Bioengineering最新文献

{"title":"Multimodal Prodromal Patterns Associated with COPD Exacerbations in Home Telemonitoring: An Exploratory Observational Study.","authors":"Daniel Sanchez-Morillo, Patricia Camacho-Magriñán, Antonio León-Jiménez","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Characterizing multi-parameter physiological, acoustic, and environmental changes before acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (AECOPD) is crucial for improving home telemonitoring and enabling timely clinical intervention. In a 12-month prospective observational exploratory pilot study (N=16), a multimodal Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem collected daily data on symptoms, lung function, cardiorespiratory dynamics, actigraphy, sleep, fine motor skills, bioacoustics, and indoor air quality. From 427 daily features across 4738 patient-days, collinearity mitigation retained 245 independent features. Linear mixed-effects models (LMM), nonparametric paired tests, and multi-timescale exponential moving average smoothing quantified prodromal trajectories and univariate discrimination during the 7-day pre-exacerbation window. Engagement analysis showed a dual hierarchy: passive background monitoring had high retention (>72 %), while demanding active tasks like peak flow spirometry dropped to 26.9 % compliance. Patients with frequent exacerbations showed higher reactive adherence. LMM frameworks identified a multisystem prodromal footprint marked by coordinated increases in cough frequency, sputum purulence, dyspnea, and resting heart rate. Acoustic measures showed notable pre-event changes in higher-order speech cepstral coefficients, voice-intensity variability, and cough spectral dispersion, providing objective proxies for airway limitation. Indoor environmental signals suggested domestic confinement but weakened after adjustment for macro-seasonal confounders. Multi-temporal kinetics demonstrated that acute physiological symptoms peaked within 72 h, whereas acoustic features required 3-to-7-day temporal smoothing (EMA3-EMA7) to optimize signal-to-noise ratios. In conclusion, these preliminary observations in the exploratory small cohort suggest that the transition from a stable baseline to the prodromal AECOPD phase is marked by a quantifiable, multi-systemic digital footprint across cardiorespiratory, bioacoustic, and symptom domains. Although requiring validation in broader populations, findings highlight the potential of multi-tiered digital health architectures that pair continuous passive sensing with low-friction active reporting to overcome task attrition and secure the uninterrupted longitudinal baselines needed for automated early-warning systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Acute Effects of Stimulating Different Muscle Combinations During Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Treadmill Walking in Children with Cerebral Palsy.","authors":"Mobina Masaei, Nicole Zahradka, Khushboo Verma, Samuel C K Lee, Ahad Behboodi","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Progressive gait impairments remain a major challenge for children with cerebral palsy (CP), often limiting independence and quality of life. Although neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has shown promise for improving gait, most NMES-assisted gait studies in children with CP have targeted only a single muscle. In this exploratory study, we characterized acute biomechanical responses of six children with CP to seven NMES protocols during treadmill walking. The protocols comprised multi-muscle stimulation, single-muscle stimulation, and an individualized physical therapist-derived (PT-derived) condition. Each protocol was compared with a no-stimulation baseline and typically developing (TD) reference data. The primary and secondary outcomes were the Gait Deviation Index (GDI) and Coefficient of Variation (CV), complemented by the targeted outcome measures, including lower-limb joint kinematics using phase-by-phase Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), maximum knee extension, and stride length. We found that the comparison between multi-muscle and single-muscle conditions did not identify a statistically significant difference in GDI. CV analyses showed smaller distances from TD reference values for multi-muscle conditions, although not significant. Stimulation conditions significantly affected maximum knee extension and DTW during loading response at the ankle and pre-swing at the hip; however, no individual condition differed significantly from no stimulation after false discovery rate correction. The PT-derived condition showed favorable directional changes in selected outcomes, but no consistent advantage over the other protocols. These preliminary observations characterize acute response patterns and generate hypotheses for future studies; they do not establish the comparative efficacy of multi-muscle, single-muscle, or individualized NMES protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast Cancer Stem Cell-Associated Extracellular Vesicles: Bioengineering Advances in Source-Resolved Isolation, Mechanistic Validation, and Clinical Translation.","authors":"Nuan Yang, Yuan Gao, Weijie Li, Yuancong Jiang, Yingjie Wang, Liwei Meng, Cheng Chen","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) drive therapeutic resistance, recurrence, and metastasis via self-renewal, phenotypic plasticity, and adaptive tolerance to treatment and microenvironmental stress. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate bidirectional intercellular communication between stem-like tumor cells and tumor, stromal, immune and vascular compartments, but their translation is blocked by critical unaddressed gaps: BCSC rarity and heterogeneity, incomplete donor-cell validation, uncertain vesicle-source attribution, and nonstandardized assays. This review outlines a unifying bioengineering framework built around source-resolved analysis to integrate BCSC enrichment, EV characterization, functional validation and translational development and evaluate current platforms for BCSC isolation (including flow cytometry, magnetic enrichment, microfluidic sorting, affinity capture, and single-cell platforms), EV purification, biosensing, single-vesicle profiling, and multimarker detection, alongside organoid and tumor-on-chip models for dissecting EV-driven resistance and metastatic niche remodeling. BCSC-associated EV signatures complement circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA for noninvasive monitoring of stemness dynamics, treatment adaptation, and recurrence risk, while engineered EVs offer a unique targeted delivery route to resistant tumor states. Real-world deployment will require direct head-to-head comparison with clinically established nanocarriers for efficacy, manufacturability, biodistribution and safety. The eventual clinical translation of this field hinges on validated BCSC identity, reliable EV source attribution, standardized detection protocols, causal mechanistic validation, and scalable manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Vertically Stacked Thin-Layer Cascade Photobioreactor for Space-Efficient Indoor Microalgae Cultivation: Design, Geometric Characterization, and Operational Baseline Across Scales.","authors":"Diego Atoche-Garay, Nikolaus Stellner, Vishal Khanpit, S Viswanathan, Thomas Brück","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor microalgae production under artificial illumination is constrained by facility footprint and energy demand, making biomass output per area the central design objective. Single-layer thin-layer cascade (TLC) systems are geometrically limited to a surface-to-footprint ratio (SF) of at most 1.0 m² m^-2. This study presents a stacked thin-layer cascade (STLC) photobioreactor validated at two scales sharing the same six-channel architecture: a laboratory-scale unit (2 L) and a pilot-scale unit (250 L). Both units achieved an SF well above the single-layer ceiling (3.65 and 4.2 m² m^-2), demonstrating that vertical stacking is an inherent structural solution to the geometric limitation of open thin-layer cascade systems, independent of scale. Both units operated reliably for 11 to 13 days across a 125-fold difference in working volume, converging to comparable transitional Reynolds numbers and confirming that the film hydrodynamics central to the STLC concept remain consistent by design across scale. Footprint-normalized productivity reached 3.41 g DW m^-2 d^-1 at laboratory scale and 6.11 g DW m^-2 d^-1 at pilot scale, with pilot-scale protein reaching 42.1% DW prior to nitrogen depletion. Growth kinetics differed between scales, reflecting light/dark cycling regime, initial biomass density, and retention tank geometry as distinct, tunable operational variables. Closing the residual productivity gap requires jointly increasing photon flux density and standing biomass density, since low-density operation causes a large fraction of incident light to pass through the culture unabsorbed regardless of irradiance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Structural WBCT Findings to Biomechanical Interpretation in Hallux Valgus: Current Evidence, Limitations, and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Hicham Bouredoucen, Pierre-Alexandre Poletti","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hallux valgus is increasingly characterized using weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT), which provides three-dimensional information on first-ray alignment and articular relationships under load. However, structural abnormalities identified on static WBCT should not be equated with direct measurements of biomechanics or function. This narrative review examines the evidentiary transition from structural WBCT findings to biomechanical interpretation in hallux valgus. Normal first-ray mechanics provide the reference framework for evaluating altered tarsometatarsal alignment, first-metatarsal rotation, metatarsosesamoid relationships, and medial-column coupling. Throughout the review, three levels of evidence are distinguished: structural relationships directly demonstrated by WBCT, biomechanical interpretations supported by anatomical or experimental evidence, and dynamic functional or prognostic consequences that require independent validation. Within this framework, coexisting three-dimensional abnormalities may be interpreted as mechanically interrelated without implying a universal causal sequence. Postoperative WBCT can characterize residual or corrected structural relationships, but normalization of imaging parameters does not by itself establish restoration of dynamic function or superior clinical outcome. Computational modeling may extend patient-specific geometry toward mechanical estimation, although its validity depends on model assumptions and independent validation. The principal contribution of WBCT is therefore to provide detailed structural information under load that can inform biomechanical hypotheses, while the functional and prognostic significance of these findings remains to be established through dynamic and longitudinal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scintillating Micro-Probe Detectors for Conventional and FLASH Proton Dosimetry: Optical Transport and Geometry Modeling.","authors":"Shiv K Subedi, Sree Bash Chandra Debnath","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical fiber-based inorganic scintillating detectors (ISDs) are increasingly investigated for radiation therapy applications, including microbeam and ultra-high-dose-rate dosimetry. Accurate characterization of these compact detectors is particularly important for proton beams delivered under high-flux and FLASH conditions. Simplified analytical and ray-tracing models can estimate detector saturation limits but may inadequately account for internal optical scattering and the fiber insertion geometry within the scintillating volume, leading to inaccurate estimates of the effective sensitive volume and dose-rate response. In this study, we developed a detailed computational framework that explicitly models the fiber-scintillator geometry and volumetric optical photon transport. Five detector geometries with different sensitive volumes were evaluated under 25 and 230 MeV proton irradiation using a fully volumetric GATE Monte Carlo optical transport model incorporating intra-dosimeter optical scattering. The results revealed a clear inverse relationship between detector sensitive volume and maximum measurable dose rate before saturation. At 25 MeV, the maximum measurable dose rate (D˙max) ranged from 364.5 ± 7.6 Gy/s for the smallest detector to 13.5 ± 0.2 Gy/s for the largest detector, while at 230 MeV, it ranged from 392.6 ± 8.1 Gy/s down to 15.6 ± 0.3 Gy/s at 230 MeV, respectively. These findings demonstrate that fiber insertion geometry and volumetric optical scattering significantly influence the dose-rate response and saturation threshold of scintillating micro-probes. Accurate modeling of these effects is therefore essential for optimizing detector geometry, establishing reliable quantitative dosimetry across conventional and proton-FLASH dose-rate regimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DU-KAN: A Dual-Domain Enhanced Deep-Learning Framework for Digital Pathology-Based Oxford MEST-C Assessment in Pediatric IgA Nephropathy.","authors":"Jingzhi Fu, Hengzhi Cui, Yihui Zhu, Tiansheng Gao, Pei Zhang, Chunlin Gao","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxford MEST-C assessment of pediatric immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) relies on pathologists' interpretation of complex renal biopsy structures. Automated segmentation may support standardized quantification but is challenged by scale variation, weak boundaries, and small lesions. We developed DU-KAN, a stage-adapted U-KAN framework combining a shallow convolution-MaxViT dual-branch encoder with adapted heterogeneous feature fusion and wavelet-prototype skip enhancement. A single-center dataset of 532 periodic acid-Schiff-stained images from 278 children was partitioned at the patient level. On the held-out test set of 55 patients, DU-KAN achieved a mean Dice of 69.58% across eight classes, including background (95% patient-level bootstrap CI, 66.23-71.91), exceeding U-KAN by 3.56 percentage points (95% CI, 1.90-5.26). Foreground mean Dice was 65.42%. On the Synapse abdominal CT benchmark, mean Dice across eight organs was 87.21%, supporting cross-task architectural generalization, rather than external validation in pediatric IgAN. Segmentation outputs were further aggregated into case-level MEST-C-related indicators. In an exploratory 40-case evaluation, complete agreement across the five assessed indicators was 65.00% (26/40), while sensitivity was 37.50% for E (3/8) and 50.00% for T (1/2). The 97.50% agreement for T largely reflected the predominance of negative cases and did not establish reliable positive-case detection. DU-KAN improves the internal segmentation performance and achieves structured pathological quantification, which can provide auxiliary reference for clinical judgment of renal pathologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HM-Swin: Hierarchical Multiscale Swin Transformer Network with Attention Fusion for Heart Sound Classification.","authors":"Kalpeshkumar Ranipa, Wei-Ping Zhu, M N S Swamy","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart sound classification is crucial in the early detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, aiming at effectively capturing the complex patterns of heart sound signals. Deep learning models have widespread applications in heart sound classification, but the existing methods solely rely on either early, late or intermediate fusion, which often fail to fully integrate the diverse and multiscale features required for robust classification. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel hierarchical multiscale swin transformer network with attention fusion (HM-Swin), for heart sound classification. The new model incorporates a swin transformer backbone to extract multiscale features spanning from low-level to high-level representations. These features are further refined through a dynamic fusion block, wherein the features extracted by each swin block are enhanced using dedicated channel-wise and spatial attention mechanisms. This approach effectively captures interdependencies, resulting in a robust and comprehensive feature representation. Extensive experiments conducted on publicly available benchmark datasets, namely, PhysioNet2016 and PhysioNet2022, achieve classification accuracies of 98.32% and 90.56%, respectively, demonstrating that HM-Swin achieves higher performance than existing state-of-the-art methods. These results confirm the efficiency and scalability of our model, showing its potential as a solution for automated heart-sound screening and classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty-Aware Selective Prediction in Brain-Tumour MRI Classification: Selective Risk Reduction and Component-Wise Reliability Findings.","authors":"Hala Alshamlan","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101184","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Automated brain-MRI analysis is usually judged by accuracy at a single operating point, yet a model that is accurate on average may still fail without signalling that it is about to fail. Selective prediction addresses this by allowing a model to abstain, but the resulting trade-off between coverage and risk is rarely quantified in medical imaging.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study asks whether confidence- and entropy-based selective prediction produces a measurable reduction in selective risk in a biomedical vision-language classifier by concentrating errors among withheld cases, and at what coverage cost. Three further components of a brain-MRI-analysis framework-volumetric segmentation, glioma grading and structured report generation-are evaluated as complementary evidence about the reliability profiles of different modules, not as independent contributions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A LoRA-fine-tuned LLaVA-Med classifier was evaluated on the 1000-image BRISC2025 test partition, with a disjunctive rejection rule based on softmax confidence and predictive entropy. Volumetric segmentation used nnU-Net v2 (3D full-resolution) on BraTS2020 with a three-fold ensemble evaluated on 74 held-out cases; glioma grading (high- versus low-grade) used DenseNet121 on multi-slice representations; report generation used Meta Llama 3.2 3B Instruct fine-tuned with QLoRA on structured findings. All proportions are reported with 95% Wilson score intervals under a single analysis plan documented before the reported analyses were finalised.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Withholding 1.80% of predictions (95% CI 1.14-2.83) raised selective accuracy to 97.76% (95% CI 96.63-98.52) and reduced selective risk from 3.40% to 2.24%, a relative reduction of 34.1%. Withheld predictions were strongly enriched for errors (66.7% versus 2.24%; odds ratio 87.3, Fisher exact &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 4.6 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt;), capturing 35.3% of all errors while issuing 99.38% of the predictions that were correct. Considered as a detector of its own errors, the rule has a balanced accuracy of 67.34%; this describes the binary rejection decision at the realised threshold and does not identify the AUROC of the underlying continuous score, which the single operating point leaves anywhere in [0.351, 0.996]. Because the per-sample probability vectors were not retained, the full risk-coverage curve, the rule ablations and calibration error could not be computed, and the thresholds (τ&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.6, τ&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.0) were selected empirically on an undocumented partition; the selective-prediction finding is therefore reported as a single-operating-point case study and is exploratory. Among the complementary components, three-fold ensembling improved held-out mean Dice from 0.7948 to 0.8150 (+0.0202), reported descriptively because the per-case values needed for a paired test were not preserved. Glioma grading did not achieve better-than-chance discr","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Biomechanical Evaluation of SDS and Nobel Ceramic Dental Implant Systems in Type II Artificial Bone: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Carlos Fernando Mourão, Mona Patel, Luiz Eduardo Juliasse, Tea Romasco, Bruno César de Vasconcelos Gurgel, Etyene Schnurr","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering13101186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13101186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ceramic dental implants have been proposed as metal-free alternatives to titanium implants. This in vitro study compared the biomechanical measurements and drilling-related surface temperatures of two commercial ceramic implant systems with different dimensions and drilling protocols: SDS 2.2 (3.8 × 11 mm) and Nobel 2.2 (4.2 × 12 mm). Twenty-six implants per system were placed in type II polyurethane artificial bone. Outcomes included insertion torque, immediate removal torque, resonance frequency analysis in two perpendicular directions, and initial and final drill-surface temperatures. Observed insertion torque was 43.04 ± 5.38 Ncm for SDS and 31.27 ± 6.07 Ncm for Nobel; removal torque was 46.54 ± 5.47 and 28.31 ± 10.07 Ncm, respectively. SDS also had higher observed ISQ values in both directions. Mean final drill-surface temperatures were approximately 52 °C for SDS Drill 2 and 64 °C for Nobel Drill 4. These readings do not establish intraosseous temperature or biological thermal injury. Because implant dimensions, macrogeometry, and drilling protocols differed and independent block replication was limited, the results describe complete commercial systems under the tested conditions. Specimen-level statistical comparisons are exploratory and do not establish a confirmatory system effect. Further testing with both systems randomized across multiple independent blocks and direct, time-resolved substrate temperature measurements is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149261647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}