Annals of African Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Assessing Public Awareness of Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Maryam Alnaim, Wasayf Alshanabah, Lujain Alamer, Waad Alduraywish, Munirah Alkhitrish, Wesam Alshuaibi, Sarah Almulla, Latifah Almulhim, Hamad Alsagoor, Alia Alokley","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_163_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_163_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia; it is expected to see global cases tripling by 2050. This study evaluates public awareness of AD in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia, highlighting the need to improve background knowledge of AD and assess the impact of public education on early detection and management.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This study was a cross-sectional study that targeted the public in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. It was conducted between June 2024 and October 2024. Data were collected using an online questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study involved 814 participants. A significant majority (94.7%) believe that brain-stimulating activities can delay AD onset. However, misconceptions persist, with 49.1% incorrectly thinking that AD can affect those in their 30s or 40s, though 86.9% correctly recognize it primarily affects those over 65 years of age. Awareness of cardiovascular health factors as risks was noted by 68.9% of participants, and 60.2% believed environmental toxins could also be a factor. Key recognized symptoms included difficulty in remembering events (76.5%), planning daily activities (65.4%), handling finances (59.7%), and confusion about time and place (79.7%). Furthermore, 80.1% understood that those with AD might better recall older events. The study also found a reliance on informal information sources, with 51.8% of participants guessing answers about the disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Many participants understand that brain-stimulating activities might delay Alzheimer's onset, but significant misconceptions regarding its typical age of onset persist. Education programs using reliable sources are crucial for improving community understanding and management of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Variations of Foot Lumbricals and Their Clinical Significance: A Cadaveric Study.","authors":"Kosuri Kalyan Chakravarthi, Prakashchandra Shetty","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_303_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_303_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The lumbrical muscles of the foot are intrinsic musculature playing a critical role in maintaining toe alignment and facilitating smooth gait mechanics. Despite their importance, morphological variations remain understudied, which can impact clinical diagnostics and surgical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to investigate the morphological variations of the foot lumbricals and their clinical significance using cadaveric dissection.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study examined 150 lower limbs from 75 formalin-embalmed human cadavers (43 males and 32 females) over the period of 2019-2024. Morphological characteristics of the lumbrical muscles, including origin, insertion, number, and nerve supply, were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed a gender variation in the anatomical patterns of the foot lumbricals. In total, 5.33% of cadavers exhibited bilateral unipennate second, third, and fourth lumbricals, with a higher prevalence in females (five cases) compared to males (three cases). Similarly, 8% of cadavers had unilateral unipennate lumbricals, with a dominant occurrence in females (nine cases) versus males (three cases). The absence of the fourth lumbrical was seen in 6% of cadavers, again more frequently in females (six cases) than males (three cases). In addition, accessory lumbricals arising from the flexor hallucis brevis were noted in 2.67% of cadavers, with a higher occurrence in females (three cases) than males (one case). Overall, the findings indicate a gender-based disparity, with females showing a greater frequency of these variations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Morphological variations in foot lumbricals variations have potential implications in conditions like claw toe deformity and altered gait mechanics and may influence foot biomechanics and surgical outcomes. Recognizing these anomalies is essential for clinicians and surgeons to enhance diagnostic accuracy and optimize therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Incidence of Pregnancy-related Acute Kidney Injury and Its Associated Risk Factors and Outcomes: In Preponderant Tribal State of India.","authors":"Pooja Kumari, Kiran Trivedi, Sudipto Banerjee, Apoorwa Sharma, Tulika Sinha, Payal Boipai, Shiwani Kumari","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_200_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_200_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) may occur due to various causes from conception to puerperium. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence and associated risk factors and evaluate fetomaternal outcomes in PRAKI at tertiary care institution.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with enrollment of pregnant females with PRAKI, ≥28 weeks, and up to 7 days of puerperium, diagnosed as per the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria - serum creatinine >1.3 mg/dl at admission or increased by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h or >1.5 times within 7 days or urine output <0.5 ml/kg/h. A detailed history including sociodemographic factors, obstetric history, and underlying medical disorders with primary cause and obstetric precipitating factors of PRAKI was noted. The sample size was 184 patients and followed up with serial renal function test, serum electrolytes, input/urine output monitoring, and dialysis, on nephrologist advice. Complete renal recovery was considered if serum creatinine <1.3 mg/dl at discharge.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the present study, the incidence of PRAKI was 3.16%, the mean age was 25.36 ± 5.13 years, and 76.08% of patients were antenatal, mostly primigravida. Primary causes were hypertension (57.06%), hemorrhage (20.65%), multiorgan failure (MOF), sepsis, and other causes. Obstetric complications which precipitate PRAKI were eclampsia (antepartum [52.38%], severe preeclampsia [44.77%], and postpartum [2.86%]), hemorrhage (antepartum [28.59%] and postpartum [23.68%]), hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome (3.8%), and acute fatty liver of pregnancy (2.71%). The mean serum creatinine (mg/dL) at admission, after 48 h, and at discharge were 1.92 ± 0.87, 2.69 ± 1.33, and 1.09 ± 0.32, respectively (P = 0.0001). The mean blood urea (mg/dL) at admission and at discharge were 83.9 ± 30.42 and 37.2 ± 7.12, respectively (P = 0.0001). Hemodialysis was performed in 42 (22.83%) patients; 142 patients (77.17%) were managed conservatively. Complete recovery in 137 (74.46%), 19 (10.33%) maternal mortality, 5 (11.9%) patients progressed to chronic kidney disease, median hospital stay 10 days, intensive care unit (ICU) stay 8 days (P = 0.0001). Live birth, intrauterine death, and neonatal ICU admission were in 128 (69.57%), 56 (30.43%), and 42 (32.81%) patients, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Proper antenatal care, timely referral, and early detection and management of PRAKI may minimize fetomaternal morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Prevalence of Asymptomatic Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients of Metabolic Syndrome with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.","authors":"S V S Krishna, Sandeep Rana, Priyanka Singh, Robin Choudhary, Anmol Sharma","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_170_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_170_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To find out the prevalence of asymptomatic pulmonary hypertension (PHT) in metabolic syndrome patients who have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To find out the presence of asymptomatic PHT by two-dimensional echocardiography (2D ECHO) who have metabolic syndrome by WHO diagnostic criteria and OSA done by polysomnography. In this study, we also assessed the glycemic status in patients with metabolic syndrome with OSA and asymptomatic PHT.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Study population: All patients attending tertiary care outpatient department for type 2 diabetes/prediabetes/dyslipidemia/hypertension/obesity were screened for metabolic syndrome features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a pilot study, 34 consecutive patients were found to have metabolic syndrome by the WHO diagnostic criteria. 28 (82%) of metabolic syndrome patients had OSA. 14 out of 28 patients (50%) had PHT by 2D ECHO. Prediabetes was more prevalent, 22 (65%) among patients with metabolic syndrome than diabetes (32%). All but one patient who had no OSA was found to have moderate PHT. Asymptomatic PHT was found in 6/12 (50%) of diabetics and in 8/22 (36%) in prediabetes. Except for one, diabetes duration of all was <10 years and all prediabetes were recently detected within 1 year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that PHT is associated with a 4-fold higher occurrence of metabolic syndrome than patients with OSA. It is more prevalent in prediabetes and diabetes. The detection of the association of diabetes mellitus, OSA, and asymptomatic PHT in the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction requires further longitudinal studies. The prevalence of PHT increases with increasing severity of OSA; therefore, early detection is beneficial.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Cranial Spread of Two Different Volumes of Local Anesthetics Using Ultrasound during Caudal Blockade in Children.","authors":"Megha Thaleppady, Nithin John, Malavika Kulkarni, K Rama Rani, Aparna Satish, Laxmi Shenoy","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_112_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_112_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Single-shot caudal anesthesia is the most commonly used regional anesthesia technique in children with broad spectrum of indications. Although several studies have been in relation to caudal anesthesia the issue of volume of local anesthetics and its cranial spread has always been a matter of debate with discrepancies noted between clinical assessment and radiographic spread of the drug. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cranial spread of two volumes of caudally administered local anesthetics in pediatric patients by means of real-time ultrasound.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifty children of 1-6 years of age belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists status I/II scheduled for infraumbilical surgeries were administered general anesthesia followed by ultrasound guided caudal anesthesia with 0.25% levobupivacaine, either 1 ml/kg or 0.75 ml/kg with 25 children in each group. Real-time placement of the drug and its maximum cranial spread with respect to T12 vertebrae was noted using ultrasound. Hemodynamic parameters on surgical incision was noted among the groups. Frequencies are presented with descriptive statistics and t-test is used to study difference between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was noted that the group receiving 0.75 ml/kg of drug had the drug spread between the L2 and L3 vertebral level and the group receiving 1 ml/kg had spread between L1 and L2. There was a positive correlation between dose of drug and distance from T12 vertebra with 1 ml/kg of the drug having a mean of 3.25 ± 1.07 cm whereas 0.75 ml/kg had a mean of 4.44 ± 0.87 cm (P = 0.0001). Patient demographics and hemodynamic parameters on incision were comparable among the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed that there was a positive correlation between volume of local anesthetic injected in caudal space and its cranial spread with respect to distance from T12 however on comparison between vertebral levels the maximum deposition of local anesthetic was between L1 and L2 for 1 ml/kg and between L2 and L3 for 0.75 ml/kg, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Randomised Trial Comparing the Outcome of Expert Tibia Nailing and Plating for Distal Tibial Fractures.","authors":"Vinay Prabhat, Allen Kujur, Rohit Topno, Sabyasachi Kundu, Govind Kumar Gupta, Verma Dipak Kumar Prakash Prasad","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_197_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_197_24","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Management of distal tibial fracture is challenging as it has precarious blood supply and its subcutaneous location. It is frequently complicated by contusion, infection, delayed union, and nonunion and may lead to revision surgeries. Distal tibial fracture needs a stable fixation with minimum damage to the soft tissues by the surgical dissection and implants. The optimal method of fixation remains debatable. Traditional methods like open reduction and rigid internal fixation have been associated with infections and devitalization of soft tissues and hence have poor results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims and objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;The aim of our study is to compare the functional and radiological outcome of the distal tibial fractures treated by expert tibia nailing (ETN) and tibial plating.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology: &lt;/strong&gt;This study was carried out in Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. This is a prospective study, period from November 2021 to October 2022. Patients were randomized using computer-generated random numbers. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included and underwent operative intervention. 30 patients underwent surgery with ETN and 30 patients with locking compression plate. All patients were examined preoperatively, postoperatively and in follow-up period. Data regarding different parameters including, timing of surgery after trauma, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, any postoperative complications, and radiological and functional outcomes were recorded and analyzed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In the ETN group, 21 (70.0%) patients had excellent range of motion (ROM) with the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score ranging from 90 to 100, 4 (13.3%) patients had good ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 80 to 90, and 5 (16.7%) patients had fair ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 70 to 80. In plating, 20 (66.7%) patients had excellent ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 90 to 100, 2 (6.7%) patients had good ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 80 to 90, and 8 (26.7%) patients had fair ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 70 to 80. In the ETN group, the mean union time (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of patients was 5.0333 ± 1.0981 months. In the plating group, the mean union time (mean ± SD) of patients was 5.5000 ± 1.6135 months. There is no significant difference in terms of fracture union, delayed union, malunion, nonunion, and deep infection in both groups; however, in the expert tibial nailing group, there is lesser operating time, blood loss, and lesser chances of superficial infection as compared to plating.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Both ETN and plating offer no significant advantage over each other in terms of fracture union, delayed union, malunion, nonunion, and deep infection; but superficial infection, blood loss, and operating time are significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) in patients treated with expert tibial nail. The choice of implant should be cons","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Placement of Postgraduate Medical Residents at Peripheral Hospitals during their Training: An Assessment of Residents' Experiences.","authors":"Padmakumar Krishnankutty Nair, Praveenlal Kuttichira","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_184_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_184_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The district residency program (DRP) was introduced by the National Medical Commission to enhance practical training for postgraduate medical residents in India. Irrespective of their specialty, residents have to undergo 3 months DRP program and is a critical component of the postgraduate curriculum.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study evaluates the effectiveness of the DRP in Kerala, focusing on knowledge improvement, implementation of national health programs, challenges faced, and satisfaction levels.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 59 postgraduate medical students in Kerala. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-nine responses gathered. The mean age was 29.64 years (standard deviation = 2.148). The majority were females (61.0%) and enrolled in 2022 (54.2%). Thirty-seven (62.7%) performed general clinical duties, 44 (74.6%) outpatient and inpatient services by 40 (67.8%). Fifty-seven (96.6%) reported logbook maintenance and supportive supervision. 17 (28.8%) received hands-on surgical training. Forty-seven (79.7%) suggested continuing DRP is useful, though 22 (37.3%) opined is of excess duration. Adequate lodging and food arrangement were reported by (35%-59.3%) and 42 (71.2%), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DRP enhances the practical experience, understanding health services, and secondary-level care delivery. Improvements in surgical training and lodging are required. Duty allocation during night and emergency is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-sectional Study for the Correlation of Vitamin D Level and Severity of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Sudipto Chakraborty, Mohidur Rahaman, Pradip Dey, Shreya Choudhury, Rajeswar Samanta, Swagatam Sengupta, Parineeta Singhal, Siktha Purkait, Sakshi Puri, Insha Aleena, Dhiman Sen","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_205_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_205_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder that can cause significant deformity and disability. Vitamin D has a role in Th1-medicated autoimmune diseases like RA. Furthermore, some observational studies have concluded that Vitamin D supplementation reduces the severity of RA.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to find out any correlation between Vitamin D levels and severity of early RA.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>This study settings and design were a cross-sectional single-center observational study.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was an observational study. All patients with early RA were screened and evaluated as per protocol. No extra tests were done.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Pearson's Chi-square test for independence of attributes/Fisher's exact test was used to find the association between the categorical variables as appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>We found that all patients of early RA had moderate-tosevere disease activity without any relation with their Vitamin D level (P > 0.05).</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infraorbital Dirofilariasis: Conundrum Solved by High-resolution Ultrasound.","authors":"Vishal Thakker, Sanjay Sadhu, Sadaf Khan, Manali Arora, Deepali Saxena, Rajiv Kumar Azad","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_213_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_213_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Human dirofilariasis by nematode worm Dirofilariarepens is an uncommon zoonotic infection presenting most commonly as subcutaneous nodules after mosquito bites. Although the subcutaneous nodules can occur anywhere in the body, orbital and periorbital locations are most commonly involved. Imaging makes the cornerstone of diagnosis in cases with strong clinical suspicion since the nodular subcutaneous swelling has many clinical differentials. We present a case of an 11-year-old boy with infraorbital swelling, which was diagnosed to be dirofilariasis on imaging and postoperative histopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trend of Japanese Encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh, India.","authors":"Anuragani Verma, Shruti Radera, Amita Jain, Om Prakash, Anil Kumar Verma","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_185_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_185_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most important causes of viral encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh (UP). Over 5 years (2018-2022), this study aims to find out the seropositivity for JEV in cases presenting as AES.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Over 5 years, 8131 cerebrospinal fluid and 504 serum samples were tested for anti-JEV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies by IgM antibody capture (MAC) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (MAC ELISA kit developed by the National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 526 cases (6.09%) tested positive for anti-JEV IgM antibodies during the study periods. The number of JEV positives was high in 2018 (11.25%) but decreased gradually over the next 5 years (2019 (5.71%), 2020 (5.22%), 2021 (4.36%), and 2022 (2.91%). JE positivity is declining over time in UP, India. There is an age shift from children to adults. Men are more often affected than women.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further JE-centric studies with an emphasis on immunization are required to determine the influence of vaccination on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis and the population shift among adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}