Avian Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Mucosal immune responses elicited by wild-bird-origin avian paramyxovirus-type 1 isolates in chickens.","authors":"Raimundo Espejo, Haroldo Toro","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2026.2630676","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2026.2630676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Research highlights: </strong>Wild-bird APMV-1s elicited antibody responses at levels similar to LaSota strain.APMV-1s induced CD8⁺-, CD4⁺-, and Bu-1⁺-cell expansion in the Harderian gland.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"309-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147281957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine-mediated protection: a comparative assessment of eye drop and vent brush vaccination methods.","authors":"Tanjin Tamanna Mumu, Thanh Tien Tran, Stephen W Walkden-Brown, Nicholas M Andronicos, Priscilla F Gerber","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2609583","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2609583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Live attenuated chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) are commonly used in long-lived chickens in Australia and generally provide good protection when administered by eye drop (ED). Although vent brush (VB) vaccination provides excellent protection, the associated immune responses are not well characterized. This study compared vaccine-mediated protection conferred by SA2 ILTV vaccine strain administered via ED or VB to 4-week-old layer chicks against a virulent (class 9) challenge 2 weeks after vaccination. No significant differences in ILTV DNA in choanal swabs were observed between vaccinated-challenged and non-challenged groups from 4-11 days post challenge (DPC), indicating that both VB and ED vaccination prevented increases in viral load after challenge, although neither prevented infection. Both vaccination routes resulted in high protection indices against clinical signs after challenge (VB, 99%; ED, 90%) and pathological lesion scores in conjunctiva (VB, 83%; ED, 74%) and trachea (VB, 78%; ED, 69%). The non-vaccinated challenged group exhibited significant over-expression of complement component 5a receptor 1, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in both conjunctiva and trachea at DPC 4, whereas ED- and VB-vaccinated challenged groups displayed similar gene expression profiles, resembling those of vaccinated non-challenged group except for elevated MX1 expression at DPC 4 and 7, and STAT1 expression at DPC 4 in the trachea. In conclusion, VB and ED vaccination conferred equivalent clinical protection with gene expression profiles similar to vaccinated, non-challenged chickens, indicating comparable immunological efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"193-209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity of <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i>: uncovering novel genotypes in Iranian poultry farms.","authors":"Mohsen Bashashati, Leila Moradi Haghgou, Abbas Nouri, Mohammad Hassanzadeh, Mohammad Abdoshah, Fereshteh Sabouri","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2584352","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2584352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The circulating serotypes/genotypes of avian infectious coryza (AIC) in Iran have not been fully characterized, and disease control in layer and breeder flocks largely relies on imported vaccines. Given the correlation between genotypes and serotypes based on the previously proposed genotyping method, this study aimed to determine the genotypes of 28 Iranian <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> isolates collected over a 7-year period (2018-2025), using sequences of region 1 and the hypervariable region (HVR) of the <i>HMTp210</i> gene. PCR amplification of both regions was performed, and the resulting sequences were analysed alongside reference strains retrieved from GenBank. Two datasets were generated: one based on region 1 (aligned with the Page serotyping scheme) and the other based on concatenated sequences (corresponding to the Kume scheme). Phylogenetic analysis identified five previously known genotypes (I, II, VI, VIII, and IX), corresponding to serovars A-1, A-2, C-4, C-3, and an undetermined Kume serovar, in 24 isolates. Notably, two isolates (AP-20 and AP-28) formed distinct, well-supported phylogenetic clusters and were designated as novel genotypes XV and XVI, respectively. The <i>HMTp210</i> HVR could not be amplified in two additional isolates (AP-17 and AP-18); however, analysis of their region 1 sequences indicated a close relationship to United States non-pathogenic strains. These findings suggest that the currently proposed genotyping scheme may be inadequate for classifying non-pathogenic strains. The circulation of multiple genotypes in Iran underscores the need for continued surveillance and re-evaluation of currently used vaccines, as effective control of AIC requires serotype-specific bacterins in vaccination programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"161-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HSP90α promotes fowl adenovirus serotype 4 replication in LMH cells via interacting with hexon.","authors":"Saimin Zhai, Xiaozhan Zhang, Keying Liu, Huichao Gao, Linyang Yu, Jianli Li, Xia Yang, Jun Zhao, Zeng Wang","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2611109","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2611109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α), a conservative chaperone protein, is closely involved in signal transduction and virus proliferation, but how it engages the lifecycle of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of HSP90α was significantly upregulated in Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells infected with FAdV-4. Functional study revealed that overexpression of HSP90α promoted FAdV-4 replication <i>in vitro</i>, whereas knockdown of HSP90α exerted the opposite effect. Subsequently, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that HSP90α, particularly the truncated HSP90α variant encompassing amino acid residues 286-542, interacted with hexon protein of FAdV-4. These findings collectively identify HSP90α as a critical host factor that modulates FAdV-4 replication through direct interaction with the viral hexon protein (via its 286-542 amino acid domain), thereby providing novel insights into the molecular crosstalk between FAdV-4 and host cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"220-230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Newcastle disease virus subgenotype VII.1.1 in Iran, 2017-2024.","authors":"Fereshteh Sabouri, Tae-Hyeon Kim, Mohammad Abdoshah, Andrew Y Cho, Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi, Sun-Hak Lee, Chang-Seon Song, Dong-Hun Lee, Mohsen Bashashati","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2585135","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2585135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), has posed a continuous threat to Iran's poultry industry since its first detection in the early 1950s, with subgenotype VII.1.1 currently recognized as the dominant circulating strain. To gain deeper insights into the evolutionary dynamics of NDV in Iran, we performed genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis on 60 viruses isolated from domestic poultry and wild birds between 2017 and 2024. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the fusion (F) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes revealed that all viruses belong to subgenotype VII.1.1, forming a well-supported monophyletic group, indicative of independent evolution of this subgenotype within Iran after its introduction. The F and HN genes displayed high sequence identities of over 97% and 93%, respectively. All viruses contained a polybasic cleavage site in the F gene (R-R-Q/K-K-R↓F), consistent with virulent NDV strains. The estimated evolutionary rates for the F and HN genes were 1.31 × 10^-3 and 9.62 × 10^-4 substitutions/site/year, respectively. The most recent common ancestor of the subgenotype VII.1.1 F gene was dated to 2007 (95% highest posterior density: 2005-2009), likely originating from the Middle East. Bayesian skyride analysis showed an exponential increase in viral diversity between 2020 and 2024. Continuous surveillance of NDV in both poultry and wild birds in Iran is essential to track ongoing viral evolution, monitor potential changes in virulence or transmissibility, and identify emerging threats to poultry health and production.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation regarding the occurrence of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in dead-in-shell chicks and young broiler breeders in Sweden.","authors":"Ylva Lindgren, Mikael Berg, Eva Berndtson, Anna Birgersson, Anne-Lie Blomström, Helena Eriksson, Siamak Zohari, Désirée S Jansson","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2572968","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2572968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes the investigation of the epidemiology of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) among fast-growing meat-type breeder parent chickens in Sweden, based on serology, PCR and partial genome sequencing of samples collected during rearing and egg production. Blood samples (<i>n</i> = 1910) from breeder flocks at 16 (79 flocks), 24 and 36 (52 flocks) weeks of age were analysed for FAdV antibodies. Ninety-four percent of the flocks had seroconverted at 16 weeks of age, and at 36 weeks of age all 52 flocks were seropositive. From 35 of these flocks, dead-in-shell chicks (DIS, <i>n</i> = 949) from eggs laid at 26-27 and 36-37 weeks of age were sampled, and pooled liver and caecal tonsils were analysed by PCR. Nucleic acid from FAdV was not detected. Negative PCR results were confirmed by testing tissues from 62 broiler breeders and 80 DIS from four additional seropositive flocks, collected at age 24-26 weeks. From six other breeder flocks, liver and caecal tonsils were sampled from one bird (when available) per day during rearing from 1-112 days of age. From 6 weeks of age, in 4/6 flocks, FAdV species A and/or D were detected by PCR and partial hexon gene sequencing. In conclusion, FAdVs were detected during rearing in breeder birds but not in DIS. This suggests that vertical transmission of FAdVs was prevented by immunity acquired early in life. However, it should be noted that high antibody titres in breeder birds does not necessarily confer protection against vertical transmission.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b>The majority of 16-week-old parent flocks were seropositive to FAdV.FAdV was not detected by PCR in dead-in-shell chicks from seroconverted flocks.FAdV-A and D were detected in broiler breeders during rearing from 6 weeks of age.Results suggest that vertical spread was prevented by immunity in breeder birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of immune responses in mucosal lymphoid tissues following infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) eye drop and vent brush vaccination of chickens.","authors":"Thanh Tien Tran, Nicholas M Andronicos, Natkunam Ketheesan, Shahid Nazir, Stephen W Walkden-Brown, Priscilla F Gerber","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2584351","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2584351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye drop (ED) and vent brush (VB) application of live infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccine provides protective immunity against disease, but little is known regarding the immune responses following application. This study compared the gene expression of immune markers associated with VB and ED ILTV vaccination in the conjunctiva, trachea and cloaca at 3, 5, 7 and 10 days post-vaccination (dpv) and 3, 5 and 7 days post-revaccination (dprv). The relative gene expression of markers associated with inflammatory responses and their regulation (CCL4, CCR5, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL17C, IFNG), pathogen recognition receptors (TLR2-2, TLR4, TLR7) and cell surface markers (CD4, CD8A, CD14, CD80) was evaluated by RT-PCR after ED or VB vaccination and revaccination using the alternate route (ED/VB (primary/booster), VB/ED). There was increased expression of inflammatory markers at vaccination sites following primary vaccination. In the VB group, there was increased expression of IL6 and IFNG in cloaca (3 dpv) and IL2 in the conjunctiva (7 dpv) compared to the ED group (<i>P</i> < 0.05), while there was increased CCL4 expression in conjunctiva (5 dpv) in the ED group compared to the VB group. ED vaccination was associated with increased expression of IL2 and IL17C in trachea while VB vaccination was associated with increased expression of IL6 and IL17C in trachea. Similarly, ED/VB- and VB/ED-associated increases in IL2, IL6 and IL17C expression were observed at the revaccination sites. In conclusion, immune responses after the first and second ILTV vaccination were site-specific and associated with inflammatory responses in the mucosa of the vaccinated tissues and trachea.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b>ILTV vaccination elicited inflammatory responses at the vaccination sites (conjunctiva and cloaca).Conjunctival or cloacal vaccination elicited similar inflammatory responses in the trachea after 3 and 5 days, respectively.Revaccination by a different route stimulated similar immune responses in conjunctiva, cloaca and trachea.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"146-160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomopathological and molecular characterization of avian reovirus in broilers condemned due to arthritis in Southern Brazil.","authors":"Elizabeth Baggio Batista, Jéssica Aline Withoeft, Anna Laura De Oliveira Cunha, Stephane Reinhold Dal Molin, André Fonseca, Patricia Hoepers, Renata Assis Casagrande","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2610378","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2610378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Condemnations in slaughterhouses are a recurring cause of losses for the poultry industry. This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of avian reovirus (ARV) in arthritis-related condemnations in a broiler slaughterhouse under Brazilian Federal Inspection. A total of 150 pelvic limbs condemned for arthritis were collected from the inspection line at the time of condemnation, originating from 30 flocks not vaccinated against ARV. For the detection of ARV, real-time polymerase chain reaction following reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was performed on a pool of five gastrocnemius tendons from each flock using the primers ReoS-F1, ReoS-R1, ReoS-F2, and ReoS-R2, followed by Sanger sequencing of the σC gene. For macroscopic and histopathological analyses, the gastrocnemius, digital flexor, and extensor tendons, as well as the articular cartilage of the tibiotarsometatarsal joint, were evaluated. Injuries were classified into four degrees, ranging from G0 (no changes) to G3 (highest degree of injury). Macroscopic injury scores revealed a higher percentage of injuries in the gastrocnemius tendon compared to the extensor and flexor tendons. Histological changes were observed in the peritendon and muscles adjacent to the tendons, including infiltration of heterophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells with lymphoid aggregates, haemorrhage, and fibrinous exudate in the gastrocnemius, flexor, and digital extensor tendons. ARV was detected in 50% of the flocks by RT-qPCR, with no correlation to increased arthritis condemnations (<i>P</i> > 0.05). The sequence analysis identified the cluster as lineage VI, a strain not present in Brazil's commercial vaccination programmes. The study concludes that half of the investigated flocks were positive for ARV, identifying a cluster absent in current Brazilian vaccination programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"210-219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146059191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental model for the reproduction of necrotic enteritis in turkeys using different <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> strains.","authors":"B Cordioli, M Vereecken, I Drigo, M Garbuio, C Zanardello, L Gagliazzo, L Palazzolo, L Zandonà, A Rizzardi, M De Gussem, K De Gussem, L Bano","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2594442","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2594442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease affecting poultry caused by virulence factors, primarily toxins, produced by <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> (Cp). Although NE is well documented in turkey flocks, only one study describes its pathogenesis suggesting a protocol for the induction of the disease. The aim of this study was to set up a challenge model for the experimental reproduction of NE in turkeys, in line with clinical signs currently observed in the field. To this purpose, the disease was induced based on the administration of some well-known predisposing factors for chicken (sudden switch to a high protein diet, coccidia) and challenging the birds with Cp strains with different genetic virulence factors isolated from chicken and turkey affected by NE. The predisposing factors were administered to three experimental groups (T02, T03, T04). In addition, groups T03 and T04 were challenged with Cp isolated from chicken or turkey, respectively. Group T01 served as the negative control. Clinical signs, gross pathology and histopathological lesions were scored and compared between groups. The challenge with the chicken Cp strain induced clinical manifestations of NE (80% mortality) and reproduced lesions both macroscopically and microscopically. In groups challenged with Cp, gross pathology revealed more severe lesions (<i>P</i> < 0.001) when compared to the group challenged with the predisposing factors only. Histopathologically, those findings were confirmed only in group T03 in the jejunum (<i>P</i> < 0.001). This experimental model will be useful to test the efficacy of control/preventive measures and to better understand the virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of NE in turkeys.<b>RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS</b>Not all <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> (Cp) strains can reproduce severe necrotic enteritis (NE) in turkeys.The developed NE reproduction model caused 80% mortality.A reliable NE reproduction model is crucial to investigate pathogenic Cp strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"183-192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic analysis of <i>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</i> isolates: an Australian perspective.","authors":"Muhammad Noman Naseem, Sean William Bisset, Zi Ming Heng, Loan To Nguyen, Arif Anwar, Peter Scott, Patrick J Blackall, Conny Turni, Lida Omaleki","doi":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2552314","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03079457.2025.2552314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the genetic diversity in a collection of field isolates of <i>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</i> and compared that with the diversity in the serovars A-D and F-I reference strains and available whole genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the nine Australian isolates and twelve sequences of overseas isolates resulted in six clusters with the Australian isolates not closely related to either the type strain or the serovar reference strains. The suitability of low-cost finger printing techniques, ERIC-PCR and rep-PCR, when applied to <i>O. rhinotracheale</i> were also evaluated. The fingerprints generated through ERIC-PCR were more informative and this method subsequently used to examine the genetic diversity of the isolates and the reference strains. The ERIC-PCR patterns confirmed the isolates and strains were quite diverse, with 15 different patterns detected. These results suggested that the Australian isolates were genetically distinct from the overseas strains, consistent with the genetic distinction observed in the phylogenetic study. Whole genome sequences of the Australian isolate BR2963 and the 15 genomes identified as <i>O. rhinotracheale</i> in the Genome Taxonomy Database confirmed that serovars F, K and M form a cluster distinct from other <i>O. rhinotracheale</i> and probably represent a distinct species within the genus <i>Ornithobacterium</i>. Additionally, the Australian isolate BR2963 had an average nucleotide identity level with the <i>O. rhinotracheale</i> type strain (DSM15997^T) below the accepted 95% threshold for species suggesting that the isolate is a member of the genus <i>Ornithobacterium</i> but not within the species <i>rhinotracheale</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8788,"journal":{"name":"Avian Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"93-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}