Animal Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Basis for the diversity and extent in loss of digestible nutrients created by dietary phytin: Emphasis on fowl and swine","authors":"Edwin T. Moran, Michael R. Bedford","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phytin is the Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-K⁺ salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes. Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance. Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients, the effect varying with the nutrient concerned. On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion, phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca²⁺. Even at low gastric pH, phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior. Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation. Partially crystalized Ca²⁺ near the enzyme’s active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure. Thus, phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms; interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide’s basic amino acids; Coordinating free Ca²⁺, destabilizing pepsin; binding some dietary proteins directly, further compromising gastric proteolysis. Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum, Ca²⁺ and other cations re-bind with accessible anions, phytic acid being a significant contender. Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes (e.g. Ca^2+, Zn²⁺) which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors (e.g. Zn²⁺) to increase enzyme activity. Goblet cells initially employ Ca²⁺ as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage. After mucin granule release, Ca²⁺ is progressively displaced by Na⁺ to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation. Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer (USWL). Excessive removal of Ca²⁺ from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na⁺. This partly explains increased mucin and Na⁺ losses noted with high phytate diets. This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca²⁺ and less so Zn²⁺ is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The AMPK and AKT/GSK3β pathways are involved in recombinant proteins fibroblast growth factor 1 (rFGF1 and rFGF1a) improving glycolipid metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a high carbohydrate diet","authors":"Huixia Yu, Shuo Geng, Shuai Li, Yingwei Wang, Xin Ren, Debin Zhong, Haolin Mo, Mingxing Yao, Jiajia Yu, Yang Li, Lixin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) regulates vertebrate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, and energy metabolism. In this study, we cloned rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) <em>fgf1</em> and <em>fgf1a</em>, prepared their recombinant proteins (rFGF1 and rFGF1a), and described the molecular mechanisms by which they improve glycolipid metabolism in carnivorous fish. A 31-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate whether they could enhance glycolipid metabolism in rainbow trout on high-carbohydrate diets (HCD). The 720 rainbow trout (8.9 ± 0.5 g) were equally divided into four groups: the chow diet (CD) group received PBS, the HCD group received PBS, the HCD group received rFGF1 (400 ng/g body weight), and the HCD group received rFGF1a (400 ng/g body weight). The results showed that short-term HCD had a significant positive effect on the specific growth rate (SGR) of rainbow trout (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). However, it led to an increase in crude fat, serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose content, as well as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) contents (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05), suggesting a negative health effect of HCD. Nevertheless, rFGF1 and rFGF1a showed beneficial therapeutic effects. They significantly reduced the crude fat content of the liver, serum TG, GOT, and GPT contents caused by HCD (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The upregulation in <em>atgl</em>, <em>hsl</em>, and <em>acc2</em> mRNAs implied the promotion of TG catabolism. Moreover, rFGF1 and rFGF1a contributed to promoting lipolysis by activating the AMPK pathway and reducing lipid accumulation in the liver caused by HCD. In addition, the rFGF1 and rFGF1a-treated groups significantly reduced serum glucose levels and elevated hepatic glycogen content under HCD, and increased glucose uptake by hepatocytes. We observed a decrease in mRNA levels for <em>pepck</em>, <em>g6pase</em>, and <em>pygl,</em> along with an increase in mRNA for <em>gys</em>, <em>glut2</em>, and <em>gk</em> in the liver. Furthermore, these proteins regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis by increasing the phosphorylation level of AKT, ultimately leading to an increase in GSK3β phosphorylation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that rFGF1 and rFGF1a can enhance lipolysis and glucose utilization in rainbow trout by activating the AMPK pathway and AKT/GSK3β axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139090982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mannanase improves the growth performance of broilers by alleviating inflammation of the intestinal epithelium and improving intestinal microbiota","authors":"Xiaodan Zhang, Huiping Xu, Lu Gong, Jiao Wang, Jianyang Fu, Zengpeng Lv, Liangjuan Zhou, Xuejun Li, Qiong Liu, Pingyu Xia, Yuming Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This experiment aimed to discuss and reveal the effect and mechanism of mannanase on intestinal inflammation in broilers triggered by a soybean meal diet. In this experiment, 384 Arbor Acres broilers at 1 d old were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups. The broilers were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, a low-energy diet (metabolizable energy reduced by 50 kcal/kg), and a low-energy diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg mannanase for 42 d. The low-energy diet increased feed conversion ratio from 0 to 42 d, reduced ileal villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and upregulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (<em>NF-κB</em>) in the ileum (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). It also reduced cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as acetic acid (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Compared with low-energy diets, the addition of mannanase increased body weight at 42 d, promoted the digestibility of nutrients, and maintained the morphology and integrity of the intestinal epithelium of broilers (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In addition, mannanase upregulated the expression of claudin-1 (<em>CLDN1</em>) and zonula occludens-1 (<em>ZO-1</em>) in the jejunum at 21 d, downregulated the expression of ileal <em>NF-κB</em>, and increased the content of isobutyric acid in the cecum of broilers (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The results for the ileal microbiota showed that a low-energy diet led to a decrease in the relative abundance of <em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> in the ileum of broilers. The addition of mannanase increased the relative abundance of <em>Lactobacillus-KC45b</em> and <em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em> in broilers. Furthermore, a low-energy diet reduced the relative abundance of <em>Butyricicoccus</em> in the intestine of broilers and inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and phosphoinositol metabolism. Mannanase increased the relative abundance of <em>Odoribacter</em>, promoted energy metabolism and N-glycan biosynthesis, and increased the activities of GH3 and GH18. It is concluded that mannanase could improve the growth performance of broilers by reducing the expression of <em>NF-κB</em> in the ileum, increasing the production of SCFA in the cecum, suppressing intestinal inflammation, balancing the intestinal microbiota, reducing damage to the intestinal barrier, and improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization to alleviate the adverse effects caused by the decrease in dietary energy level.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139091250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermented calcium butyrate supplementation in post-peak laying hens improved ovarian function and tibia quality through the “gut-bone” axis","authors":"Huaiyong Zhang, Yongshuai Wang, Yilu Wang, Bin Wei, Leilei Wang, Minh Tu Nguyen, Xiangyun Lv, Yanqun Huang, Wen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The compromised egg quality and leg abnormality during the end of the laying cycle (after 40 weeks) have been leading to poor animal welfare and substantial economic losses. Therefore, the effects of fermented calcium (Ca) butyrate, produced by fermentation by <em>Clostridium butyricum</em>, on production, eggshell quality, and tibial property of hens were explored. A total of 192 Hy-line brown laying hens at 50-week-old were assigned to a basal diet or the basal diet with 300 mg/kg of the fermented Ca butyrate from 50 to 58 weeks of age. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 16 hens each. The diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg fermented Ca butyrate notably increased egg weight, ovarian follicle number, and eggshell strength (<em>P</em> = 0.072) as compared to the basal diet, which were associated with cytokine secretion, toll-like receptor signaling pathways, and intestinal immunity based on the RNA-seq data from the granulosa. Dietary Ca butyrate inclusion decreased the expression of ileal tumor necrosis factor-alpha and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration, as well as increased the content of serum immunoglobulin A when compared to the basal diet (both <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The birds that received fermented Ca butyrate diets exhibited higher villus height (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) and upregulated expression of tight junction proteins, whereas it did not alter the composition of cecal microbiota (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). In addition, the diet with fermented Ca butyrate reduced the number of osteoclasts in the proximal tibia and the level of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, a bone resorption marker (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), whereas it tended to increase the concentration of the procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide that reflects bone formation marker in serum. Moreover, the layers fed fermented Ca butyrate diets possessed higher (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) bone area and trabecular number of the proximal tibia, yield load, and ultimate load than those that consumed basal diets. Collectively, dietary fermented Ca butyrate supplementation in post-peak layer diets improved the ovarian function and tibia quality, which might be related to enhancing intestinal integrity and consequently decreasing inflammation mediated bone resorption.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139091159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimethylamine oxide supplementation differentially regulates fat deposition in liver, longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue of growing-finishing pigs","authors":"Andong Zha, Wanquan Li, Jing Wang, Ping Bai, Ming Qi, Peng Liao, Bi E. Tan, Yulong Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a microbiota-derived metabolite, and numerous studies have shown that it could regulate fat metabolism in humans and mice. However, few studies have focused on the effects of TMAO on fat deposition in growing-finishing pigs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TMAO on fat deposition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs. Sixteen growing pigs were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed with a basal diet with 0 or 1 g/kg TMAO for 149 d. The intestinal microbial profiles, fat deposition indexes, and fatty acid profiles were measured. These results showed that TMAO supplementation had a tendency to decrease lean body mass (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.1) and significantly increased backfat thickness (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), but it did not affect growth performance. TMAO significantly increased total protein (TP) concentration, and reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration in serum (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). TMAO increased the α diversity of the ileal microbiota community (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and it did not affect the colonic microbial community. TMAO supplementation significantly increased acetate content in the ileum, and <em>Proteobacteria</em> and <em>Escherichia-shigella</em> were significantly enriched in the TMAO group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In addition, TMAO decreased fat content, as well as the ratio of linoleic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA in the liver (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). On the contrary, TMAO increased intramuscular fat content of the longissimus dorsi muscle, whereas the C18:2n6c ratio was increased, and the n-6 PUFA:PUFA ratio was decreased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In vitro, 1 mM TMAO treatment significantly upregulated the expression of <em>FASN</em> and <em>SREBP1</em> in C2C12 cells (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Nevertheless, TMAO also increased adipocyte area and decreased the <em>CPT-1B</em> expression in subcutaneous fat (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Taken together, TMAO supplementation regulated ileal microbial composition and acetate production, and regulated fat distribution and fatty acid composition in growing-finishing pigs. These results provide new insights for understanding the role of TMAO in humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139091011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How neonatal diet affects the long-term development of rumination behavior, rumen fermentation and feed digestion in dairy calves fed a high milk level?","authors":"Jianxin Xiao, Tianyu Chen, Rong Peng, Gibson M. Alugongo, Hui Yang, Shuai Liu, Yulin Ma, Jingjun Wang, Shengli Li, Zhijun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was to investigate growth performance, rumination development, rumen fermentation and feed digestion in young calves provided high volumes (about 20% of calf birth weight) of milk with or without forage inclusion and how these parameters correlate with each other. Immediately after birth, 160 newborn Holstein female calves (41.6 ± 4.2 kg of initial BW) were randomly divided into 2 treatments: 1) starter (CON, only starter) and 2) starter and hay (HAY, both starter and hay). The calves were fed their respective experimental diets from d 4 to 84, after which they were all introduced to similar diets until the end of the experiment on d 196. Treatment had no effect on growth and structural measurements throughout the experimental period. However, treatment had an effect on the other parameters, mainly during the post-weaning period. Forage supplementation tended to reduce starter dry matter intake (<em>P</em> = 0.05), while increasing the forage intake (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) and the feed-to-gain ratio (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). HAY calves had increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and physically effective NDF (peNDF) intakes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) and tended to lower (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) starch intake compared to CON calves. The HAY calves had a higher rumination time (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), ruminal pH (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), and acetate-to-propionate ratio (<em>P</em> = 0.05) compared to the CON calves. Spearman correlation analysis showed that rumination time was positively related to the ruminal pH at d 84 (<em>P</em> = 0.01) and 196 (<em>P</em> = 0.02). The HAY calves had similar apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), NDF and ether extract (EE), but lower digestibility of organic matter (OM, <em>P</em> = 0.03), crude protein (CP, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) and starch (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) compared to those of the CON calves at week 12. Furthermore, there were no positive relationships between rumination time and nutrient digestibility or between rumination time per kg DM and nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, feeding hay to calves fed a high milk level improved rumination during the post-weaning period only, without a concomitant effect on growth performance throughout the experimental period, suggesting no detrimental effect of feeding forage in calves fed high milk level.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139061087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diarrhea induced by insufficient fat absorption in weaned piglets: Causes and nutrition regulation","authors":"Yuying Li, Pengjun Shi, Kang Yao, Qian Lin, Mansheng Wang, Zhenping Hou, Wenjie Tang, Hui Diao","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fat is one of the three macronutrients and a significant energy source for piglets. It plays a positive role in maintaining intestinal health and improving production performance. During the weaning period, physiological, stress and diet-related factors influence the absorption of fat in piglets, leading to damage to the intestinal barrier, diarrhea and even death. Signaling pathways, such as fatty acid translocase (CD36), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), are responsible for regulating intestinal fat uptake and maintaining intestinal barrier function. Therefore, this review mainly elaborates on the reasons for diarrhea induced by insufficient fat absorption and related signaling pathways in weaned-piglets, with an emphasis on the intestinal fat absorption disorder. Moreover, we focus on introducing nutritional strategies that can promote intestinal fat absorption in piglets with insufficient fat absorption-related diarrhea, such as lipase, amino acids, and probiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139059452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of red clover isoflavones on hormone, immune, inflammatory, and plasma biochemistry in lactating dairy cows","authors":"Shiqi Zhang, Xiaoyin Zhang, Zhanbo Xiong, Kexin Li, Yuan Gao, Ying Bu, Nan Zheng, Shengguo Zhao, Jiaqi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was to conducted to investigate the effect of red clover isoflavones on the health indicated by immune status and blood biochemistry in dairy cows. Sixty-eight healthy Holstein lactating cows were randomly divided into four treatments (<em>n</em> = 17 per treatment) from 5 blocks according to milk yield using a randomized complete block design. No initial differences in parity (2.13 ± 1.21), days in milk (165 ± 21 d), and milk yield (33.93 ± 3.81 kg/d) between groups. Cows were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0, 2, 4, or 8 g/kg red clover extract (RCE) in diet (dry matter based). Feeding, refusal feed weights, and milk yield were recorded three consecutive days in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Blood was collected from the tail vein of the cows on the last day of weeks 4, 8 and 12, 1 hour after the morning feeding. and analyzed for hormones, immunoglobulins, inflammatory markers, and markers of liver and kidney activities. The dry matter intake was significantly decreased by 3.7% in the 8 g/kg group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The fat-corrected milk yield was significantly higher in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Plasma estradiol and prolactin showed a quadratic effect with increasing RCE levels, with the highest in the 4 g/kg group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, interleukin (IL) -6, and IL-1β levels decreased linearly with increasing dietary RCE levels. Plasma IL-18 levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels, with significantly lower levels in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Plasma immunoglobulin A and D-lactic acid levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels, with significantly higher level in the 4 g/kg group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The liver function and kidney activity makers were similar (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). These results recommend the supplementation of RCE at a level from 2 to 4 g/kg DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139061093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential oils improve nursery pigs’ performance and appetite via modulation of intestinal health and microbiota","authors":"Bi-Chen Zhao, Tian-Hao Wang, Jian Chen, Bai-Hao Qiu, Ya-Ru Xu, Jin-Long Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optimal intestinal health and functionality are essential for animal health and performance, and simultaneously intestinal nutrient transporters and intestinal peptides are also involved in appetite and food intake control mechanisms. Given the potential of essential oil (EO) in improving animal performance and improving feed palatability, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol could improve performance and appetite in nursery pigs by modulating intestinal health and microbiota. Cinnamaldehyde (100 mg/kg), carvacrol (100 mg/kg), and their mixtures (including 50 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde and 50 mg/kg carvacrol) were supplemented into the diets of 240 nursery pigs for 42 d, and data related to performance were measured. Thereafter, the influence of EO on intestinal health, appetite and gut microbiota and their correlations were explored. EO supplementation increased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) the body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of piglets, and reduced (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) diarrhea rates in nursery pigs. Furthermore, EO increased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) the intestinal absorption area and the abundance of tight junction proteins, and decreased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) intestinal permeability and local inflammation. In terms of intestinal development and the mucus barrier, EO promoted intestinal development and increased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) the number of goblet cells. Additionally, we found that piglets in the EO-supplemented group had upregulated (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) levels of transporters and digestive enzymes in the intestine, which were significantly associated with daily gain and feed utilization. In addition, EO supplementation somewhat improved appetite in nursery pigs, increased the diversity of the gut microbiome and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and there was a correlation between altered bacterial structure and appetite-related hormones. These findings indicate that EO is effective in promoting growth performance and nutrient absorption as well as in regulating appetite by improving intestinal health and bacterial structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138840638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of net energy of feeds for broiler chickens","authors":"Aye-Cho Tay-Zar, Manoosak Wongphatcharachai, Pairat Srichana, Pierre-André Geraert, Jean Noblet","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Net energy (NE) enables the prediction of more accurate feed energy values by taking into account the heat increment which is approximately 25% of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) in poultry. Nevertheless, application of NE in poultry industry has not been practiced widely. To predict the NE values of broiler diets, 23 diets were prepared by using 13 major ingredients (wheat, corn, paddy rice, broken rice, cassava pellets, full-fat soybean, soybean meal, canola meal, animal protein, rice bran, wheat bran, palm kernel meal and palm kernel oil). The diets were formulated in order to meet the birds’ requirements and get a wide range of chemical compositions (on DM basis; 33.6% to 55.3% for starch; 20.8% to 28.4% for CP, 2.7% to 10.6% for ether extract [EE] and 7.0% to 17.2% for NDF), with low correlations between these nutrients and low correlations between the inclusion levels of ingredients allowing for the calculation of robust prediction equations of energy values of diets or ingredients. These diets were fed to Ross 308 broilers raised in 12 open-circuit respiratory chambers from 18 to 23 d of age (4 birds per cage) and growth performance, diet AME content and heat production were measured, and dietary NE values were calculated. The trial was conducted on a weekly basis with 12 diets measured each week (1 per chamber), 1 of the 23 diets (reference diet) being measured each week. Each diet was tested at least 8 times. In total, 235 energy balance data values were available for the final calculations. Growth performance, AME (15.3 MJ/kg DM on average) and AME/GE (79.4% on average) values were as expected. The NE/AME value averaged 76.6% and was negatively influenced by CP and NDF and positively by EE in connection with efficiencies of AME provided by CP, EE and starch for NE of 73%, 87% and 81%, respectively. The best prediction equation was: NE = (0.815 × AME) – (0.026 × CP) + (0.020 × EE) – (0.024 × NDF) with NE and AME as MJ/kg DM, and CP, EE and NDF as % of DM. The NE prediction equations from this study agree with other recently reported equations in poultry and are suitable for both ingredients and complete feeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138840600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}