Annals of African Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of the Serum-free Androgen Index in Diagnosing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Shishir Kumar, Divakar Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Niraj, Avijit Saha, Amit Kumar, Pramod Kumar, Rajendra Kumar","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_306_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_306_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the free androgen index (FAI) in diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases for relevant studies published up to June 2024. The inclusion criteria were studies that reported the sensitivity and specificity of FAI for PCOS diagnosis. We used a random-effects model to find the pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (SROC AUC). We determined positive and negative likelihood ratios (NLRs) using the Fagan nomogram and assessed heterogeneity using I2 statistics. We performed meta-regression and subgroup analysis to explore sources of heterogeneity and used Deeks' funnel plot to assess publication bias. This study is registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024546829).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 14 studies with 2870 PCOS patients and 3985 non-PCOS controls. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.73-0.86) and 0.82 (95% CI; 0.72-0.90), respectively. The positive and NLRs were 4.6 (95% CI; 2.8-7.6) and 0.23 (95% CI; 0.17-0.33), respectively. The DOR was 20 (95% CI: 10-39), and the SROC AUC was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.90). Variability in FAI cutoff values contributed significantly to heterogeneity across studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serum FAI is a reliable biomarker for diagnosing PCOS, demonstrating sensitivity and specificity exceeding 80%. It is particularly valuable in primary care settings where ultrasound facility is unavailable. FAI assists in diagnosing biochemical hyperandrogenism, especially in cases where clinical criteria are inconclusive.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143961409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Anesthetic Management of Takayasu Arteritis with Aortic Regurgitation in a Parturient Posted for Cesarean Section.","authors":"Ashna Shetty, D Akshatha, Shilpa A Naik, R K Ranjan, Freeda Praveena Cutinha, Prajwal Siddappa","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_243_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_243_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Takayasu arteritis is an idiopathic, chronic, and inflammatory condition that mostly affects the aorta and its branches. Nearly 80% of occurrences involve females who are in their reproductive years. Although there is no effect on the disease's progression during pregnancy, these patients should be monitored for blood pressure (BP) changes and restricted intrauterine growth because they can develop complications such as hypertension, multiple organ dysfunction, and stenosis that reduces regional blood flow. Anesthetic implications of Takayasu arteritis include uncontrolled hypertension, maintenance of mean arterial pressure which is adequate to maintain end organ function, difficulty in monitoring of arterial pressure and tight maintenance of fluid regime.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 31-year-old parturient, Gravida 3 Para 2 Living 0, hailing from north part of Karnataka, known hypertensive with previous lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) was a diagnosed case with Takayasu arteritis presented to us for elective LSCS. She had ahistory of two previous deaths of her neonate immediately following delivery. Moreover, on further evaluation was diagnosed with the above condition. Although a diagnosed case, she was never put on any treatment for the same. She was otherwise healthy carrying out her routine work without any discomfort. Her two-dimensional echo revealed severe aortic regurgitation. Rheumatology and CTVS opinion were taken. Cesarean section was planned under combined spinal epidural taking into account her clinical state and hemodynamics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pregnant women with Takayasu arteritis may experience an array of complications. Careful patient evaluation, treatment of TA and its complications, formulating anesthetic plan are fundamental. The key issue for these individuals is maintaining perfusion. Regional anesthesia is a safe anesthetic treatment that offers thorough preanesthetic examination and close monitoring of neurological status and BP for cesarean sections in pregnant women with Takayasu arteritis. Avoiding hemodynamic alterations and maintaining organ perfusion during the perioperative period are the most crucial objectives. To avoid postoperative complications, the patient should be monitored in an intensive care unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Adenosine Deaminase Levels in Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.","authors":"Ashish Anantrao Jadhav, Ashok Kumar, Alkesh Kumar Khurana, Jagat Rakesh Kanwar, Ashwin Kotnis, Suryabhan Lahanu Lokhande","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_212_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_212_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) is a well-known global health problem with one-fifth of the global burden in India. Although there are diagnostic and prognostic markers for TB, there is lack of specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic methods.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The goal of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of blood lymphocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels in pulmonary TB patients.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>This was a prospective observational case-control study. A total of 80 subjects were included in this study and were divided into two groups: 40 people who were healthy in every respect and 40 patients with pulmonary TB. ADA activity was measured in each group by the Giusti and Galanti method using a commercial kit.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Data were analyzed using t-test with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis done to identify the cutoff values for ADA that had maximum sensitivity and specificity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean serum ADA level in the pulmonary TB group was significantly increased as compared to control group (P < 0.0001), whereas blood lymphocyte ADA levels as well as blood lymphocyte/serum ADA ratio in the pulmonary TB group were significantly decreased as compared control group (P < 0.0001). In regard to the cutoff value of <34.06 IU/mg protein in patients with pulmonary TB, sensitivity and specificity were 90.00% and 80.00%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Blood lymphocyte ADA level may be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143956573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arteriovenous Thrombosis among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infected Patients: An Observational Study at a University Hospital.","authors":"Abdullah Saleh AlAmri, Mohammad S AlShahrani, Tareq Mohammed Hejazi, Hossain Abdulmohsen Abualola, Adnan Taleb Samarah, Mohammad Faisal Almuaigel, Fahad Abdullah AlDawsar, Nada S AlRashidi, Mohannad Ali AlGhamdi, Abdullah H Kabbani","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_230_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_230_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 since its emergence in 2019 has led to widespread challenges in healthcare, prompting the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aims of this study were to explore the prevalence of arterio-venous thrombosis (AVT) in COVID-19 patients, along with baseline characteristics and predictors of AVT.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>This retrospective cohort study review of charts from adult patients presenting between March 1, 2020, and October 30, 2021, at King Fahd Hospital of the University.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Patients with both AVT and COVID-19 were included and categorized into groups: brain stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Demographic and clinical data were collected from electronic medical records, and patients were followed up 1 year after discharge.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>SPSS was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five hundred nine adult patients were admitted with COVID-19, and 195 were diagnosed with AVT. Brain stroke, MI, PE, and DVT were observed in 48.7%, 25.6%, 10.8%, and 14.9% of cases, respectively. Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking were more prevalent among stroke patients. Follow-up revealed varying mortality rates and recurrent AVT cases among different AVT syndromes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study highlights a higher incidence of AVT, particularly brain stroke, in COVID-19-positive patients, with overlapping AVT syndromes observed. The findings emphasize the intricate relationship between COVID-19 and AVT, necessitating further research and targeted interventions to address this critical aspect of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"The Calm between the Storms:\" Perioperative Management of a Patient with Pheochromocytoma in Catecholamine Crisis.","authors":"Rashmi R Aithal, Sonal Bhat, Shodhan R Pejavar, Samriddhi Dubey","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_204_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_204_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a catecholamine-secreting tumor that originates from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Anesthetic management of PCC can be challenging due to hemodynamic fluctuations. Thorough preoperative evaluation and optimization, meticulous intraoperative management and good communication between surgeon and anesthetist are crucial for patient safety. This is a case report of successful perioperative management of patient with PCC posted for laparoscopic adrenalectomy; where the patient developed catecholamine crisis in the immediate preoperative period, making the perioperative management even more challenging due to widely fluctuating hemodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143956510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Sleep Problem in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Impact on Disease Activity, Pain Perception, and Functional Disability.","authors":"G Kruthik, Mohammad Shan Ansari, Pournima Patil","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_206_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_206_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, causes joint pain and impairment and affects sleep. Sleep disturbances in RA patients can exacerbate pain perception, disease activity, and functional impairment and reduce quality of life. Sleep problems in RA patients, especially in rural areas, have rarely been studied.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective is to evaluate the prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with RA and assess its correlation with disease activity, pain intensity, and functional disability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 98 RA patients who met the ACR/EULAR 2010 classification criteria participated in this cross-sectional analytical study. Data were collected on demographic variables, disease duration, and medication history. Sleep quality was assessed using the Medical Outcome Study Sleep Scale, while disease activity was measured using the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional disability was measured using the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.21.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sleep disturbance was found in 28.6% of patients with RA. Individuals with sleep problems had significantly increased CDAI scores (P < 0.001), longer disease duration (P = 0.014), increased pain VAS scores (P < 0.001), and greater functional impairment as assessed by the HAQ-DI. A significant association was found between sleep disturbance and increased physician and global VAS values (P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sleep disturbances are common in RA patients and are significantly associated with higher disease activity, pain intensity, and functional disability. Addressing sleep issues in RA management may improve overall patient outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143959488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Giant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in an Elderly Patient.","authors":"Elijah Miner, Chubiyojo Akoji","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_49_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_49_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Although gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, they are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The majority of these tumors occur in the stomach, but they could be found anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. A 72-year-old man presented with a large intra-abdominal mass. A Tru cut biopsy revealed features of a GIST. He underwent a resection of the intra-abdominal mass along with a partial gastrectomy and splenectomy. His postoperative course was uneventful.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis and its Correlation with Disease Severity and Mortality.","authors":"Chavi Sharma, Sumit Pal Singh Chawla, Ravinder Garg, Sarabjot Kaur, Rajat Bhatt, Shubham Aryan, Sagarneel Chaudhuri","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_271_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_271_24","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Context: &lt;/strong&gt;Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has an important function in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cancer biosynthesis. Liver cirrhosis is an advanced stage of liver fibrosis, and inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the activation of numerous cells involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;The aims of this study were to assess serum IL-6 levels in patients with liver cirrhosis, and to study the correlation of IL-6 levels with the disease severity and mortality at 1 month in these patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Settings and design: &lt;/strong&gt;This prospective observational study was conducted in the Medicine department of a tertiary care teaching hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Subjects and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study was conducted on 50 patients with liver cirrhosis aged 20-60 years. Serum IL-6 levels were measured by the chemiluminescence method in all the patients at the time of presentation. The relationships between IL-6 levels and the disease severity, in terms of Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score and class, and between IL-6 levels and mortality at 1 month, were analyzed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Statistical analysis used: &lt;/strong&gt;The continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, whereas the categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages (%). Non-normally distributed variables were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR). The Mann-Whitney U-test was employed for the comparison of two continuous variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed for comparing 3 or more continuous variables. Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) was employed to check the correlation between two continuous variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of disease outcome. P &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Most patients were males (82%), and the maximum number of patients were in the age groups of 35-44 (32%) and 45-54 years (34%). Most of them had decompensated cirrhosis (CTP class B: 42% and CTP class C: 40%). On follow-up, 84% of patients were alive at 1 month, whereas 16% expired. Mean IL-6 levels of the study population were 38.39 ± 39.36 pg/mL. IL-6 levels showed a positive correlation with grade of ascites (P = 0.0001), grade of encephalopathy (P = 0.0001), CTP class (P = 0.0001), CTP score (r = 0.863), international normalized ratio (r = 0.356), serum bilirubin (r = 0.432), and a negative correlation with serum albumin (r = -0.344). IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients who expired in comparison to those who were alive at 1 month (mean: 109.87 ± 45.57 pg/mL, median [IQR]: 120.13 [73.87-145.60] pg/mL vs. 24.77 ± 17.60 pg/mL, 22.55 [11.87-35.50] pg/mL, P = 0.0001). IL-6 was found to be a significant predictor of disease outcome (odds ratio = 1.084, 95% confidence interval = 0.99-1.19).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;IL-6 ","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Prospective Analysis of Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit Infections - A Tertiary Center Study.","authors":"Anand Prakash, Saurav Kumar Besra, Md Habibullah Ansari, Manjar Ali","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_301_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_301_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Nosocomial infections are the most important cause of mortality and morbidity of the intensive care units (ICUs). In this study, we evaluated that developed infections in neurosurgery care unit.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-seven cases with the diagnosis of nosocomial infection out of 132 patients followed up in the neurosurgical ICUs of our center between October 2022 and September 2024 were prospectively evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our center, infection rate was 20.45%. Pneumonia was the most frequently seen type of infection followed by urinary tract infection. Most frequently Staphylococcus aureus (32.15%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.52%) were detected. Overall mortality rate of the patients who became infected was 22.7%. However, mortality rate of the patients without infection was 6.6%. In 14 patients more than one episode of infection developed which resulted in death of 12 (85.7%) cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>During monitorization in the ICU, one of the important factors which effect morbidity and mortality is nosocomial infections. In order to be able to prevent infections, routine surveillance studies should be performed and infection control measures should be evolved.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Scenario of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers of Sepsis in Clinical Practice and the Role of Multi-marker Approach: An Update.","authors":"Arun Sinha, Shrimanjunath Sankanagoudar, Ankur Sharma, Nikhil Kothari, Neeraj Gupta, Praveen Sharma","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_50_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_50_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Despite extensive work done in the field of sepsis biomarkers; still, there is no consensus on which parameter could be considered as an ideal biomarker for sepsis diagnosis. This review aims to look into the existing biomarkers of clinical utility which are currently being used for sepsis diagnostics along with their advantages and disadvantages. We also provide an insight into the usefulness of a multi-marker approach to diagnosing sepsis and what could be the future direction. A literature review was conducted and four search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Research Gate were used for data mining. Three clinically relevant markers for sepsis diagnosis such as procalcitonin (PCT), prespsin, and pentraxin-3 reviewed critically. Articles were also reviewed for the assessment of a multi-marker approach. Overall more than 100 research papers were found to be eligible for this review. Currently, most of the studies are using a chemiluminescent immunoassay-based PCT as a diagnostic method for sepsis. This method has been standardized all over the world, along with traditional markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and highly sensitive-CRP. But now, studies are also being conducted on presepsin and pentraxin-3 which are more sensitive and specific for early diagnosis of sepsis. Despite there being literature on presepsin and pentraxin-3, but due to a lack of standardization for assay methods and the costs involved, both parameters are still a long way in finding space in the routine clinical practice. More efforts should be made to combine several markers and develop an algorithm which can overcome the shortcomings of these markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}