Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Development of <i>Protium heptaphyllum</i> essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity.","authors":"Debora Freitas Silva, Kaidy Giselle Orellana, Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga, Jin Wang, Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade, Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro, Maria Izabel de Jesus, Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna, Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira, Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira, Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior, Emmanuel Abraham Ho, Marcele Fonseca Passos","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.67","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.67","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules containing breu branco (<i>Protium heptaphyllum</i>) essential oil were successfully prepared by nanoprecipitation and optimized using a Box-Behnken design. Spherical nanosystems were obtained, with a mean particle size of 172.10 ± 0.90 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.14 ± 0.04, a zeta potential of -25.49 ± 1.08 mV and an encapsulation efficiency above 99%, in addition to long-term colloidal stability. Cell viability assays in HaCaT cells showed high biocompatibility, with cell viability above 70% up to 6 mg/mL and only moderate toxicity at 12 mg/mL. In antimicrobial assays, the free oil had no inhibitory effect against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, while the nanocapsules exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.55 mg/mL, indicating enhanced antibacterial activity. Wound-healing assays further demonstrated improved keratinocyte migration compared to serum-free controls. Additionally, cytokine profiling by cytometric bead array indicated an anti-inflammatory profile, with strong suppression of IL-6 and selective increases in IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-α at higher doses (6 mg/mL) in nanocapsule-treated fibroblasts. Overall, these findings demonstrate that nanoencapsulation not only stabilizes breu branco essential oil but also enhances its antimicrobial, regenerative, and immunomodulatory effects, while fostering the sustainable valorization of Amazonian biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"974-990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13430529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water.","authors":"Maryam Darestani-Farahani, Peter Kruse","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.66","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.66","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate detection of ions in aqueous environments, ranging from trace to high concentrations, is essential for monitoring natural water resources, treatment facilities, and wastewater systems. Solid-state sensors have emerged as versatile platforms for this purpose due to their adaptability in geometry, compatibility with electronic integration, portability, and low energy requirements. A wide variety of active materials have been investigated, including metal oxides, graphene, carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, AlGaN/GaN, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, and organic polymers all of which can be tailored for sensor development. Sensor selectivity and functionality can be enhanced through strategies such as defect engineering, nanoparticle doping, surface functionalization with organic molecules, or incorporation of advanced recognition elements like metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, ion-imprinted polymers, and biomaterials. Hybrid nanocomposites and ion-selective membranes further expand the design space, enabling customized performance for specific applications. This review systematically examines the materials employed in solid-state ion sensors, their transduction mechanisms, and analyte interactions with sensing media, while critically evaluating advantages, limitations, fabrication approaches, and performance metrics. In addition, recent advances in sensor arrays are highlighted to demonstrate progress toward multiplexed detection. By consolidating these developments, this work provides a comprehensive framework to guide the rational selection of active and sensing materials for designing electrochemical and electrical devices capable of reliable, real-time ion monitoring in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"935-973"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13430525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced erosion resistance and radiation stability of WC-WO₃ nanocomposite films under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation.","authors":"Shristi Bist, Parswajit Kalita, Ratnesh K Pandey, Sejal Shah, Richa Krishna, Umapathy G R, Sunil Ojha, Devesh K Avasthi","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.65","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.65","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plasma-facing components (PFCs) in fusion reactors are exposed to extreme radiation and thermal environments, leading to material degradation processes such as sputtering erosion and amorphization. This study investigates and compares the erosion behaviour of tungsten (W) in potential ceramic-based PFC materials, specifically tungsten carbide (WC) thin films and their nanocomposite counterpart, WC-WO₃, under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation. The films were irradiated at fluences of 1 × 10¹⁶, 3 × 10¹⁶, and 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm². Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was employed to evaluate W sputtering yields and compositional stability. The WC-WO₃ nanocomposite exhibited significantly reduced W erosion compared to pure WC films, attributed to the higher W binding energy and the existence of heterointerfaces within the nanocomposite matrix. SRIM simulations corroborated the experimental sputtering trends. Furthermore, preferential sputtering of lower-<i>Z</i> elements (C and O) was observed in both material systems. Glancing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis revealed post-irradiation grain growth in WC-WO₃ films, while scanning electron microscopy results show morphological changes, indicating dynamic microstructural evolution rather than amorphization under irradiation. These results highlight the potential of WC-WO₃ nanocomposites as erosion-resistant and structurally resilient candidates for future plasma-facing applications in fusion reactors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"922-934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13402996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148598296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy.","authors":"Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez, Katty Yi Zhang, Denisse Yajaira Enriquez, Byron Raul Inapanta, Roxana Noemí Peroni, Christian Rafael Quijia","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.64","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.64","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major barrier to successful cancer chemotherapy, frequently resulting in therapeutic failure, tumor relapses, and poor clinical outcomes. Among the diverse mechanisms underlying MDR, the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, particularly P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by ABCB1) is one of the most extensively studied as it actively effluxes structurally diverse chemotherapeutic agents and reduces intracellular drug exposure below cytotoxic thresholds. In this review, we critically examine recent nanocarrier-based strategies developed to overcome P-gp-mediated resistance across major malignancies, including breast, lung, colorectal, gastric, and prostate cancers. These approaches are categorized according to their principal mechanisms of action: (i) direct functional inhibition of P-gp ATPase activity using small-molecule modulators such as quercetin, ᴅ-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate, and tariquidar, (ii) circumvention of membrane efflux through receptor-mediated endocytosis, intracellular trafficking control, or tumor-responsive drug release, and (iii) suppression of transporter expression via co-delivery of siRNA, shRNA, or anti-miRNA payloads targeting ABCB1 regulatory pathways. We further discuss advances in nanoplatform engineering, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, lipid-polymer hybrid systems, and biomimetic carriers designed to enhance tumor selectivity and intracellular retention. Preclinical evidence consistently demonstrates improved drug accumulation, restored chemosensitivity, and reduced systemic toxicity. Nevertheless, clinical translation remains constrained by tumor heterogeneity, variable biological barriers, large-scale manufacturing requirements, and regulatory complexity. Overall, nanoparticle-mediated modulation of P-gp represents a promising strategy toward precision oncology, although future success will depend on scalable design, mechanistic standardization, and biomarker-guided clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"882-921"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13382960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148598268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a <i>C</i> ₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative.","authors":"Yoko Tatewaki, Fumiya Hirose, Sadafumi Nishihara, Tomoyuki Akutagawa, Takayoshi Nakamura, Tsuyoshi Minami","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.63","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.63","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports the design and synthesis of a <i>C</i> ₃-symmetric discotic tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative, MeS-TTF-Ts, as a molecular platform for the self-assembly of one-dimensional conductive nanostructures. The molecular architecture contains three TTF units radially arranged around a rigid <i>C</i> ₃-symmetric core, enabling the formation of highly ordered one-dimensional assemblies through cooperative π-π stacking and directional intermolecular interactions. Solution casting of MeS-TTF-Ts produced nanorod and nanofiber structures with morphologies strongly dependent on the solvent conditions. AFM and SEM observations revealed that distinct supramolecular structures were formed depending on the solvent and substrate used, suggesting that molecular interactions and assembly processes play important roles in determining the resulting morphologies. Furthermore, MeS-TTF-Ts was combined with the strong electron acceptor F4TCNQ to form a charge-transfer complex, (MeS-TTF-Ts)(F4TCNQ)₃, which yielded well-defined one-dimensional nanofibers. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopic analyses confirmed substantial charge transfer from MeS-TTF-Ts to F4TCNQ through the formation of F4TCNQ^- and TTF⁺ species. These results indicate the formation of a highly charge-transferred donor-acceptor assembly in the nanofibers. Electrical conductivity measurements revealed that the (MeS-TTF-Ts)(F4TCNQ)₃ nanofibers exhibit a conductivity of 1.24 × 10^-2 S·cm^-1. These findings demonstrate that rational molecular design combined with controlled supramolecular self-assembly provides an effective strategy for constructing one-dimensional conductive nanostructures based on organic charge-transfer systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"872-881"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148435046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"He⁺ FIBID-fabricated 3D AFM tip architectures: an exploratory study of hollow pillars, helices, and spirals.","authors":"Alba Arroyo-Fructuoso, Ana Galet, Gregor Hlawacek, Rosa Córdoba","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.62","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.62","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atomic force microscopy (AFM) relies strongly on tip geometry and mechanical integrity for stable and reproducible surface measurements. Here, we present an exploratory study of tungsten-carbon (W-C) AFM tips with complex three-dimensional (3D) architectures fabricated by helium ion beam-induced deposition (He⁺ FIBID) directly onto commercial AFM cantilevers bearing a pre-existing tip. Hollow nanopillars, nanohelices, and nanospirals were tested on a calibrated reference sample with a nominal step height of 20 nm using two AFM instruments under comparable operating conditions. Under the conditions explored here, selected 3D-printed tips reproduced the nominal step height of the calibration structure, yielding values consistent with those obtained using commercial probes on the same sample. To relate probe operation to structural outcome, each tip was examined by electron microscopy before and after AFM use. The main degradation modes were geometric deformation of the apex or shaft and mechanical fracture, most frequently at the tip-cantilever interface. While a few structures remained operational through repeated measurement cycles, others failed during the initial approach or early scanning stages, highlighting current limitations in robustness and reproducibility. These results show that complex He⁺ FIBID-grown nanoarchitectures can operate as AFM probes under basic test conditions, while also making clear that substantial optimization is still required.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"863-871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148435033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride-ruthenium molecular interfaces.","authors":"Jan Holub, Pablo Jiménez-Calvo","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.61","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The homogeneous-heterogeneous catalysis gap remains an unresolved challenge in solar fuels research. Molecular catalysts offer unique selectivity and mechanistic transparency but suffer from poor electrode contact and limited recyclability, while heterogeneous semiconductors provide scalable light harvesting but lack precisely defined active sites. Anchoring molecular ruthenium (Ru) catalysts onto heterogeneous semiconductors, like carbon nitride (C₃N₄), offers a chemically rational strategy to bridge this gap, yielding hybrid photoelectrodes capable of driving ammonia oxidation, a reaction of growing importance as a sustainable hydrogen carrier. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, in which a light-harvesting antenna is spatially coupled to a multielectron catalytic centre, the proposed hybrid system assigns distinct and complementary roles to each component: C₃N₄ absorbs visible light, separates charge carriers, and provides a structurally tunable aromatic surface, while the metal complexes, e.g., RuBda, RuTda, or RuTpyBpy, accept photogenerated holes and drive the demanding six-electron oxidation of ammonia through well-defined coordination chemistry. Two anchoring strategies, covalent amide bond formation exploiting the surface amine groups of C₃N₄, and non-covalent π-π and C-H···π interactions mediated by pyrene-functionalized ligands, are presented as complementary rather than competing routes to the heterointerface, each controlling surface density, electronic coupling, and catalyst stability differently. This perspective article examines how the structural diversity of the C₃N₄ allotropes, spanning semicrystalline polymeric C₃N₄, highly ordered poly(heptazine imide), and high-surface-area amorphous sulfur-doped C₃N₄, offers a tunable platform for optimizing charge carrier dynamics at the hybrid interface. Finally, photoelectrocatalysis is the enabling configuration: Simultaneous illumination and electrochemical bias reduce the thermodynamic penalty, suppress charge recombination, and provide independent control over product selectivity. Despite available materials, precedent reactions, and compelling mechanistic rationale, no study to date has reported photoelectrocatalytic ammonia oxidation at a C₃N₄-Ru hybrid photoelectrode, this gap is the motivation and the central argument of this perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"854-862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13360009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148435016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges.","authors":"Sonia Zahara, Björn M Reinhard","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.60","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) encompasses antiviral drugs or formulations that aim to prevent the establishment of a permanent infection if exposure occurs. Conventional oral PrEP approaches require a daily drug regimen for effective prophylaxis, which can become burdensome, and pill fatigue creates challenges for adherence. There is, consequently, interest in the development of long-acting formulations of antiretrovirals that provide protection over extended periods of time after a single treatment. Nanoformulations and nanoparticle delivery strategies play an important role in achieving long acting (LA)-PrEP. This manuscript reviews emerging nanoparticle delivery platforms for LA-PrEP with a particular focus on four distinct classes of nanomaterials, namely, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid nanoparticles. Nanoparticle design considerations and targeting strategies for the individual classes are examined, and the opportunities and challenges for the different nanomaterials approaches in the context of LA-PrEP are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"839-853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148435025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-scale design of chemosensor arrays: from molecular self-assembly in water to paper-based devices for metal ion detection.","authors":"Yui Sasaki, Tsuyoshi Minami","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.59","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.59","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring metal ions in aquatic environments is essential for understanding ecosystem dynamics and assessing water quality. Chemosensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools at the molecular level that transduce ion-recognition events into optical signals. In particular, coordination with metal ions enables cross-reactive sensing, allowing for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes based on pattern recognition. This perspective summarizes advances in self-assembled chemosensor systems for metal ion detection and further developments to solid-state chemosensor array devices based on nanotechnologies. In practical chemosensor designs, dynamic covalent bonds between catechol and phenylboronic acid derivatives have been employed to provide a versatile strategy for the spontaneous preparation of chemosensor elements without extensive synthetic effort. Furthermore, integration of these self-assembled chemosensors into paper substrates enables portable detection platforms for on-site analysis without using stationary laboratory instruments. This cross-scale design strategy provides a promising approach for simultaneous detection of metal ions in various water environments across microscopic and macroscopic scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"828-838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13313019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes.","authors":"Ying Zhang, Yigit Sozen, Esteban Zamora-Amo, Thomas Pucher, Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo, Zdenek Sofer, Yong Xie, Andres Castellanos-Gomez","doi":"10.3762/bjnano.17.58","DOIUrl":"10.3762/bjnano.17.58","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fabricating microelectronic devices for two-dimensional (2D) materials research is essential but often limited by the high cost and need for specialized facilities. This study establishes a practical method for cleaning and reusing substrates with pre-patterned electrodes. The cleaning protocol involves the use of an ultrasonic bath in warm <i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), enabling the removal of 2D materials without damaging the electrodes. Electrical measurements, Raman analysis, and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements collectively confirm the feasibility of repeatedly reusing the same pre-patterned chip, showing that the cleaned regions exhibit no detectable Raman signatures of the transferred 2D material, retain a largely homogeneous surface-potential distribution, and preserve comparable electrical performance after reuse. By extending the lifetime of pre-patterned chips, this approach can reduce substrate consumption and lower the cost of 2D device prototyping.</p>","PeriodicalId":8802,"journal":{"name":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"17 ","pages":"818-827"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13284748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148306774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}