Biopolymers最新文献

{"title":"The Reactive Extrusion Cationization of Starches as a Novel Physicochemical Surface Modification Method","authors":"Maria C. Posada-Vélez,&nbsp;Beatriz M. Millán-Malo,&nbsp;Oscar Y. Barrón-García,&nbsp;Marcela Gaytán-Martínez,&nbsp;Germán Buitrón","doi":"10.1002/bip.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The modification of starches by cationization is a fundamental physicochemical process aimed at improving their physicochemical properties and expanding their industrial applications. Traditionally, this modification is associated with long duration, high energy consumption, and waste generation. This article proposes a method based on reactive extrusion (REX) as a sustainable alternative for modifying corn (<i>Zea mays</i> everta) and chayote roots (<i>Sechium edule</i>) or chinchayote starches. A single-screw extruder was utilized to assess the effects of temperature on the degree of substitution (DS) and the functional and structural properties of the modified starches. Glycyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC) was used as a cationizing agent in both methods, REX and conventional cationization (CT), at a concentration of 3%. The results indicate that extrusion can produce starches with a DS equivalent to that obtained by CT in the case of corn starch (0.21–0.23). Rheometry shows a decrease in the viscosity peaks due to the pre-gelatinization process. Calorimetry showed a decrease in enthalpy and an increase in tractability temperature for the REX-modified starches due to the temperature and shear to which they were subjected. The spectroscopic technique showed the incorporation of GTAC into the starch structure. The results of physicochemical characterization show that the REX is identified as a viable alternative to CT, offering a faster, more energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly process. The effectiveness of REX in altering the physicochemical properties of starch suggests its potential for innovative industrial applications, such as water treatment or the production of biodegradable materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147580018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic Double-Protein Semi-IPN Hydrogels: Synergistic Protein–Polysaccharide Biomatrices for Healing, Immunomodulation, and Mineralization","authors":"Valeria G. Oyervides-Guajardo,&nbsp;Jesús A. Claudio-Rizo,&nbsp;María I. León-Campos,&nbsp;Denis A. Cabrera-Munguia,&nbsp;María O. González-Díaz,&nbsp;Florentino Soriano-Corral,&nbsp;Adán Herrera-Guerrero,&nbsp;Crystel A. Sierra-Rivera","doi":"10.1002/bip.70089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study introduces a biomimetic dual-protein semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) platform integrating collagen (C) and the phosphorylated globular protein ovalbumin within a bioactive polyurethane (PU) cross-linked matrix. Unlike previously reported collagen–PU–polysaccharide systems, the structural incorporation of a second protein phase enables cooperative regulation of mineral nucleation, interfacial charge distribution, and biological response. Three polysaccharides—starch (CA–A), carboxymethyl cellulose (CA–CMC), and xanthan gum (CA–GX)—were incorporated to modulate network architecture and functionality. Ovalbumin reduced gelation time (<i>t</i>₁/₂≈30 min), while polysaccharide chemistry governed crosslink density, swelling behavior, crystallinity, and degradation kinetics. CA–GX achieved the highest crosslinking degree (~63%), whereas CA–A exhibited pronounced swelling (~1125%). CA–CMC developed dendritic fibrillar domains with enhanced semicrystallinity, resembling extracellular matrix organization. The semi-IPN structure, confirmed by urea linkage formation, improved viscoelastic strength (<i>G</i>′≈420 Pa) and thermal stability (<i>T</i>_max≈380°C). All scaffolds were cytocompatible and supported fibroblast, monocyte, and bone-marrow-derived cell metabolism. The dual-protein architecture contributed to hemocompatibility, regulated platelet adhesion, selective antibacterial activity (stronger against Gram-negative bacteria), modulation of inflammatory markers (reduced TNF-α expression), and significant in vitro mineralization, with CA–CMC promoting nearly a 200% increase in carbonated hydroxyapatite deposition in simulated body fluid. By integrating structural collagen fibrils with a mineralization-active globular protein within a tunable polysaccharide–PU framework, this work establishes a multifunctional hybrid scaffold platform capable of coordinated soft- and hard-tissue regenerative responses beyond single-protein semi-IPN systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Characterization of Solution-Cast Polycaprolactone/MXene/Gelatin Composite Films for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Jagan Mohan Dodda,&nbsp;Petr Bělský,&nbsp;Miroslav Šlouf,&nbsp;Antonín Brož,&nbsp;Terézia Futóová,&nbsp;Veronika Vavruňková,&nbsp;Tomáš Kovářík,&nbsp;Kalim Deshmukh,&nbsp;Lucie Bačáková","doi":"10.1002/bip.70095","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite significant advances in the development of biocompatible platforms, such as scaffolds, films, and hydrogels, a challenge remains in formulating films with the right balance of mechanical properties and bioactivity. Herein, we developed biocompatible composite films based on polycaprolactone (PCL), MXene, and gelatin that can be utilized for biomedical applications. PCL and gelatin (from bovine, fish, and porcine skin) were used to design the biocompatible matrix, while MXenes were used as a filler to enhance the mechanical and biological properties of the films. We investigated the influence of these three types of gelatin on the chemical structure, morphology, physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and cell growth. All the films exhibited high tensile strength, ranging from 5 to 10 MPa. The incorporation of a relatively small content of MXene (0.5 wt%) altered the tensile properties of the films with the lower gelatin contents (12–15 wt%). SAXS analysis revealed that the nanometer-scale lamellar stack structures characteristic of PCL, consisting of alternating crystalline and amorphous lamellae, were present in all samples and exhibited a morphology identical to that of neat PCL. In contrast, WAXS showed that the relative intensities of individual PCL reflections varied with sample composition, indicating a preferential orientation of PCL crystallites—and consequently of the lamellar stacks—particularly, in MXene-containing samples. The SEM/SE micrographs displayed a coarse morphology of gelatin nanoparticles in the PCL matrix, and the structure coarseness decreased in the following order: PCL/MX/fish gelatin &gt; PCL/MX/bovine gelatin &gt; PCL/MX/porcine gelatin. In vitro<i>,</i> cell culture experiments with SAOS-2 cells revealed that cell confluence was relatively high on samples with the 14.5 wt% porcine gelatin.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147490586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural, Rheological, and Physicochemical Properties of Yam Starch Modified by Moderate Electric Fields","authors":"Enay Salcedo Salazar,&nbsp;Jairo Salcedo Mendoza,&nbsp;Guadalupe Mendez Montealvo,&nbsp;Gonzalo Velazquez,&nbsp;Adrián Soler,&nbsp;Deivis E. Luján Rhenals","doi":"10.1002/bip.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Moderate electric fields (MEF) have emerged as a non-thermal technology with the potential to modify the structure of biopolymers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MEF (5–15 V/cm) on the structural and techno-functional properties of yam starch. The working hypothesis was that MEF application induces molecular reorganization without inducing starch gelatinization. Scanning electron microscopy revealed slight morphological changes in the shape and surface of yam starch granules treated with MEF, while X-ray diffraction evidenced an increase in relative crystallinity from 25.24% to 26.91% after MEF treatment. Amylose content also increased from 49.8% to 51.8% after treatment at 15 V/cm. MEF also induced changes in short-range molecular order, which were more pronounced at 15 V/cm, as evidenced by increases in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy band ratios of 1047/1022 cm⁻¹ (0.724–0.734) and 995/1022 cm⁻¹ (1.272–1.277) compared to native starch. The gelatinization enthalpy remained nearly unchanged after MEF treatment (16.9–19.0 J/g). In addition, MEF modulated viscosity in a field-intensity-dependent manner. The viscosity at 90°C increased from 314.0 mPa·s (native starch) to 366.5 mPa·s at 5 V/cm and decreased to 218.5 mPa·s at 15 V/cm. Principal component analysis indicated that MEF treatment induced structural and functional changes in starch as a function of the applied voltage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147472553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggregation of Modified Glucuronoxylan in Water and DMSO","authors":"Chonnipa Palasingh,&nbsp;Ratchawit Janewithayapun,&nbsp;Leide P. Cavalcanti,&nbsp;Felix Abik,&nbsp;Kirsi S. Mikkonen,&nbsp;Fabrice Cousin,&nbsp;Anna Ström,&nbsp;Tiina Nypelö","doi":"10.1002/bip.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glucuronoxylans are known to be only partly soluble in aqueous media. Chemical modification often aims to improve solubility, yet observations of aggregation even of the modified xylans are not uncommon. We investigated the aggregation of glucuronoxylans of two different molar masses (XS and XM with <i>M</i>_w = 14 and 24 kg/mol, respectively), as well as their derivatives that were modified using periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction. Investigations were carried out in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by means of small angle neutron scattering (SANS). All dispersions of XS and its derivatives were turbid in water and translucent in DMSO. All samples based on XM were translucent in water and transparent in DMSO. In all cases, dispersions showed aggregates at the nanoscale with SANS, even for visually translucent and transparent dispersions with individual chains in a good solvent environment, indicated by the obtained Flory exponent of 0.588. Xylans dispersed in DMSO were less aggregated than xylan dispersed in water. The effect of solvent choice on the dispersibility of the modified xylans depended on the starting material composition. We propose that aggregation on the nanoscale is an intrinsic property of these polysaccharides and must be accounted for in processing, analysis, modification and applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Synthesis to Therapeutics: Bioactive-Coated Zein Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery","authors":"Milena Ferreira de Lima,&nbsp;Andy Joel Taipe Huisa,&nbsp;Azael da Silva Neto,&nbsp;Clarice Beatriz Gonçalves Silva,&nbsp;Iago Dillion Lima Cavalcanti,&nbsp;Karolliny Barbosa de Araújo,&nbsp;Mariane Cajubá de Britto Lira-Nogueira,&nbsp;Nereide Stela Santos Magalhães,&nbsp;Priscila Gubert","doi":"10.1002/bip.70088","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polymeric zein nanoparticles (ZNP), derived from corn protein, are biodegradable drug carriers with high stability and low synthesis costs. Their amphiphilic nature allows efficient encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, making them promising for drug delivery. However, their instability under physiological pH can limit therapeutic efficacy, necessitating protective coatings for improved absorption. This review discusses synthesis methods, coating materials, and biological activities of bioactive-coated ZNP. We found that the antisolvent method is the most commonly used due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, while chitosan is the preferred coating material. ZNP exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, anesthetic, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, and immunogenic properties, as demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Their ability to enhance bioavailability, reduce toxicity, and enable targeted drug delivery highlights their potential in nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12989642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Prolonged Release of IL-10 From Enzyme-Mediated Poly-l-(Tyrosine-co-Phenylalanine) Nanocrystals Enhances Stability and Modulates Inflammatory Responses”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/bip.70092","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>F. Landa-Tencle</span>, <span>C. G. Hernández-Valencia</span>, <span>F. Guzmán-Lagunes</span>, et al., “ <span>Prolonged Release of IL-10 From Enzyme-Mediated Poly-<span>l</span>-(Tyrosine-co-Phenylalanine) Nanocrystals Enhances Stability and Modulates Inflammatory Responses</span>,” <i>Biopolymers</i> <span>117</span>, no. <span>2</span> (<span>2026</span>): e70083, https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.70083.\u0000 </p><p>The letter “c” was missing from the author's name Schubert in the original publication of this article. The online version of this article has been corrected accordingly.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bip.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147442363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Air and Ethanol Dehydration on Structure, Behavior, and Function of Type I Collagen Scaffolds","authors":"K. M. Arnold,&nbsp;D. Nykypanchuk,&nbsp;T. A. Schmidt,&nbsp;A. C. Deymier","doi":"10.1002/bip.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ethanol dehydration is a common step in both scaffold manufacturing and tissue processing, yet the influence of ethanol on collagen is not well understood. This study examined the effects of dehydration, via ethanol treatment and air drying, on collagen structure, behavior, mechanics, and rehydration capacity. Multiple material characterization methods were used including Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, small/medium angle x-ray scattering, volumetric swelling analysis, and tensile testing. Ethanol dehydration removed bulk water from scaffolds, making them stronger and stiffer, but also showed loss of molecular water. This molecular water appears to act as a collagen stabilizer, resulting in less thermally stable scaffolds. The loss of molecular water is also evident in the molecular d-spacing. Secondary structure of scaffolds was also altered by ethanol, resulting in significantly enhanced rehydration capacity. Bulk water, both before and after rehydration, largely determined mechanical properties, which did not correlate with other structural measures such as FTIR. While rehydration largely returned collagen spacing to pre-ethanol treated state, structural alterations seen in FTIR cannot be recovered. These results have implications for not only collagen scaffolds, but in many tissue engineering and processing applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147430497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocellulose for Sustainable Tissue Engineering: Modification Strategies, Structural Insights, and Innovations for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Chigozie Charity Okwuwa,&nbsp;Samuel Olugbenga Olunusi,&nbsp;David Abutu,&nbsp;Chika Umunnawuike,&nbsp;Andrew Amenaghawon,&nbsp;Joshua O. Ighalo","doi":"10.1002/bip.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review explores the multifaceted role of nanocellulose, comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), in the design and fabrication of scaffolds for biomedical applications. Structural insights into nanocellulose reveal its capacity to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a conducive environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Modification strategies such as surface functionalization, grafting with bioactive molecules, and incorporation of therapeutic agents further enhance its biological performance and targeted functionality. Innovative scaffold fabrication techniques, including 3D printing, electrospinning, freeze-drying, gas foaming, and cell sheet engineering, are discussed in the context of tailoring scaffold architecture to meet the mechanical and biological requirements of various tissues. The integration of nanocellulose into composite materials and its synergy with other polymers and biomolecules demonstrate great potential in addressing complex tissue regeneration challenges. Biomedical applications cover a wide range of tissues, including skin, bone, cartilage, muscle, nerve, and vascular systems, highlighting the versatility of nanocellulose-based scaffolds. Nanocellulose stands as a key biomaterial in the development of next-generation, eco-friendly scaffolds that align with the principles of sustainability and regenerative medicine.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147376132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Method for the Desulfation of Polysaccharides From Red Microalgae (Porphyridium cruentum) Cultures","authors":"Oshrat Levy-Ontman,&nbsp;Amikam Bar-Gil,&nbsp;Eli Shemesh,&nbsp;Mahmoud Huliehel,&nbsp;Yehudit Amor,&nbsp;Naama Landes,&nbsp;Yonatan Sadeh,&nbsp;Dan Tchernov","doi":"10.1002/bip.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sulfated polysaccharides from the red microalgae <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> demonstrate unique physicochemical properties and antiviral activity. Despite growing interest, it is yet unclear how the sulfates within these polysaccharides affect their rheological properties and whether they are required for the antiviral activity. We report a nondestructive method to deplete sulfates from these polysaccharides by directly exposing the growth medium to a moderate electric field (3.43 V/cm); a 5 min exposure yielded a polysaccharide fraction around the cathode, which we collected and compared to polysaccharides extracted via a traditional, ethanol-based method. Although the electric field did not affect the sugar composition of the polysaccharide and retained its gel-like properties, it substantially reduced its sulfate content (from 5.8% to 1.2%), viscosity (by fivefold), and stiffness (by eightfold) relative to the ethanol-separated fraction. Yet, the bioactivity of the sulfate-depleted polysaccharide against <i>Herpes simplex</i> virus 1 was only slightly reduced (~15%), suggesting that the sulfate groups do not significantly contribute to the antiviral potency of this polysaccharide. The reported electric-field separation methods is, therefore, a simple, straightforward, and nontoxic means for the direct recovery of desulfated polysaccharides from <i>P. cruentum</i> cultures, yielding a low-toxicity and highly stable gel-like material with enhanced amenability for antiviral applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":"117 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147372416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}