Antioxidants最新文献

{"title":"Screening of a Plant Extract Library from the Greek Flora for Biological Activities Related to Anti-Aging Applications.","authors":"Harris Pratsinis, Despoina D Gianniou, Gabriela Belén Lemus Ringele, Adamantia Agalou, Asimina Fotopoulou, Xanthippi P Louka, Christos Nastos, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Aikaterini Argyropoulou, Dimitris Michailidis, Antonia Theodoridi, Ioanna Eleftheriadou, Adamantia Papadopoulou, Sentiljana Gumeni, Stavros Beteinakis, Konstantina Karamanou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Georgios Stavropoulos, Dimitris Beis, Maria Halabalaki, Ioannis P Trougakos, Dimitris Kletsas","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070824","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Characteristic manifestations of skin aging, due to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidative stress, include cell senescence, alterations in collagen and elastin networks, and melanogenesis disorders. Natural products are considered a rich source of anti-aging molecules. Accordingly, the screening of a plant extract library from the Greek flora for a panel of biological activities related to skin aging is presented herein. In particular, 52 plant materials extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) were assessed for their effects on (1) human skin cell viability, (2) antioxidant activity-using both cell-free and cell-based methods-(3) photoprotective capacity, and (4) interference with collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase, as well as with proteasomal and lysosomal activities of human skin cells. <i>In vivo</i> phenotypic screens on <i>Danio rerio</i> (zebrafish) embryos were also used for assessing melanogenesis. Many active extracts were identified, some of them for the first time, and others in agreement with previous reports. In general, ASE extracts exhibited higher activities than SFE ones. Seven extracts showed multiple activities, being highly effective in at least four different assays. These data support the potential use of these extracts against skin aging in medicinal and cosmetic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive Nitrogen Species and Fibrinogen: Exploring the Effects of Nitration on Blood Clots.","authors":"Francesca Nencini, Serena Borghi, Elvira Giurranna, Ilenia Barbaro, Niccolò Taddei, Claudia Fiorillo, Matteo Becatti","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070825","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), particularly peroxynitrite (ONOO^-), play a central role in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including fibrinogen, a key component of the coagulation cascade. This review explores the structural and functional consequences of fibrinogen nitration, with a focus on its impact on clot formation, morphology, mechanical stability, and fibrinolysis. Nitration, primarily targeting tyrosine residues within functional domains of the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains, induces conformational changes, dityrosine crosslinking, and aggregation into high molecular weight species. These modifications result in altered fibrin polymerization, the formation of porous and disorganized clot networks, reduced mechanical resilience, and variable susceptibility to fibrinolysis. Moreover, nitrated fibrinogen may affect interactions with platelets and endothelial cells, although current evidence remains limited. Emerging clinical studies support its role as both a prothrombotic mediator and a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Finally, we explore both pharmacological interventions, such as NOX inhibitors, and natural antioxidant strategies at counteracting fibrinogen nitration. Overall, fibrinogen nitration emerges as a critical molecular event linking oxidative stress to thrombotic risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The MiBlend Randomized Trial: Investigating Genetic Polymorphisms in Personalized Responses to Fruit and Vegetable Interventions for Chronic Disease Prevention.","authors":"Julia N DeBenedictis, Na Xu, Theo M de Kok, Simone G van Breda","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070828","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The MiBlend Study investigated the effect of consuming different combinations of fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) blends on markers of chronic disease risk and gene expression changes in healthy human subjects. Overall, the increase in F&Vs led to reduced susceptibility to the induction of DNA damage ex vivo, higher antioxidant capacity of plasma, and improved microvasculature as reflected by retinal analysis. As with most dietary intervention studies, inter-individual variability was observed in the responses, which might be the consequence of genetic differences. Therefore, this study aims to identify if genetic variants in relevant genes affect outcomes and responses to the dietary interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature review identified 15 polymorphic genes related to phytochemical metabolism, oxidative stress, and detoxification, which were tested in 146 participant samples using TaqMan and PCR analysis. The effect of genotypes on study outcomes was determined via analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>XRCC1 wildtype carriers were more protected from ex vivo-induced DNA damage after consuming flavanol-rich F&Vs than other variants. XRCC1 is involved in DNA repair, particularly oxidative damage, and its wildtype allele enhances repair efficiency. GSTP1 wildtype carriers had a larger improvement in microvasculature after all F&V blends, especially those rich in polyphenols. GSTP1 polymorphisms likely affect microvascular responses to polyphenol-rich F&V intake by modulating detoxification and fiber-derived butyrate that can influence arterial dilation and endothelial function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Stratifying participants by relevant genetic polymorphisms can reveal predisposed responses to nutrients and guide efforts to personalize disease prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galangin Regulates Oxidative Stress Levels in Porcine Embryos Through Interaction with the Neh1 Domain of Nrf2.","authors":"Zhi-Chao Chi, Shu-Ming Shi, Li-Ying Liu, Lin-Yi Qu, Jing-Hang Li, Guan-Lin Jia, Yu-Yan He, Lin-Xuan Li, Yong-Xun Jin, Ming-Jun Zhang, Xian-Feng Yu","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070822","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress poses a challenge to in vitro embryo culture. As a flavonoid, galangin (GAL) has been shown to have antioxidant effects, but the effect and antioxidant capacity of GAL in the in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos are still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that 1 µM GAL significantly increased the blastocyst rate, decreased the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the glutathione (GSH) level, and enhanced mitochondrial function in early porcine embryos. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (<i>Nrf2</i>) was identified as the target gene of GAL via network pharmacology, and the transcript levels of related antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, SOD2, and CAT) were found to be increased. Since Nrf2 has seven domains, we constructed Nrf2 mutants lacking different domains in vitro. We found that GAL specifically binds to the Neh1 domain of Nrf2. Subsequent embryonic experiments demonstrated that the antioxidant effect of GAL was abolished after Nrf2 deletion. These results suggest that GAL can directly bind to Nrf2 to regulate the level of oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial function in embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Upcycling of Olive Leaves for the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Antioxidant Cortisone Derivatives.","authors":"Filippo Marchetti, Irene Gugel, Stefania Costa, Ilenia Gugel, Anna Baldisserotto, Erika Baldini, Stefano Manfredini, Silvia Vertuani","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070821","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioconversion of cortisone leads to the synthesis of the steroid derivatives 1,9β,17,21-tetrahydroxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11,20-dione (SCA) and 1,9β,17,20β,21-pentahydroxy-4-methyl-19-nor-9β-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-one (SCB), which have been identified as biologically active molecules in affections associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, particularly in the skin and eye. To date, the synthesis of SCA and SCB can only be achieved through a biocatalytic approach, following a biotransformation process catalyzed by <i>Rhodococcus rhodnii</i> DSM 43960, a synthetic pathway that adheres to the principles of green chemistry. To further enhance the sustainability of this process, this study demonstrated that SCA and SCB can be synthesized by bioconversion in a complex medium derived from a dual upcycling process involving olive leaves (UOLM). By formulating a medium based on olive leaves, a by-product derived from the previously reported biotechnological production of lactic acid, and using a concentration of 10% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i> UOLM and 1 g/L cortisone at pH 7.5, bioconversion yields of 90 ± 4.5% were achieved, with a predominance of SCB. Investigations into the addition of supplements, such as tryptone, peptone, and corn steep liquor (CSL), to assess potential improvements in yield were conducted, but no significant positive variations were observed. For the first time, bioactive steroids were synthesized from a medium obtained through a dual upcycling process of olive leaves, introducing an innovative method that opens new possibilities for the investigation of a second generation of biosteroids synthesized from lignocellulosic feedstocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of 2.45 GHz Near-Field EMF on Yeast.","authors":"Boyana Angelova, Momchil Paunov, Meglena Kitanova, Gabriela Atanasova, Nikolay Atanasov","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070820","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields on the health and safety of people and organisms as a whole is essential due to their widespread use in everyday life. It is known that they can cause thermal and non-thermal effects-at the molecular, cellular and organismal level. Yeast suspensions were treated with 2.45 GHz microwave radiation in the near-field of antenna at two distances (2 and 4 cm) and two time periods (20 and 60 min)-setups resembling the use of mobile devices. The release of UV-absorbing substances from the cells was studied as an indicator of membrane permeabilization, total intracellular antioxidant activity and reduced glutathione were determined, and a comet assay for damage to the DNA was performed. A correlation between reduced antioxidants and increased membrane permeability during EMF treatment was observed at a distance of 2 cm for 20 min, suggesting the presence of oxidative stress, while a similar effect was not observed with conventional heating. Slightly increased membrane permeability was observed after irradiation for 60 min at a distance of 4 cm, but this was not related to the antioxidant status of the cells. A trend towards increased DNA damage was observed under both conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin-A Powerful Antioxidant in Neurodegenerative Diseases.","authors":"Renata Kołodziejska, Alina Woźniak, Rafał Bilski, Roland Wesołowski, Daria Kupczyk, Marta Porzych, Weronika Wróblewska, Hanna Pawluk","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070819","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin (MEL)is an endogenous hormone with antioxidant potential that plays an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis. MEL and its derivatives directly scavenge free oxygen and nitrogen radicals. Melatonin inhibits lipid peroxidation, stimulates antioxidant enzymes, and reduces metal toxicity. It stabilizes mitochondrial activity and suppresses inflammatory signaling. It takes part in neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and modulation of the cardiovascular system. It prevents many diseases of free radical etiology, i.e., neurodegenerative and circulatory system diseases and ischemic stroke. Supplementation with this antioxidant can slow down the aging process and provide protection against diseases of the central nervous system and support the body's natural antioxidant system. This study uses current reports from the literature and meta-analyses of the antioxidant mechanisms of melatonin and its importance in neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucosinolate Metabolites and Brain Health: An Updated Review on Their Potential Benefits in Neurodegenerative, Neurodevelopmental, and Psychiatric Disorders.","authors":"Claudia Muscarà, Agnese Gugliandolo, Emanuela Mazzon, Gabriella Calì","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070818","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as epilepsy, affect millions of people. Due to their impact on patients' quality of life, they represent a major health issue. Natural compounds are arising as new treatments for these diseases. Particularly, glucosinolates (GLS) are secondary metabolites found in Cruciferae family plants. Their basic structure consists of a glucose unit linked to a thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate group and an aliphatic, aralkyl, or indolyl side chain, depending on their precursor amino acid. Specifically, aliphatic GLS derive from methionine, aromatic ones from phenylalanine, and indolic ones from tryptophan. Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase) is the crucial enzyme for GLS degradation, leading to the production of isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs attracted considerable scientific interest for their protective effects against various diseases, thanks to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Here, we collected the latest evidence regarding ITC effects in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, including preclinical and clinical studies published in the last decade. These studies evidenced ITCs' neuroprotective effects, exerted mainly through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, ITCs' integration, also through the diet, may represent a safe and efficacious strategy to improve health and limit the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, new large-scale trials are needed to determine their therapeutic potential, particularly for diseases with no clinical evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of <i>Peroxiredoxin</i> (<i>PRX</i>) Genes from Pepper Fruits: Involvement in Ripening and Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO).","authors":"Fátima Ramírez-Mellado, Salvador González-Gordo, José M Palma, Francisco J Corpas","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070817","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peroxiredoxins (Prxs; EC 1.11.1.15) are a group of thiol peroxidases that catalyze the detoxification of H₂O₂ and other organic hydroperoxides. The ripening of pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) fruit involves significant phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical changes. Based on the available pepper plant genome, eight <i>PRX</i> genes were identified and named <i>CaPRX1</i>, <i>CaPRX1-Cys</i>, <i>CaPRX2B</i>, <i>CaPRX2E</i>, <i>CaPRX2F</i>, <i>CaPRX2-CysBAS1</i>, <i>CaPRX2-CysBAS2</i>, and <i>CaPRX Q</i>. Among these, only CaPRX1-Cys was not detected in the transcriptome (RNA-Seq) of sweet pepper fruits reported previously. This study analyzes the modulation of these seven <i>CaPRX</i> genes during ripening and after treating fruits with nitric oxide (NO) gas. A time-course expression analysis of sweet pepper fruit during ripening revealed that two genes were upregulated (<i>CaPRX1</i> and <i>CaPRX2E</i>), two were downregulated (<i>CaPRX2B</i> and <i>PRX Q</i>), and three were unaffected (<i>CaPRX2F</i>, <i>CaPRX2-CysBAS1</i>, and <i>CaPRX2-CysBAS2</i>). Gene expression was also studied in three hot pepper varieties with varying capsaicin contents (<i>Piquillo</i> < <i>Padrón</i> < <i>Alegría riojana</i>), showing a differential expression pattern during ripening. Furthermore, NO treatment of sweet pepper fruits triggered the upregulation of <i>CaPRX2B</i> and <i>CaPRXQ</i> genes and the downregulation of <i>CaPRX1</i> and <i>CaPRX2-CysBAS1</i> genes, while the other three remained unaffected. Among the CaPrx proteins, four (<i>CaPrx2B</i>, <i>CaPrx2-CysBAS1</i>, <i>CaPrx2-CysBAS2</i>, and <i>CaPrx2E</i>) were identified as susceptible to <i>S</i>-nitrosation, as determined by immunoprecipitation assays with an antibody against <i>S</i>-nitrocysteine and further mass spectrometry analyses. These findings indicate the diversification of <i>PRX</i> genes in pepper fruits and how some of them are regulated by NO, either at the level of gene expression or through protein <i>S</i>-nitrosation, a NO-promoting post-translational modification (PTM). Given that Prxs play a crucial role in stress tolerance, these data suggest that Prxs are vital components of the antioxidant system during pepper fruit ripening, an event that is accompanied by physiological nitro-oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Defense and Redox Signaling in Elite Soccer Players: Insights into Muscle Function, Recovery, and Training Adaptations.","authors":"Qing Meng, Chun-Hsien Su","doi":"10.3390/antiox14070815","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox14070815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elite soccer places significant neuromuscular and metabolic stress on athletes, leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), particularly in skeletal muscle, where intense contractile activity and increased oxygen flux drive oxidative processes. These reactive species play a dual role in skeletal muscle, supporting adaptive signaling at controlled levels while causing oxidative damage when poorly regulated. This paper presents an integrated synthesis of current knowledge on redox biology in elite soccer players, focusing on the origins and regulation of RONS, the functions of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and how both RONS and antioxidant responses influence muscle performance, fatigue, recovery, and long-term physiological adaptation. Drawing on studies conducted between 2000 and 2025, the discussion underscores the seasonal fluctuations in oxidative stress, individual variability in redox responses, and the potential adverse effects of unsystematic antioxidant supplementation. The analysis also emphasizes the value of using biomarker-guided, periodized antioxidant interventions tailored to training demands. Future directions include longitudinal tracking and the use of AI-assisted monitoring to enable personalized strategies for maintaining redox balance and optimizing performance in elite sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}