Biofabrication最新文献

{"title":"Human iPSC-derived vascularized organoids: strategy-based insights from 2D endothelial cells to 3D blood vessel organoids.","authors":"Seo-Yeon Kong, Da-Hyun Kim","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae94b5","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae94b5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have emerged as powerful<i>in vitro</i>models for studying development, disease, and therapeutic responses, yet their lack of functional vasculature limits growth, maturation, and physiological relevance. Early vascularization strategies relied on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs), which lack organ-specific identity and introduce donor variability. The field is now undergoing a paradigm shift toward PSC-derived vasculature, which offers patient-specific, and developmentally stage-matched endothelium with PSC-derived organoids. This review summarizes current strategies for organoid vascularization, with emphasis on both human PSC-derived 2D ECs and 3D blood vessels. Approaches relying on co-aggregation of differentiated ECs with organ-specific populations or external endothelial coating of pre-formed organoids. These improved survival and functional maturation but remain limited in spatial organization and perfusability. The advances have incorporated pre-formed vascular spheroids and iPSC-derived blood vessel organoids, which can be respectively fused with lineage-specific organoids to generate vascularized assembloids to enhance vascular architecture and tissue maturation. This review further highlights engineering the microenvironment to promote the formation of vascular niche, such as hypoxia modulation, transcriptional regulation, signaling transduction, and extracellular matrix engineering. In addition, we discuss the current limitations as well as future directions of vascularized organoids, including the unmet need for developing tissue-specific ECs, improved engraftment following transplantation, and organ-on-a-chip platforms. Collectively, integrating iPSC-derived vasculature within organoids provides a central framework toward physiologically relevant, perfusable tissues and expands the translational utility of organoid technologies for disease modeling and therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel triangle-pillar scaffold incorporated manuka oil triketone to enhance bone regeneration.","authors":"Xiao Li, Warwick Duncan, Joanne Choi, Yipeng Fu, Dina Abdelmoneim, Dawn Coates","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9f99","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9f99","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of scaffolds with optimized architecture and bioactive components is critical for enhancing bone regeneration. In this study, a novel triangle-pillar porous scaffold was designed and made by polycaprolactone and hydroxyapatite produced by three-dimensional printing, featuring channels and windows aligned in vertical and horizontal directions. To further enhance its bioactive potential, manuka oil-derived triketone was incorporated into the printing materials. Comprehensive characterization confirmed that the scaffold exhibited high compressive strength and a uniform surface texture.<i>In vitro</i>assays demonstrated osteogenic differentiation, tube formation, and antimicrobial activity. Moreover,<i>in vivo</i>studies using rat subcutaneous and sheep femur defect models revealed significantly improved tissue integration and bone regeneration. Micro-CT and histological analyses showed that new bone grew inward toward the defect center along the window-guided pathways, closely mimicking the natural healing pattern. These findings suggest that the triangle-pillar channel scaffold represents a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering by integrating architectural optimization and biological cues to direct inward bone regeneration in a manner resembling the natural repair process.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viscoelasticity-tuned hyaluronic acid-gelatin microcarriers with thermoresponsive polymer grafts for scalable cell expansion and gentle harvesting.","authors":"Rizka Musdalifah Amsar, Lin Xiangting, Jun-Sheng Wang, Shuian-Yin Lin, Chun-Chiang Huang, Hsieh-Chih Tsai","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae959b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae959b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional cell culture using microcarriers is an effective strategy for scalable cell expansion. However, conventional enzymatic detachment can compromise cell viability, surface proteins, and native signaling. We report viscoelasticity-tunable hyaluronic acid (HA)-gelatin microspheres as microcarriers, engineered with a thermoresponsive polymer coating to enhance cell attachment and enable gentle harvesting. Gelatin-only (GLA), gelatin-HA (G-HA), and gelatin-HA-L-lysine (G-HA-L) microspheres were fabricated. HA incorporation and lysine functionalization were used to tune microsphere mechanics and interfacial stability. Frequency-sweep rheology revealed that HA-containing formulations exhibited higher elastic dominance (G' > G″) and a broader, more stable viscoelastic response than gelatin-only and a commercial gelatin microcarrier benchmark, with G-HA-L showing the most favorable balance of stiffness and damping (highest G'/ G″ across the tested window). The microspheres were subsequently coated with poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(NIPAM-AAc)), producing a temperature-responsive interface. Importantly, the thermoresponsive coating enhanced early cell attachment, particularly on G-HA-L (reaching ∼70% within 4 h and approaching ∼90% by 24 h), outperforming both coated G-HA and commercial microcarriers. For harvesting, low-temperature conditioning markedly improved cell release and recovery compared to trypsin-only controls, consistent with temperature-triggered polymer swelling, which facilitated detachment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that coupling viscoelastic microcarrier design with thermoresponsive surface engineering provides a promising platform for efficient cell growth and gentle, process-friendly harvesting, with potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering epicardium-integrated human iPSC-derived heart tissue for modelling Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.","authors":"Martta Häkli, Amanda Putri Elvandari, Yasuko Matsumura, Shunsuke Funakoshi, Antonio Lucena-Cacace, Yoshinori Yoshida","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8eb5","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8eb5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engineered heart tissues (EHTs) have been used in cardiovascular research for nearly three decades, addressing limitations of animal models and oversimplified two-dimensional single-cell systems in recapitulating cardiac (patho) physiology. Recently, epicardium-integrated EHTs have gained attention as therapeutic tools for remuscularizing the failing heart. The epicardium, the outermost mesothelial layer of the heart, plays a crucial role in cardiac development and disease by serving as a source of progenitor cells and by providing essential paracrine signalling. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a laminopathy caused by a point mutation in the LMNA gene, leading to expression of progerin and resulting in premature aging with a severe cardiovascular phenotype. We developed an epicardium-integrated EHT model to enable more physiologically relevant<i>in vitro</i>modelling of HGPS. Epicardial cells were incorporated into the EHTs and maintained in long-term culture. Cellular differentiation, progerin expression, transcriptomic changes, and functional responses to electrical pacing were assessed over time. Epicardial cells were observed to differentiate into cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, enabling incorporation of key non-myocyte populations relevant to HGPS pathology. The epicardium-integrated EHTs exhibited progerin expression and developed hallmarks of HGPS within 60 d of culture. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed upregulation of pathways associated with atherosclerosis, apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress, which are processes linked to both HGPS and physiological aging. Additionally, a culture time-dependent decline in the contractile response of EHTs to pacing was observed. In conclusion, our epicardium-integrated EHT model recapitulates key molecular, cellular, and functional features of HGPS-associated CVD. This platform provides a promising tool for investigating HGPS disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic strategies and may be adaptable for modelling other CVDs and regenerative applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in hemostatic sponges: from materials and biofabrication strategies to biomedical applications.","authors":"Ting Qiao, Xiaoqin Si, Feng Sang, Xujian Li, Luqi Pan, Jinhuan Liu, Fenghua Zhang, Shi Cao, Yakai Feng, Xiao Yang, Hongtao Xu, Zhaipu Ma, Changcan Shi, Yanju Liu","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9acc","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9acc","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hemorrhage remains one of the leading causes of trauma-related mortality worldwide and poses a major challenge in surgery, emergency medicine, and battlefield rescue. Conventional hemostatic materials, such as gauze and gelatin sponges, mainly rely on passive blood absorption and compression, which often exhibit limited efficacy in irregular wounds and severe bleeding environments. In recent years, advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering have promoted the development of hemostatic sponges with enhanced absorption capacity, bioactivity, tissue adhesion, antibacterial performance, and wound healing ability. Compared with other hemostatic platforms, sponge-based systems offer unique advantages derived from their interconnected porous architectures, enabling rapid blood transport, coagulation component enrichment, mechanical wound filling, and structural adaptation in complex bleeding scenarios. In this review, we discuss the development of hemostatic sponges from the integrated perspectives of material systems, biofabrication strategies, structural regulation, and biomedical applications. Different classes of materials, including polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymers, are systematically discussed with emphasis on their intrinsic hemostatic mechanisms, functional modifications, and design limitations. The relationship between sponge structures and hemostatic performance, including pore architecture, interconnected channels, shape-memory behavior, and surface functionality, is highlighted. Representative fabrication strategies and multifunctional applications, including antibacterial activity, wound healing, and non-compressible hemorrhage control, are summarized. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives regarding intelligent design, standardized evaluation, and clinical translation of next-generation hemostatic sponges are discussed. This review provides design principles and translational insights for developing advanced hemostatic sponge systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a human melanoma organoid-containing skin-on-a-chip model for<i>in vitro</i>drug testing and personalized medicine.","authors":"Feil Yang, Bochong Shi, Jiapeng Zhao, Xueqiang Liu, Jing Zhang, Zhonghang Wang, Xianglin Hu, Chao Liang, Mo Cheng, Wei Sun, Yu Xu, Zhongze Gu, Wending Huang, Zaozao Chen","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8e03","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8e03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melanoma, an aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, poses significant challenges in treatment because of its complex biological mechanisms and poor therapeutic response. However, the construction of biomimetic<i>in vitro</i>models of melanoma with organs-on-a-chip micro-environment have not been reported. This study aimed to design and biofabricate a novel melanoma-containing skin-on-a-chip model for the evaluation of drug responses, and to investigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on melanoma progression. Our results demonstrated pronounced heterogeneity in the tumor immune microenvironment of melanoma patients. The melanoma organoids derived from patients effectively preserve the native immune components, and organoids retained both the histological features and genetic characteristics of the original tumors. Drug response assessments indicated that the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib significantly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and induced apoptosis; while UV exposure significantly promoted melanoma progression, highlighting the role of environmental factors in tumor development. Our research suggested the biofabrication of a biomimetic melanoma organoid-containing skin-on-a-chip model could elucidate patients' specific melanoma biology, tumor immune microenvironment, and corresponding drug sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148547719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bioinspired bilayer periosteum-mimicking membrane for enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis in guided bone regeneration.","authors":"Yongjian Sun, Kaisheng Wang, Zhang Lujing, Zhang Yu, Li Yanni, Xu Xiaoyue, Yan Yang, Chao Zhou","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9f97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ae9f97","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes with osteoinductive and angiogenic capabilities are essential for the effective repair of large bone defects. In this study, we design and fabricate a biomimetic bilayer GBR membrane composed of a nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen/ polycaprolactone (HC layer) and chitosan/ polycaprolactone (CP layer) composite via electrospinning strategy. The core-shell fibrous architecture replicates the natural periosteum's fibrous hierarchy and provides controlled collagen release, mechanical integrity, and enhanced interfacial functionality. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the membranes were comprehensively characterized, and in vitro assays demonstrated excellent cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts on the bilayered membrane. In addition, the membrane promoted endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and upregulation of angiogenesis-related genes, confirming its pro-angiogenic capacity. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation using a critical-sized rat calvarial defect model revealed that the bilayered membrane significantly enhanced new bone formation compared to commercial HAO membranes, as confirmed by micro-CT and histological analysis. This work provides a mechanically robust, biologically active, and structurally biomimetic GBR membrane capable of promoting both osteogenesis and angiogenesis in a coordinated manner. The proposed strategy offers promising potential for the clinical treatment of complex bone defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extrusion bioprinting of FibMA-fibrin semi-IPN hydrogel filaments for enhanced skeletal muscle cell alignment.","authors":"Haneen Simaan-Yameen, Tobias Call, Katia Kopty, Noa Notea-Debutton, Cesare Gargioli, Dror Seliktar","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8a82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ae8a82","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We engineered a biodegradable hydrogel that can be bioprinted with C2C12 skeletal muscle cells into filamentous structures that serve as a provisional template for<i>in vitro</i>myofiber formation, without requiring sacrificial polymers or a secondary gelation bath. The hydrogel meets the rheological and biological requirements of direct extrusion printing and supports cellular realignment along the filament axis. In this study, we optimized the printable hydrogel formulation and investigated how C2C12 cells respond to different geometric constraints imposed by the filament microstructure, with a focus on reorientation and uniaxial alignment. To this end, we prepared a dual-crosslinked semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogel composed of fibrin and methacrylated fibrinogen (FibMA), enabling independent control over biological, microstructural, and viscoelastic mechanical properties. The FibMA-fibrin (FibMAtrx) semi-IPN hydrogel was successfully extruded with the cells into filaments and supported rapid cell spreading. Filament formation was enabled by fibrinogen's rapid supramolecular chemistry upon extrusion, while covalent crosslinking of FibMA imparted mechanical stability suitable for long-term 3D culture. The fibrin-based supramolecular microstructure provided essential morphogenetic cues that promoted accelerated muscle cell spreading and organization. Filament dimensions scaled proportionally with extruder nozzle size; however, decreasing filament diameter increased the elastic modulus. Compared to bulk hydrogels, filament hydrogels promoted enhanced uniaxial cell alignment. Notably, the relationship between nozzle size and cell alignment was confounded by increased stiffness in smaller-diameter filaments, which hindered skeletal muscle cell morphogenesis. Overall, the FibMAtrx semi-IPN hydrogel represents a robust protein-based bioink for bioprinting skeletal muscle filaments, offering tunable biological and biophysical cues that support rapid morphogenesis for<i>in vitro</i>myogenic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148825163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cleanroom-free membrane-integrated organ-on-a-chip platform for rapid intestinal tissue formation.","authors":"Sara Hassanpour Tamrin, Sorosh Abdollahi, Amir Sanati Nezhad, Arindom Sen","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae959a","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae959a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms typically rely on cleanroom photolithography, custom masks, and master molds, which limit their accessibility and impede rapid prototyping efforts. Here, we present a simple, mask-free, cleanroom-free method to fabricate membrane-integrated PDMS microfluidic devices using a low-cost digital craft cutter and plasma-assisted adhesive bonding. The process achieves 150<i>µ</i>m feature resolution, and forms PDMS-adhesive interfaces with high mechanical robustness (>370 kPa tensile strength) and hydrolytic stability, supporting flow rates up to 20 ml min^-1without leakage. Using this method, we fabricated one-lane and two-lane OoC platforms incorporating commercial polycarbonate membranes and lab-made bacterial nanocellulose membranes without requiring membrane modification for bonding. These membrane-integrated devices enabled rapid formation of intestinal tissues within 72 h, significantly faster than conventional PDMS or transwell-based models, which typically require 1-3 weeks to achieve epithelial differentiation. Under physiological shear stress, epithelial tissues exhibited 2-3 fold increase in expression of differentiation markers (Mucin-2, Villin) and substantial reduction in stemness marker expression compared with static culture. In two-lane co-culture systems, epithelial-endothelial interfaces developed functional barrier properties within the same 72 h window and demonstrated membrane-dependent differences in maturation, with nanocellulose membranes promoting enhanced three-dimensional organization. This cleanroom-free platform reduces fabrication barriers for membrane-integrated PDMS OoC devices. Its ability to support rapid, robust intestinal tissue formation makes it a practical platform for accessible organ-mimetic systems in research settings and translational applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic multilayered hydrogel scaffold with dual cell types and mesh support for urethral reconstruction.","authors":"Aivaras Grybas, Povilas Barasa, Darius Dasevicius, Andrius Buivydas, Ramune Tamasauske Zilinskaite, Emilija Baltrukonyte, Ieva Simoliune, Milda Alksne, Natalija Krestnikova, Arunas Zelvys, Daiva Baltriukiene, Gilvydas Verkauskas, Feliksas Jankevicius, Egidijus Simoliunas","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9400","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urethral strictures and hypospadias remain major challenges in urology, with current treatments limited by donor-site morbidity, graft shrinkage, and poor long-term outcomes. To address these limitations, we developed a biomimetic multilayered hydrogel scaffold with dual cell types and mesh reinforcement for urethral reconstruction. The construct combined predifferentiated buccal mucosa cells and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells within a gelatin methacrylate-silk fibroin hydrogel supported by electrowritten and electrospun polymeric meshes, designed to reproduce both epithelial and smooth muscle layers of the native urethra. Implanted into the rabbit urethra and followed for 12 weeks, the scaffold showed favorable integration with early but transient immune activation, preservation of systemic stability, and maintenance of urethral lumen architecture. Histological evaluation revealed the formation of a stratified urothelium and organized smooth muscle bundles with limited fibrosis, highlighting the scaffold's potential to support functional urethral regeneration and serve as an alternative to graft-based urethroplasty.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}