, we constructed chrominance Phase-Aware Cardiac Eigenprojection (cPACE), a method that removes the isochromatic direction via a subject-adaptive projection orthogonal to the measured skin reflectance before extracting the cardiac signal through eigen-vector projection. Across UBFC-Phys (rest and speech) and the CMU-rPPG India and Sierra Leone cohorts, cross-ROI phase-locking values of the recovered signal are systematically higher under cPACE than under any other method evaluated, indicating cleaner waveform recovery. The resulting heart rate estimates achieve mean absolute error of 1.7, 3.7, 1.7, and 1.1 BPM, respectively, on these cohorts, compared to 2.8, 9.5, 16.8, and 17.8 BPM for POS with homodyne envelope correction applied for parity. Together, these results show that the isochromatic component is a major source of error in existing rPPG methods, and future methods should explicitly account for it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3832-3853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaer Zou, Jiajing Ye, Dawei Gong, Xinhua Zhu, Junbo Liang, Sailing He
{"title":"Chromatic differential confocal matrix-based 3D topography and hyperspectral imaging with deep learning for osteoarthritis grading.","authors":"Xiaer Zou, Jiajing Ye, Dawei Gong, Xinhua Zhu, Junbo Liang, Sailing He","doi":"10.1364/BOE.596126","DOIUrl":"10.1364/BOE.596126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate assessment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is limited by the current arthroscopy's reliance on subjective visual inspection. We propose a 3D spatio-spectral automatic grading framework combining deep learning with chromatic differential confocal matrix-based 3D topography and hyperspectral imaging (CDCM-THI). Our digital micromirror device-based system simultaneously captures high-resolution 3D micro-topography and hyperspectral cartilage signatures (lateral: 3.91 µm, axial: 1.96 µm, spectral: ∼15 nm). To analyze this multi-modal data, we developed an improved ResNet50 late fusion network optimized with a consistency-enhanced loss function. Evaluated on ex vivo clinical samples, our framework achieved an average cross-validation accuracy of 94.83%, significantly outperforming single-modal baselines. This non-destructive approach bridges the gap between topographical assessment and broadband optical analysis, providing a powerful quantitative tool for future deep learning-assisted arthroscopic integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8969,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical optics express","volume":"17 7","pages":"3794-3815"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}