Avian Pathology最新文献

{"title":"<i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and <i>Mycoplasma synoviae</i> in commercial poultry: current control strategies and future challenges.","authors":"Anneke Feberwee, Naola Ferguson-Noel, Salvatore Catania, Marco Bottinelli, Nadeeka Wawagema, Miklos Gyuranecz, Anne V Gautier-Bouchardon, Inna Lysnyansky, Jeanine Wiegel, Franca Möller Palau-Ribes, Ana S Ramirez","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2419037","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2419037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (Mg) and <i>Mycoplasma synoviae</i> (Ms) are regarded as the most important avian mycoplasma species for today's chicken and turkey farming industry from clinical and economical perspectives. Control strategies for Mg and Ms have become more efficient due to investments in mycoplasma research over the last 70 years. These investments have contributed to the further implementation of serological and molecular testing, the development of vaccines, and the improvement of antimicrobial treatment strategies. However, the increasing spotlight on welfare, the pressure on prudent use of antimicrobials, and the expected global increase in poultry production, are going to have an impact on the future control of avian mycoplasmas in commercial poultry. In this paper a group of avian mycoplasma experts discuss the future challenges in mycoplasma control considering the background of these expected changes and the relevance for future avian mycoplasma research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"168-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142543401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The combination of infectious bronchitis virus BR1 and Mass vaccines provides broad protection.","authors":"Hanneke Bataille, Robert Jan Molenaar, Gustavo Schaefer, Marcelo Zuanaze, Sjaak De Wit","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2415668","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2415668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two vaccination-challenge trials were performed using a commercial infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) BR1 vaccine, given alone or combined with a commercial IBV Mass vaccine against challenges with IBV M41, 793B, D388 (QX), Q1, Brasil-1 or Variant 2 challenge viruses, which includes the IB viruses that are dominant in South America. The efficacy of the vaccines against the challenge viruses was investigated by determination of the ciliary activity of the tracheal epithelium after challenge. The level of protection induced by the IBV BR1 vaccine alone against the six IBV challenge strains, of which five were of heterologous genotypes, varied from 50% to 100% with an average of 80%. The level of protection induced by the combination of the IBV BR1 and IBV Mass vaccines against the six IBV challenge strains, of which four were of heterologous genotypes, varied from 80% to 100% with an average of 92%. Vaccination with IBV BR1 alone provided a high level of protection against most tested challenge viruses, though the combination of IBV BR1 and IBV Mass was more consistent, showing less variation and compliance with the criterium mentioned in the European Pharmacopoeia 10th edition (at least 80% protection) for all tested challenge viruses. These trials show that vaccination with a combination of IBV BR1 and IBV Mass vaccines provides high levels of protection against the circulating IBV strains in South America.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"234-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and pathogenicity of a fowl adenovirus 8b (FAdV-8b) strain in Cherry Valley ducks.","authors":"Bingrong Wu, Dalin He, Feng Wei, Saisai Zhao, Wentao Tang, Yudong Zhu, Shiyu Yu, Qingqiu Zhou, Lei Wei, Yi Tang, Youxiang Diao","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2409461","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2409461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an economically important viral disease primarily affecting the poultry industry. In this study, we isolated a strain of FAdV-8b (strain SDYT) from naturally infected ducks and the hexon and fiber gene sequences were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. In order to study the pathogenicity of FAdV-8b in Cherry Valley ducks, we inoculated 10- and 20-day-old ducks with 0.3 ml of FAdV-4 virus (TCID₅₀ of 10^5.5/0.1 ml) either orally or intramuscularly. Clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathological changes, cytokines, viral load and antibody levels were observed and recorded within 15 days after infection. Pathomorphological investigations revealed that ducks in the experimental group exhibited hepatitis. Histopathology showed multiple organ damage, including serious liver and kidney lesions. Furthermore, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and antibodies were noticed, due to the infection and innate immune response. At a later stage of infection, immunosuppression occurred, resulting in decreased levels of cytokines. Determination of viral load showed that the virus was present in several organs, with the highest viral DNA load found in the liver, followed by the kidney. Compared to birds infected orally, the intramuscular group exhibited the highest viral load. In summary, this study increases our understanding of the pathogenicity of FAdV-8b in ducks and establishes a model that will inform antiviral drug testing and vaccine evaluation for IBH, thereby preventing and reducing the spread of IBH in the poultry industry.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b>A strain (SDYT) of fowl adenovirus 8b (FAdV-8b) was successfully isolated from ducks.Cherry Valley ducks were successfully infected with FAdV-8b.Different routes of infection can lead to duck mortality, more pronounced when birds are injected intramuscularly.FAdV-8b (SDYT) was distributed in various tissues and organs of ducks, causing different degrees of lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"223-233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper nanoparticles effectively reduce <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis in broiler chicken diet and water.","authors":"Karine Patrin Pontin, Karen Apellanis Borges, Thales Quedi Furian, Gabriela Zottis Chitolina, Roberta de Castro Böhnmann, Ronise Faria Rohde Depner, Ines Andretta, Danrlei Nogueira, Daiane Elisa Wilsmann, Daniela Tonini da Rocha, Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes, Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2409446","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2409446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of copper nanoparticles (CuNP) in the diet of broiler chickens has been studied as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. This study aimed to analyse the antimicrobial properties of CuNP in the feed and water of broiler chickens against <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis and to assess the intestinal integrity and toxicity of CuNP supplementation in their diet. The antimicrobial activity of CuNP against <i>S.</i> Enteritidis was tested in microplates to evaluate three water samples with different mineral compositions and in an <i>in vitro</i> digestibility model that simulated the three primary intestinal compartments of birds to assess feed samples. To evaluate <i>in vivo</i> intestinal integrity and toxicity, the birds were divided into four groups (30 birds per group): (1) basal diet (control); (2) basal diet + CuNP (100 ppm); (3) basal diet + enramycin (10 ppm); and (4) basal diet + CuNP (100 ppm) + enramycin (10 ppm). Intestinal samples were collected for histomorphometric evaluation and lactic acid bacteria count, while chest muscle and whole blood samples were collected to determine copper content. A significant reduction in the <i>S.</i> Enteritidis count was observed in both <i>in vitro</i> treatments (water and feed) with CuNP inclusion, compared to the control group. No significant differences in histomorphometric measurements, weight gain, or total lactic acid bacterial counts were found compared to those in the control. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of CuNP in reducing the occurrence of <i>S.</i> Enteritidis and their non-interference with the intestinal integrity of broiler chickens, highlighting the potential of CuNP as an alternative antimicrobial agent in the poultry production chain.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b>Supplementation with CuNP in feed and water reduced <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis count.Supplementation with CuNP did not affect intestinal integrity of broilers.CuNP did not affect weight gain or total lactic acid bacterial counts.The results demonstrate the potential of CuNP as alternative antimicrobials.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"212-222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age of challenge is important in <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis studies in pullets and hens: a systematic review.","authors":"Wing Y J Yue, Peter J Groves","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2410873","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2410873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nontyphoidal serovars of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp <i>enterica</i> frequently colonize the intestinal tracts of chickens, creating risks of contamination of meat and egg food products. These serovars seldom cause disease in chickens over 3 weeks of age. Colonization is generally transient but can continue to circulate in a flock for many months. Vaccination of breeders and layers is the most effective method of control of infections with serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, and the development of these vaccines or other preventative treatments requires challenge studies to demonstrate efficacy. However, establishing a successful challenge model where the control birds are colonized to a sufficient extent to be able to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction from the vaccine or treatment is problematic. A meta-analysis of published <i>S</i>. Enteritidis challenge studies was performed to pursue the best challenge model conditions that provide consistent control colonization outcomes. Challenge at sexual maturity was significantly more effective in achieving at least 80% colonization of control hens.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b><i>Salmonella</i> challenge chicken models do not always achieve high colonization levels in controls.The age of hen is important in achieving good caecal colonization.Challenge around sexual maturity provides the best control colonization outcome.A challenge dose rate of 10⁵ CFU/ bird is adequate in birds under 30 weeks of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"159-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142399170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of chicken TRIM45 and its role as a negative regulator of ALV-J replication <i>in vitro</i>.","authors":"Jiaxing Wang, Qiangzhou Wang, Yuyu Ping, Xuan Huang, Ting Yang, Yulin Bi, Guobin Chang, Shihao Chen","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2419039","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2419039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an alpharetrovirus that infects chickens, causing immunosuppression and a decrease in production performance, leading to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. ALV-J is also well-known for its oncogenic properties, inducing tumours such as myelomas and haemangiomas in infected chickens. TRIM45 has been identified as a potential tumour suppressor; however, the relationship between TRIM45 expression and ALV-J infection remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to dissect the molecular characteristics of the chicken TRIM45 gene and its modulation during ALV-J infection, as well as its influence on viral replication. We found that the chicken TRIM45 RING domain is significantly different from that of humans and other mammals. TRIM45 is expressed in all chicken tissues, with the highest levels in the heart. Subcellular localization studies indicated a cytoplasmic distribution of TRIM45, forming aggregates within cells. Our findings demonstrate that ALV-J infection significantly upregulates TRIM45 expression in DF-1 cells. To assess the functional role of TRIM45 in ALV-J replication, we employed both gene silencing and overexpression strategies. Strikingly, the overexpression of TRIM45, including a mutant lacking the RING domain, was found to markedly suppress ALV-J replication. In contrast, TRIM45 knockdown via siRNA resulted in an enhanced viral replication, highlighting the importance of TRIM45 limiting ALV-J replication. Mechanistically, overexpression of TRIM45 induces apoptosis in infected cells, independent of its RING domain function. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that chicken TRIM45 acts as a negative regulator of ALV-J replication <i>in vitro</i> by promoting apoptosis in infected cells.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b>Chicken TRIM45 RING domain and protein localization significantly differ from humans.TRIM45 negatively regulates ALV-J replication <i>in vitro</i>.TRIM45 inhibits ALV-J replication by inducing apoptosis in infected cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142457020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel goose parvovirus in naturally infected ducks suffering from locomotor disorders: molecular detection, histopathological examination, immunohistochemical signals, and full genome sequencing.","authors":"Mohamed A Lebdah, Amal A M Eid, Reham M ElBakrey, Abd Elgalil El-Gohary, Mohamed R Mousa, Hagar F Gouda, Ahmed F Gad, Sarah S Helal, Mohamed G Seadawy","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2419038","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2419038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated the pathological effects of novel goose parvovirus (NGPV) infection on the skeletal muscle, brain, and intestine of naturally affected ducks suffering from locomotor dysfunction as a new approach for a deeper understanding of this clinical form. For this purpose, a total of 97 diseased ducks, representing 24 flocks of different duck breeds (14-75 days old), were clinically examined. In total, 72 tissue pools of intestine, brain, and skeletal muscle samples were submitted for molecular identification. Typical clinical signs among the examined ducks suggested parvovirus infection. Regarding <i>postmortem</i> examination, all examined ducks showed muscle emaciation (100%) either accompanied by congestion (34%) or paleness (66%). Slight congestion, either in the brain (82.5%) or intestine (75.25%), was predominantly detected. Based on molecular identification, the intestine had the highest percentage of positive detection (91.7%), followed by the skeletal muscle (70.8%), and the brain (20.8%). The main histopathological alterations were myofibre atrophy and degeneration, marked enteritis accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa, while the affected brains showed vasculitis, diffuse gliosis, and Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum. Next-generation sequencing further confirmed the presence of a variant strain of goose parvovirus (vGPV) that is globally known as NGPV and closely related to Chinese NGPV isolates. Using immunohistochemistry, the NGPV antigen was positively detected in the muscle fibres, enterocytes, and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. These findings provided proof of the involvement of virus replication in the locomotor disorders linked to NGPV infection in ducks.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"241-254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142457021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity of duck circovirus and novel goose parvovirus co-infection in SPF ducks.","authors":"Yudong Zhu, Qiong Wu, Mian Wu, Dalin He, Bingrong Wu, Mingtian Mao, Wentao Tang, Jiake Li, Caiqi Wang, Hui Zhao, Yafei Qin, Youxiang Diao, Yi Tang","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2383231","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2383231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Duck circovirus (DuCV) is one of the most prevalent infectious viruses in the duck industry in China. Although the clinical signs vary, it often causes immunosuppression in the host and leads to secondary infection with other pathogens. Novel goose parvovirus (NGPV) mainly infects ducks and causes short beak and dwarfism syndrome in ducks. However, the incidence of infection in ducks has increased in recent years, and the phenomenon of mixed infection with DuCV is common, resulting in more severe clinical morbidity. However, there are no systematic studies evaluating the presence of mixed infections. In order to investigate the synergistic pathogenicity of DuCV and NGPV co-infection in SPF ducks, a comparative experiment using DuCV and NGPV co-infection and mono-infection bird models was established. The results showed that the clinical signs of short beak, dwarfism and immunosuppression were more obvious in DuCV and NGPV co-infected ducks; the tissue damage of target organs was more serious, and the viral titre in organs and cloacal swabs were more significant compared with those of SPF ducks infected with only one virus. The results indicated that co-infection with DuCV and NGPV could promote viral replication and cause more severe tissue damage and immunosuppression than single virus infection. The present study reveals that the co-infection of NGPV and DuCV has a synergistic pathogenic effect from the aspect of pathogenicity, and the conclusions drawn not only clarify the direction of the subsequent research on the mechanism of co-infection of NGPV and DuCV, but also provide a scientific basis for the research on the co-infection of immunosuppressive pathogens and other pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a recombinant non-replicating Newcastle disease virus.","authors":"Pheik-Sheen Cheow, Tiong Kit Tan, Adelene Ai-Lian Song, Khatijah Yusoff, Suet Lin Chia","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2403412","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2403412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Research highlights: </strong>Development of nr-NDV.Reverse transfection was applied for the recovery of nr-NDV.Propagation of nr-NDV was done by sub-passaging transfected BSR T7/5 cells.Safety profile was done to prove that the nr-NDV is non-replicating.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons learnt on infectious bronchitis virus lineage GI-23.","authors":"Avner Finger, Udi Ashash, Dana Goldenberg, Ziv Raviv","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2398030","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2024.2398030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first coronavirus discovered in the world in the early 1930s and despite decades of extensive immunoprophylaxis efforts, it remains a major health concern to poultry producers worldwide. Rapid evolution due to large poultry population sizes coupled with high mutation and recombination events and the reliance of the antiviral immune response on specific antibodies against the epitopes of the S1 glycoprotein, render the control of IBV extremely challenging. The numerous and rapidly evolving genetic and antigenic IBV types are currently classified based on the whole S1 gene sequence, into 36 lineages clustered in eight genotypes. Most lineages (29) are grouped in genotype I (GI). \"Variant 2\" (<i>Israel/Variant 2/1998</i>) is the prototype strain of lineage GI-23 and, since this lineage emerged during the mid-1990s in the Middle East, it has evolved into numerous genetically related strains and disseminated to five continents. The hallmarks of IBV Variant 2-like strain infections are high virulence and remarkable nephrotropism and nephropathogenicity; however, the molecular mechanisms of these traits remain to be elucidated. Limited protection from previously utilized vaccine strains and accumulated losses to poultry producers have urged the development and implementation of homologous Variant 2-like vaccine strains. The latest avian coronavirus biology with specific emphasis on the cumulative knowledge about IBV \"Variant 2\" and emergence of related strains, characteristics and control are reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142071858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}