Annals of African Medicine最新文献

{"title":"A Randomised Trial Comparing the Outcome of Expert Tibia Nailing and Plating for Distal Tibial Fractures.","authors":"Vinay Prabhat, Allen Kujur, Rohit Topno, Sabyasachi Kundu, Govind Kumar Gupta, Verma Dipak Kumar Prakash Prasad","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_197_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_197_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Management of distal tibial fracture is challenging as it has precarious blood supply and its subcutaneous location. It is frequently complicated by contusion, infection, delayed union, and nonunion and may lead to revision surgeries. Distal tibial fracture needs a stable fixation with minimum damage to the soft tissues by the surgical dissection and implants. The optimal method of fixation remains debatable. Traditional methods like open reduction and rigid internal fixation have been associated with infections and devitalization of soft tissues and hence have poor results.</p><p><strong>Aims and objectives: </strong>The aim of our study is to compare the functional and radiological outcome of the distal tibial fractures treated by expert tibia nailing (ETN) and tibial plating.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This study was carried out in Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. This is a prospective study, period from November 2021 to October 2022. Patients were randomized using computer-generated random numbers. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included and underwent operative intervention. 30 patients underwent surgery with ETN and 30 patients with locking compression plate. All patients were examined preoperatively, postoperatively and in follow-up period. Data regarding different parameters including, timing of surgery after trauma, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, any postoperative complications, and radiological and functional outcomes were recorded and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the ETN group, 21 (70.0%) patients had excellent range of motion (ROM) with the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score ranging from 90 to 100, 4 (13.3%) patients had good ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 80 to 90, and 5 (16.7%) patients had fair ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 70 to 80. In plating, 20 (66.7%) patients had excellent ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 90 to 100, 2 (6.7%) patients had good ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 80 to 90, and 8 (26.7%) patients had fair ROM with AOFAS score ranging from 70 to 80. In the ETN group, the mean union time (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of patients was 5.0333 ± 1.0981 months. In the plating group, the mean union time (mean ± SD) of patients was 5.5000 ± 1.6135 months. There is no significant difference in terms of fracture union, delayed union, malunion, nonunion, and deep infection in both groups; however, in the expert tibial nailing group, there is lesser operating time, blood loss, and lesser chances of superficial infection as compared to plating.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both ETN and plating offer no significant advantage over each other in terms of fracture union, delayed union, malunion, nonunion, and deep infection; but superficial infection, blood loss, and operating time are significantly less (P < 0.05) in patients treated with expert tibial nail. The choice of implant should be cons","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Placement of Postgraduate Medical Residents at Peripheral Hospitals during their Training: An Assessment of Residents' Experiences.","authors":"Padmakumar Krishnankutty Nair, Praveenlal Kuttichira","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_184_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_184_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The district residency program (DRP) was introduced by the National Medical Commission to enhance practical training for postgraduate medical residents in India. Irrespective of their specialty, residents have to undergo 3 months DRP program and is a critical component of the postgraduate curriculum.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study evaluates the effectiveness of the DRP in Kerala, focusing on knowledge improvement, implementation of national health programs, challenges faced, and satisfaction levels.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 59 postgraduate medical students in Kerala. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-nine responses gathered. The mean age was 29.64 years (standard deviation = 2.148). The majority were females (61.0%) and enrolled in 2022 (54.2%). Thirty-seven (62.7%) performed general clinical duties, 44 (74.6%) outpatient and inpatient services by 40 (67.8%). Fifty-seven (96.6%) reported logbook maintenance and supportive supervision. 17 (28.8%) received hands-on surgical training. Forty-seven (79.7%) suggested continuing DRP is useful, though 22 (37.3%) opined is of excess duration. Adequate lodging and food arrangement were reported by (35%-59.3%) and 42 (71.2%), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DRP enhances the practical experience, understanding health services, and secondary-level care delivery. Improvements in surgical training and lodging are required. Duty allocation during night and emergency is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-sectional Study for the Correlation of Vitamin D Level and Severity of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Sudipto Chakraborty, Mohidur Rahaman, Pradip Dey, Shreya Choudhury, Rajeswar Samanta, Swagatam Sengupta, Parineeta Singhal, Siktha Purkait, Sakshi Puri, Insha Aleena, Dhiman Sen","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_205_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_205_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder that can cause significant deformity and disability. Vitamin D has a role in Th1-medicated autoimmune diseases like RA. Furthermore, some observational studies have concluded that Vitamin D supplementation reduces the severity of RA.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to find out any correlation between Vitamin D levels and severity of early RA.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>This study settings and design were a cross-sectional single-center observational study.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was an observational study. All patients with early RA were screened and evaluated as per protocol. No extra tests were done.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Pearson's Chi-square test for independence of attributes/Fisher's exact test was used to find the association between the categorical variables as appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>We found that all patients of early RA had moderate-tosevere disease activity without any relation with their Vitamin D level (P > 0.05).</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infraorbital Dirofilariasis: Conundrum Solved by High-resolution Ultrasound.","authors":"Vishal Thakker, Sanjay Sadhu, Sadaf Khan, Manali Arora, Deepali Saxena, Rajiv Kumar Azad","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_213_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_213_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Human dirofilariasis by nematode worm Dirofilariarepens is an uncommon zoonotic infection presenting most commonly as subcutaneous nodules after mosquito bites. Although the subcutaneous nodules can occur anywhere in the body, orbital and periorbital locations are most commonly involved. Imaging makes the cornerstone of diagnosis in cases with strong clinical suspicion since the nodular subcutaneous swelling has many clinical differentials. We present a case of an 11-year-old boy with infraorbital swelling, which was diagnosed to be dirofilariasis on imaging and postoperative histopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trend of Japanese Encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh, India.","authors":"Anuragani Verma, Shruti Radera, Amita Jain, Om Prakash, Anil Kumar Verma","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_185_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_185_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most important causes of viral encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh (UP). Over 5 years (2018-2022), this study aims to find out the seropositivity for JEV in cases presenting as AES.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Over 5 years, 8131 cerebrospinal fluid and 504 serum samples were tested for anti-JEV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies by IgM antibody capture (MAC) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (MAC ELISA kit developed by the National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 526 cases (6.09%) tested positive for anti-JEV IgM antibodies during the study periods. The number of JEV positives was high in 2018 (11.25%) but decreased gradually over the next 5 years (2019 (5.71%), 2020 (5.22%), 2021 (4.36%), and 2022 (2.91%). JE positivity is declining over time in UP, India. There is an age shift from children to adults. Men are more often affected than women.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further JE-centric studies with an emphasis on immunization are required to determine the influence of vaccination on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis and the population shift among adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Anthropometric Parameters in Predicting Hamstring Graft Length for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery.","authors":"Govindkumar Gupta, Ratnajeet Chakraborty, Gauravkumar Shukla","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_195_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_195_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>With the increasing number of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgeries following sports injuries, situations may arise where hamstring graft is found to be inadequate. The authors hypothesized that the harvested hamstring graft length may be predicted preoperatively from both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and anthropometric parameters in ACLR surgery.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The study aimed at assessing the relationship between anthropometric and MRI parameters and hamstring graft length.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>The study is a prospective, observational, and comparative study.</p><p><strong>Subject and methods: </strong>A total of 52 patients recruited for ACLR were prospectively evaluated. Anthropometric parameters and Tegner activity score before the injury were recorded. Eight linear MRI measurements were obtained by two observers at an interval of 0 and 30 days. Semitendinosus (ST) and gracilis (G) tendons were harvested and a semitendinosus gracilis (STG) was prepared by a standard technique, and the lengths calculated.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>The intra- and inter-rater reliability of the MRI measurements was measured. Pearson's (r) and Spearman's (rho) correlation coefficients were calculated, and linear regression analysis was performed to establish a relationship between the preoperative parameters and hamstring graft length.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean graft length for ST was 29.44 ± 1.89 cm and G was 24.44 ± 3.34 cm. The final STG graft length was 8.98 ± 0.19 cm. Transepicondylar distance (TD) had the highest intra- and inter-observer reliability among the MRI measurements. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that height, weight, thigh length (TL), leg length, and TD were predictive of ST (R2 range: 0.240-0.380) and G graft (R2 range: 0.104-0.299) lengths. TL, body mass index, TD, and lateral femoral condyle anteroposterior dimension (LFAP) were predictive of STG graft length (R2 range: 0.076-0.215). On multiple regression analysis, height and TD were significant predictors of ST (R2: 0.449) and G lengths (R2: 0.288).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study concludes that anthropometric parameters may be supplemented with MRI measurements for accurate hamstring graft size predictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous Lignocaine as an Adjunct to Propofol Based Sedation in Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Observational Study.","authors":"Freeda Praveena Cutinha, Shaila Surendra Kamath, B V Sunil","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_84_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_84_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The adoption of western lifestyles and dietary changes have culminated in an increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in developing nations such as India and Nigeria. Propofol used for colonoscopies, which is the gold standard for early diagnosis, is associated with cardiopulmonary complications and is a poor choice as a sole agent due to a lack of analgesic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intravenous (IV) lignocaine in minimizing the need for propofol during colonoscopy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective observational study included 80 patients who had been posted for colonoscopies of either sex belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists Grades I and II. Patients who received lignocaine with propofol were included in Group L and those who received normal saline with propofol were included in Group C. The following was recorded: induction, maintenance, total amount of propofol, induction and recovery time, hemodynamic variables such as heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, pain relief after receiving the injection, ease of the procedure for endoscopist satisfaction, comfort and patient satisfaction during the procedure, post-procedure pain and fatigue, recall, nausea and vomiting, and dizziness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With regard to demographics, the groups were well matched. Group L had a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in terms of patient comfort, lesser induction time, and propofol requirements when compared to Group C. Group C also had a lower rate of oxygen desaturation (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Propofol needs during colonoscopy can be considerably reduced using IV lignocaine, resulting in shorter induction time and better patient comfort.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and Perspectives of Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease.","authors":"Hani Raka Karrar, Mahmoud Ismail Nouh, Amnah Alhassan Alnami, Bashayr Eid Alrasheedi, Shuaa Rakan Alrwilli, Najwa Ahmed Durbashi, Lujain Badr Baghlaf, Ahmed Jamaan AlGhamdi, Zakaria Yahya Otayn, Waad Fareed H Aowaiwi, Khalid Saad S Alghamdi, Alwaleed Oudah Hamdan Aljohani, Abdulrahman Saeed A Alzahrani","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_204_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_204_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Atherosclerotic occlusive disease in developed nations, the primary causes of death and disability are atherosclerotic diseases, such as stroke and acute coronary syndromes. The most common acute vascular events are brought on by the rupture or erosion of hemodynamically insignificant atherosclerotic plaques. The most frequent cause of both carotid and coronary steno-occlusive disease is atherosclerosis. The atherosclerotic plaque starts progressing when the foam cells break down and release lipids into the extracellular space when the stimulus for atherogenesis is intensified. Thus, creating a lipid pool that is primarily acellular. At the same time, activated smooth muscle cells go into the intimal layer and multiply, dramatically improving their capacity to make collagen and maintain the fibrous cap. As the plaque thickens, its deeper layers may become hypoxic, causing angiogenesis and microvessel multiplication from the adventitial vasa vasorum. Since the middle of the 20th century, there have been significant drops in the incidence and mortality from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke in high-income countries. Blood tests are typically performed to measure cholesterol and blood sugar levels and are used as diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis. Cardiograms and exercise stress tests are also used for diagnosis. Risk factors of atherosclerosis include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, diet, sedentary lifestyle, and high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The cornerstones of managing atherosclerotic are still medical care and lifestyle changes. A growing number of atherosclerotic types can benefit greatly from endovascular therapy. When compared to normal surgical procedures, it is linked with much lower morbidity and mortality, as well as a quicker recovery time. This article aims to provide a brief introduction, risk factors, epidemiology, diagnostic tests, prevention, and good practice management advice for atherosclerosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Malaria among Apparently Healthy Blood Donors at Tertiary Health-care Center in Northeastern Tribal Region of India.","authors":"Sushma Kumari, Divakar Kumar, Abhay Kumar, Usha Saroj, Priyanka Shrivastava, Saket Verma, Manisha Kujur, Upendra P Sahu, Anupa Prasad","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_127_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_127_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transfusion Transmitted Malaria is a major concern among blood donors in endemic countries. The Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 in India mandated testing of all blood donations for Malaria. Regular screening of malaria prevents severe transfusion-transmitted malaria, and shows its prevalence and enables its control among the population.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This is a 09-year retrospective observational study from 1st August 2014 to 31st July 2023 among apparently healthy blood donors in Blood Centre of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Jharkhand, a tertiary health care centre in tribal population-dominant region of India. Every donor's sample is subjected to a malaria antigen test both for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax by One step, rapid, immunochromatographic test. Positive result by rapid diagnostic Antigen card tests were also analysed by microscopy (peripheral blood smear).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the present study, the total number of blood units collected was 246,147. On screening of the total blood donors, 62,225 (25.27%) were voluntary donors and 183,942 (74.72%) were replacement donors. There were 2,27,731 (92.51%) male donors and 18,416 (7.48%) female donors. Among all the donors, only 61 (0.024%) malaria-positive donors were seen, all male.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria transmission is strictly monitored and controlled by governments in endemic regions. In addition to the direct spread by mosquito bites, malaria can also be transmitted by transfusion as blood is transfused mainly as whole blood in developing countries. The transmission by transfusion of blood remains a challenge to blood centres because of carriers of malaria in the population in endemic regions like Jharkhand, India. This is first long retrospective observational study of prevalence of malaria among apparently healthy blood donors in a tertiary care centre in Northeastern tribal region of India. It gives a rough idea of the effectiveness of various malaria control programs in remote, malaria-endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Rapid Shallow Breathing Index and Ultrasonographic Diaphragmatic Parameters as Predictors of Weaning Outcome in Critically Ill Patients on Mechanical Ventilation.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_10_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_10_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}