Annals of Biomedical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Publisher Correction: The Ethics of Prompting Large Language Models in Academic Publishing.","authors":"Timothy Daly, Jaime A Teixeira da Silva","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04397-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04397-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Assessment of Sleepiness from Fingertip Pulse Wave Analysis During Objective Daytime Testing.","authors":"Matias Rusanen, Samu Kainulainen, Sami Myllymaa, Timo Leppänen, Renaud Tamisier, Sébastien Baillieul, Sébastien Bailly, Jean-Louis Pepin","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04393-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04393-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Objective evaluation of daytime sleepiness is a key factor in the management of sleep disorders. However, objective testing is limited due to the labor-intensive nature of standard methods; the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT). Deep learning analysis of a simple fingertip pulse wave (photoplethysmography, PPG) recording could be a viable option for the routine assessment of sleepiness in patients with suspected sleep disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A deep learning-based sleep staging model was tested in MSLT (n = 143) and MWT (n = 127) datasets. The primary aim was to analyze the classification of subjects as sleepy versus non-sleepy using PPG-based sleep analysis. As an intermediate technical evaluation, we assessed PPG-based sleep-wake classification and mean sleep latency (MSL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Classification of sleepiness status based on automatic MSL detection from PPG showed promising results in both MSLT (accuracy: 80%, sensitivity: 65%, specificity: 84%) and MWT (accuracy: 83%, sensitivity: 62%, specificity: 86%). Sleep probability curves estimated from the fingertip pulse wave differed significantly between sleepy and non-sleepy groups, both in MSLT (p = 0.0002) and in MWT (p = 0.0012) datasets. In MSLT, the model detected sleep with moderate agreement and balanced performance (accuracy 81%, precision 0.71, recall 0.80). In MWT, overall accuracy (88%) was strongly influenced by class imbalance (98% wakefulness), and direct second-by-second sleep detection showed limited precision (precision 0.10, recall 0.72). Automated MSL estimates showed correlation with manual scoring in both MSLT and MWT; however, larger errors and outliers were observed in MWT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fingertip pulse wave analysis combined with deep learning shows feasibility for automated assessment of daytime sleepiness, particularly in MSLT. However, direct zero-shot application of a model trained on overnight PSG to MWT is limited by low sleep precision requiring methodological adaptation and daytime-specific optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Fabrication of 3D-Printed Biomimetic Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Aortic Valves for Improved Stress Distribution.","authors":"Omer Tal, Yevgeniy Kreinin, Dmitry Korneyev, Shulamit Levenberg, Netanel Korin","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04371-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04371-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Polymeric heart valves (PHVs) remain limited by adverse leaflet mechanics and durability challenges. This study investigated biomimetic fiber reinforcement to improve leaflet mechanics while limiting effects on valve function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Polycarbonate urethane (PCU) leaflets containing encapsulated polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) fibers were fabricated by multi-material 3D printing and heat-assisted compression. Unreinforced, horizontal, ply, and biomimetic configurations were evaluated by finite element (FE) analysis at 0.3-mm and 0.2-mm leaflet thicknesses. Characterization included notched testing and scanning electron microscopy. Pulse duplicator testing of 0.2-mm valves measured geometric orifice area (GOA), effective orifice area (EOA), and regurgitation fraction (RF).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The manufacturing approach produced embedded reinforcement architectures, and microscopy confirmed that fibers remained encapsulated, with no visible interfacial debonding after short-term hydrodynamic loading. Notched testing showed orientation-dependent behavior; 45° reinforcement increased maximum nominal ligament stress relative to unreinforced PCU. Reinforcement redistributed leaflet loading, with effects more pronounced at reduced thickness. The biomimetic configuration yielded the lowest predicted strain energy density, 22% and 26% lower than in unreinforced 0.3- and 0.2-mm valves, respectively. Experimental GOA measurements followed the FE trend. Although reinforcement reduced GOA, EOA differed modestly among configurations, while RF did not differ significantly. Overall, the biomimetic architecture provided the most favorable balance between mechanical response and valve opening among reinforced designs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Biomimetic fiber reinforcement reduced predicted leaflet mechanical demand, particularly in strain energy density, while limiting its effect on valve performance. Leaflet thickness and reinforcement architecture should be optimized jointly to balance mechanical support and valve function.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Readiness of Hemodynamic Estimation from Cardiac Vibration Signals: An Endpoint-Specific Critical Review.","authors":"Peshala T Gamage, Yasith Weerasinghe, Prasith Weerasinghe, Mehmet Kaya","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04366-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04366-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cardiac vibration signals have been investigated as unobtrusive surrogates of central hemodynamics, but the literature frequently mixes physiological plausibility, association, and clinically meaningful validation. This review evaluates the validation readiness of vibration-based estimation of central hemodynamic parameters, specifically stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and arterial blood pressure (BP), including cuffless or central BP claims when explicitly reported. Ejection fraction (EF) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) are also considered as related endpoints for cardiac function and filling pressure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured narrative review was conducted across studies using seismocardiography, ballistocardiography, gyrocardiography, and kinocardiography. Evidence was appraised by endpoint using reference standard tier, agreement analysis, calibration burden, and population realism, with emphasis on translational interpretability rather than correlation alone.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence maturity differed substantially by endpoint. The strongest support was found for stroke volume and cardiac output. For these endpoints, weighing-scale ballistocardiography and wearable seismocardiography systems validated against catheterization-based Direct Fick and thermodilution measurements provided the clearest agreement-based evidence within the studies reviewed. Clinically meaningful accuracy remains use-case dependent. Ejection fraction studies were dominated by classification and biomarker-style analyses rather than continuous estimation with agreement reporting. Exploratory early diastolic SCG studies remain limited to associations with echocardiographic relaxation indices, such as tissue Doppler e', and preload-perturbation responses, rather than direct preload measurement or validated diastolic-function estimation. Blood pressure studies reported promising calibrated error estimates in small healthy cohorts, but none met the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 81060-2 requirements.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cardiac vibration sensing is not uniformly ready for clinical translation. Stroke volume and cardiac output estimation currently have a relatively more developed validation foundation, whereas ejection fraction and cuffless blood pressure remain pre-validation endpoints that require larger, more clinically realistic studies and stronger agreement-based evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of 12-Lead ECG Using Multi-Orientation Electrodes on the Left Upper Arm in Healthy Subjects.","authors":"Shi-Yi Wu, Shao-Hung Lu, Wen-Chen Lin, Wen-Chi Lin, Mei-Fen Chen, Cheng-Lun Tsai, Wen-Chin Ko, Kang-Ping Lin","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04390-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04390-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Wearable technologies for cardiac monitoring have facilitated long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) data acquisition. This study presents an alternative approach for obtaining 12-lead associated ECG signals using electrodes strategically placed around the left upper arm (LUA-ECG). We validated whether this LUA-ECG configuration can reliably capture the morphological and quantitative characteristics of standard 12-lead ECG in healthy subjects.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The procedure was conducted in two sequential phases. Initially, standard 12-lead ECG and LUA-ECG were simultaneously recorded from thirty healthy adults. The LUA-ECG system captured 28 differential leads through a multi-electrode configuration strategically positioned around the arm. Among these 28 signals, eight key differential leads corresponding to the standard 12-lead configuration were selected to obtain the 12-lead ECG. In the subsequent phase, the fidelity of the obtained 12-lead ECG was evaluated by comparing it against the standard 12-lead ECG. The comparative analysis focused on key clinical features, including RR interval, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, and corrected QT interval (QTc).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean correlation of waveform from eight selected LUA-ECG signals compared with standard 12-lead ECG ranged 0.72 to 0.90. The mean absolute errors (MAE) for RR interval, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, and QTc of extracted 12-lead ECG derived from LUA-ECG ranged from 4.57 to 7.77 ms at a 500 Hz sampling rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed LUA-ECG system provides a reliable approach for long-term ECG monitoring. The extracted 12-lead ECG derived from LUA-ECG signal components effectively provides morphological and temporal features associated with conventional 12-lead ECG, demonstrating its potential for extended-duration monitoring applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149057333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peak-to-Peak Voltage Mapping Reveals Dynamic Arrhythmogenic Substrate Behavior in Isolated Rabbit Hearts.","authors":"José Gomes, Vinicius Silva, Tainan Neves, Jimena Siles, João Salinet","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04382-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04382-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac arrhythmias are associated with structural and electrical remodeling processes that generate heterogeneous arrhythmogenic substrates characterized by low-voltage areas and abnormal conduction. Although electroanatomical voltage mapping is widely used for substrate characterization, epicardial voltage thresholds remain highly dependent on species, chamber, and recording configuration, and have not been systematically established for isolated rabbit hearts. We hypothesized that healthy rabbit epicardial tissue exhibits reproducible chamber-specific voltage distributions and that arrhythmias produce dynamic rhythm-dependent low-voltage areas substrate behavior. Isolated New Zealand White rabbit hearts (n = 9) were perfused using a Langendorff system and mapped using custom epicardial multi-electrode arrays. Unipolar EGMs were acquired from the right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), and ventricular epicardium (V), while bipolar EGMs were derived from adjacent electrodes. Chamber-specific voltage thresholds were determined from sinus rhythm (SR) recordings using 95^th percentile criterion. Voltage dynamics were further investigated during induced atrial tachycardia (AT), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Unipolar voltage thresholds were 7.4 mV (RA), 8.9 mV (LA), and 17.4 mV (V), whereas bipolar thresholds were 4.1 mV, 5.7 mV, and 9.5 mV, respectively. Arrhythmias significantly reduced peak-to-peak amplitudes compared with SR (p < 0.05), particularly during VT and VF. Longitudinal voltage mapping revealed both transient rhythm-dependent low-voltage areas and spatially persistent low-voltage areas, suggesting distinct functional substrate behaviors during arrhythmogenesis. These findings establish reference epicardial voltage thresholds for the rabbit heart model and demonstrate the utility of voltage mapping for investigating dynamic arrhythmogenic substrate organization under controlled ex vivo conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149057279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometric Determinants of Post-stenotic Energetics in Coarctation of Aorta: Linking Centerline Morphology to Downstream Energy Loss.","authors":"MohammadAli Daeian, Arsha Karbassi, Javier Ganame, Spencer Smith, Zahra Keshavarz-Motamed","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04351-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04351-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While pressure gradient remains the clinical gold standard for diagnosing coarctation of the aorta (CoA), it does not fully capture the complexity of post-stenotic flow behavior, particularly the elevated energy dissipation downstream of the coarctation arising from complex anatomy and flow dynamics. This study investigates the relationship between coarctation and descending aorta anatomy, post-stenotic flow energy loss, and its association with left ventricular (LV) workload. A cohort of 20 CoA patients was analyzed. Anatomical features, including centerline topology and cross-sectional area variation along the descending aorta, were extracted from CT and MRI images. Patient-specific multiscale computational simulations were employed to quantify three-dimensional aortic hemodynamics, cardiac function, and systemic hemodynamics. Results demonstrate that energy dissipation per unit volume in the descending aorta correlates with the combined effect of the kinetic energy available at the coarctation site and the centerline tangent angle difference between the coarctation site and the downstream descending aorta. These parameters were also found to significantly influence LV workload expended for post-stenotic energy loss. This study underscores the critical role of descending aorta anatomy in shaping post-coarctation flow energetics and highlights the importance of incorporating anatomical and energetic metrics alongside pressure gradients to better assess disease severity and cardiac burden in CoA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149057285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interstitial Fluid Load Support in Human Articular Cartilage: Effects of Degeneration, Loading, and Material Properties via Combined Experimental Testing and Computational Modeling.","authors":"Juuso Tuppurainen, Aapo Ristaniemi, Jiri Jäntti, Miitu Honkanen, Rami K Korhonen, Janne T A Mäkelä","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04374-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04374-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interstitial fluid pressurization plays a key role in cartilage mechanics, as it enables load support, reduces solid matrix stress, and limits solid-solid contact, thereby minimizing wear and friction. Because direct measurement of interstitial fluid load support is challenging, our modeling approach provides a practical means to estimate it based on experimental data. While its role has been studied experimentally and computationally, the combined effects of osteoarthritis, tissue composition/material parameters, anatomical location, and loading protocols on fluid pressurization remain poorly understood, especially in human cartilage. Here, we investigate these factors and further examine the relationship between fluid load support and friction. Human cartilage plugs (n = 40), obtained from the tibia and femur, representing varying osteoarthritic levels, underwent experimental friction testing. The axial deformation of each sample observed during testing was replicated using a sample-specific finite element model to determine constituent-specific material parameters and track interstitial fluid pressure over time. The results demonstrate that interstitial fluid load support is highly dependent on the loading protocol and particularly sensitive to variations in material parameters related to the extracellular matrix, fibrillar network, and fluid flow. These findings improve our understanding of cartilage function and inform the development of cartilage-mimicking biomaterials and future studies of tissue health and degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Morphology and Elasticity on Cancer Cell Deformation in Shear Flows.","authors":"Meraj Ahmed, Lahcen Akerkouch, Aaron Vanyo, Amanda Haage, Trung Bao Le","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04363-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10439-026-04363-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This work investigates the role of morphology and elasticity on cancer cell deformation under shear flow in a microchannel.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A novel hybrid continuum-particle framework is developed to simulate cancer cell dynamics. Cell membrane and nucleus geometries are reconstructed from microscopic images and modeled using dissipative particle dynamics, while the surrounding blood plasma is treated as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Cell-flow interactions are captured via an immersed boundary method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All cancer cell models exhibited a rapid deformation response within the first 1-2 ms, followed by morphology- and stiffness-dependent shape evolution. The compact morphologies showed strong recovery, whereas the other models evolved toward folded/lobed states with only intermittent partial recovery during shape transitions. Membrane stiffening dominated elongation and compactness loss, while nuclear stiffening modulated deformation excursions and partial recovery. These shape transitions were accompanied by near-field vortex reorganization and traction localization. Similar to deformation response, the net membrane force exhibited a common start-up rise within 0-0.5 ms followed by relaxation. Compact morphologies produce lower and steadier forces. They show minimal stiffness dependence. Deformation-prone morphologies show stronger unsteadiness and clearer stiffness modulation. Cross-sectional velocity and vorticity fields showed a dominant hydrodynamic imbalance and lateral migration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results demonstrate that morphology sets the stiffness-modulated deformation patterns which affects the extracellular flow dynamics and traction. In turn, the resulting flow field and traction distribution feedback to influence subsequent deformation and migration. This mechanistic link provides a framework for interpreting circulating tumor cell transport in shear-dominated metastatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Biosensors for Circulating Tumor Cells and ctDNA: Emerging Strategies for Precision Oncology.","authors":"Tuğba Ören Varol, Mehmet Varol","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04396-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04396-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are pivotal biomarkers in liquid biopsy, providing minimally invasive access to tumor dynamics for monitoring disease progression, treatment response, and resistance. However, their scarcity and molecular heterogeneity pose analytical challenges that often exceed the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applicability of conventional platforms. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a powerful alternative, distinguished by low detection limits, portability, scalability, and compatibility with point-of-care settings. Unlike previous reviews, this work highlights strategies specifically designed for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated CTC phenotypes and explores AI- and IoT-enabled implementations for decentralized oncology. A comprehensive evaluation of electrochemical approaches for CTC and ctDNA detection is provided, with emphasis on molecular recognition interfaces, electrode surface engineering, and amperometric, potentiometric, and impedance-based readouts. Recent advances in nanomaterial-enhanced electrodes, aptamer- and antibody-based capture, and nucleic acid-driven amplification, including rolling circle amplification, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated polymerization, and DNA nanomachines, are critically examined. Integration with microfluidics, smartphone-based potentiostats, and AI-enhanced analytics for multiplexed profiling is discussed alongside translational challenges such as sensor fouling, matrix interference, fabrication variability, and clinical validation. Emerging solutions, including antifouling surfaces, federated learning frameworks, and ISO-compliant standardization, are outlined to support clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149029563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}