Annals of African Medicine最新文献

{"title":"A 3-year-old Tanzanian Female with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase A- and a Novel Heterozygous PIEZO1 Mutation (2744A>G, N915S) Presenting with Severe Hemolytic Anemia.","authors":"Nicholas John Fustino, Raven Beck","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_29_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_29_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 3-year-old Tanzanian female presented with severe hemolytic anemia of unknown etiology, necessitating multiple red blood cell transfusions. The patient was found to have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency A- and a heterozygous Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1) mutation (2744A>G, N915S). This case identifies a novel PIEZO1 mutation implicated in erythrocyte channelopathies occurring in conjunction with an X-linked enzymopathy in a female patient. This underscores the importance of keeping X-linked disorders in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia in females, as well as presents the possibility for novel coexisting mutations to augment the phenotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"743-747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141974918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Analgesic Duration Using Ultrasound-guided Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block between Diabetics with Neuropathy and Nondiabetics without Neuropathy.","authors":"Ganesh Prasad, Julie C R Misquith, Karl Nicholas Sa Ribeiro, Shilpa A Naik","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_89_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_89_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In India, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus neuropathy was reported to be as high as 30%. Eight percentage of the diabetic population suffer from foot ulceration and 1.8% have amputations. Popliteal nerve block can be potentially used for foot and ankle surgery with several advantages.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare analgesic duration of an ultrasound (US)-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block between diabetics with neuropathy and nondiabetics without neuropathy.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Participants were allocated into two groups for popliteal sciatic nerve blocks under US guidance. The primary outcome was the duration to onset of sensory and motor blockade. The secondary outcome was the duration to rescue analgesic and the visual analog scale scoring within 24 h. Hemodynamic outcomes were also monitored along with the above variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was observed that the onset of sensory blockade was faster in participants with diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy as compared to the nondiabetic participants and the duration for onset of motor blockade in dorsiflexion was faster in diabetic patients as compared to the nondiabetic patients (17.48 ± 3.21 min). However, there was no significant changes when comparing the onset of duration to loss of plantar flexion, in diabetics (17.86 ± 2.29 min) versus in nondiabetics (18.51 ± 3.32 min). The duration for rescue analgesics was found to be longer in diabetic participants (13.19 ± 2.14 h) as compared to the nondiabetic participants (11.44 ± 1.86 h). No differences were observed in the hemodynamic changes and the complications associated with local anesthetics in either group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diabetic patients with neuropathy have faster onset of blockade when compared to nondiabetic patients without neuropathy which may be due to the degenerative condition of the peripheral nerves in them. The hemodynamic parameters do not play a role in defining the outcome of the block.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"663-668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Frequency Hearing Loss Amongst Smart Mobile Phone Users: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Indira Jha, Md Kabir Alam, Chandan Kumar, Niska Sinha, Tarun Kumar","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_93_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_93_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In past 20 years, there is increase in mobile phone users from 12.4 million to about 5.6 billion i.e 70 % of the world's population.[1] Electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phone damages inner ear, cochlea and outer hair cells of inner ear and auditory pathway (AP).[2].</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Case control study. Group 1, N=30 subjects, using mobile smart phones since past 1-5 years and exposure time more than 2 hours per day. Group II included 30 subjects, using mobile smart phones for more than 5 years and exposure time more than 2 hours per day. Headache, tinnitus, or sensations of burning around phone-using were excluded. Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) done. Student Unpaired t test was used for analysis and chisquare test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean ± SD of absolute latencies (AL) of Brainstem evoked response auditory. (BERA) waves III, V and all interpeak latencies at 80 dB and 4,6,8 KHz in group 2 were delayed and significant as compared to group 1. All parameters were highly significant at 8KHz as compared to 4KHz in group 2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA) detects hearing loss in smart mobile phone using subjects at higher frequencies i.e at 8 KHz early. Hence central neural axis involvement can be detected early by BERA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"684-687"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Insight in Using of Mesenchyme Stem Cell Conditioning Medium for the Impaired Muscle related Biomarkers: In vivo Study with Rat Model.","authors":"Ronald Winardi Kartika, Veronika Maria Sidharta, Tena Djuartina, Cynthia Retna Sartika, Kris Herawan Timotius","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_205_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_205_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims and objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of Umbilical Cord Mesencymal Stem Cell Conditioning Medium (UC MSC-CM) administration on body weight recovery and the level of four molecular biomarkers, namely Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and myostatin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Secretome was injected intramuscularly twice at 1.5 mL (day 7 and 14) into the right thigh of high-dose, short-term galactose-induced aging rats. The data of day 7 (before) and day 21 (after the administration) were evaluated. The body weights and the four biomarkers were measured before (day 7) and after intervention (day 21).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study showed that the UC MSC-CM intramuscular administrations did not influence body weight regeneration. However, it could increase SOD and VEGF levels and decrease CRP and myostatin levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment with UC MSC-CM is a promising and potential agent in treating sarcopenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"674-679"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Metabolic Syndrome.","authors":"Sunita Kumari, Shyam Chand Chaudhary, Kamal Kumar Sawlani, Kamlesh Kumar Gupta, Kauser Usman, Himanshu Dandu Reddy, Ajay Kumar Verma, Sunil Kumar, Narsingh Verma, Virendra Atam","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_24_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_24_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, is associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA is a major contributor to cardiac, cerebrovascular, and metabolic disorders as well as to premature death.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was done for 1 year in 103 patients of MetS diagnosed by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. All patients were subjected to the STOP-Bang questionnaire, and they were classified into low, intermediate, and high risks depending on the score. Patients falling in intermediate-high risk (score 3-8) were taken for overnight polysomnography to confirm the diagnosis of OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥5) and were considered Group I. Patients with STOP-Bang score ≤2 or score ≥3 with AHI <5 were considered Group II (non-OSA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 103 MetS patients enrolled in the study, only 70 (68.0%) were diagnosed with OSA, so the prevalence of OSA in MetS patients was 68%. The majority of the OSA cases had moderate-to-severe OSA (68.5%), and only 31.4% had mild OSA. The age of patients enrolled in the study ranged between 29 and 78 years, and the mean age of patients was 54.8 ± 9.4 years. Out of 103 MetS enrolled in the study, 59 (57.3%) were male and the rest were female, so the prevalence of severe OSA was higher in males than in females. The prevalence increases with an increase in age groups. Weight, body mass index (BMI), circumference, and waist circumference (WC) of cases of OSA were found to be significantly higher as compared to that of non-OSA. An incremental trend of increase in weight, BMI, neck circumference, and WC was observed with the increase in the severity of OSA. Patients of OSA as compared to non-OSA had significantly increased WC, blood pressure (BP), fasting, postprandial, random blood sugar, and triglyceride (TG) levels. A trend of increase in WC, BP fasting, postprandial, random blood sugar, and TG levels was associated with an increase in the severity of OSA. Snoring and daytime sleepiness were observed in a significantly higher proportion of OSA cases as compared to non-OSA cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that OSA has a high prevalence in subjects with MetS. A high index of clinical suspicion is required for early diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"710-716"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare Presentation of Acinic Cell Carcinoma in the Parotid Gland.","authors":"Rita Yadav, Preeti Agarwal, Mala Sagar, Malti Kumari Maurya","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_72_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_72_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) arising in the salivary glands is a rare tumor. It is a low-grade malignant salivary gland tumor. It is predominantly seen in females and occurs in the fifth and sixth decades of life. It is mostly located in the parotid gland. ACC has a significant potential for recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, long-term follow-up is necessary after treatment. Here, a 28-year-old male presented with right preauricular swelling for 9 months. Ultrasound of the head-and-neck region and fine-needle aspiration cytology of preauricular swelling suggest the diagnosis of neoplasm in the parotid gland, most probably a benign tumor. After that, a total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation was performed. On histopathological and immunohistochemical study was consistent with the diagnosis of ACC in the parotid gland.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"752-755"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Adrenal Incidentaloma from a Single Center in South India: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Abhijeet B Jawanjal, Siddarth Sadananda, Nikitha Sriramaneni, Y P Ganavi, Pramila Kalra, Chitra Selvan, P R Manjunath, Praneethi K Shetty","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_212_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_212_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are relatively uncommon neoplasms in 2% of apparently healthy individuals requiring evaluation for functionality and malignancy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to study the clinical, biochemical, and radiological profiles of patients presenting with AI and histopathological outcomes of those undergoing adrenalectomy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 62 AI patients attending a tertiary care center in South India between January 2016 and October 2023. Demographic details, radiological features, functionality, and histopathological data were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 62 patients, total masses evaluated were 65 indicating bilaterality in 3 patients. The female: male ratio was 1.69, with a median age of 55 years (interquartile range: 44-64 years). 45.1% of individuals were >60 years. The most common indication for imaging was pain abdomen in 43 (69.4%). The median size was 3.2 cm. Fifty-five (88.7%) were assessed for functionality and 27 (49.1%) were functional. Among the 62 individuals, 14 (20.2%) had hypercortisolism, 11 (15.9%) had pheochromocytoma, 5 (7.24%) had primary hyperaldosteronism (PA), and 4 (5.7%) had hyperandrogenism including plurihormonal in 7. A mass size of 3.2 cm was of great value in distinguishing functional tumors with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 66% with an area under the curve of 0.682. A total of 34 (54.8%) patients underwent adrenalectomy. On histopathological examination, Adenoma (44.1%) was the most common followed pheochromocytoma (26.5%), adrenal cysts (8.8%), and Myelolipoma (5.9%). Two (5.9%) incidentalomas were adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Eight (53.3%) adenomas were functional with 6 having hypercortisolism (including 1 with hyperandrogenism) and 2 with PA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our experience, the incidence of pheochromocytoma was second most common after adenoma. Since most functional tumors (60%) and all ACCs were ≥4 cm, a thorough biochemical evaluation for hormonal excess and evaluation for malignancy followed by surgery should be considered for lesions, especially ≥4 cm. Thus, we report the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with AI from a single center in South India.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"567-574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical and Developmental Abnormalities of Ureters and Renal Pelvis Existing with Accessory Renal Arteries: Cadaveric Study.","authors":"Kosuri Kalyan Chakravarthi, Deepthynadh Reghunadhan","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_89_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_89_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anatomical and developmental variations of ureters and renal pelvis have been observed frequently during routine human cadaveric dissection and surgical practice; however, their coexistence with accessory or aberrant renal arteries is exceptionally rare. Accordingly, this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of anatomical and developmental abnormalities of ureters and renal pelvis existing with accessory renal arteries in human cadavers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was carried out on 50 human cadavers including dissected specimens (25 males and 25 females) the kidneys, renal pelvis, and ureters along with their arteries were exposed and the anomalous abnormalities of the renal pelvis and ureters existing with accessory renal arteries were observed. Photographs of the anomalous and developmental variations were taken for proper documentation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 50 cadavers studied, unilateral double ureters were found in 5 cadavers (10%), rare bilateral \"S-\"shaped loop of ureter with quadruple uretic constrictors in the abdominal segment of the ureter was observed in one female cadaver (2%), accessory or aberrant renal arteries were found in 15 cadavers (30%), hydronephrosis involving the renal pelvis and ureters was observed in 9 cadavers (18%). Interestingly, this prevalence was higher among males (28%) compared to females (8%). Moreover, the occurrence of bilateral hydronephrosis of the kidneys, renal pelvis, and ureters was identified in a single male cadaver, representing 2% of the sample. Notably, the prevalence of double ureter, hydronephrosis accompanied by congenital double and triple accessory renal arteries was documented in nine cadavers, accounting for 18% of the cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anatomical and developmental variations of the ureters, renal pelvis, and renal vasculature, as well as their relationships to surrounding structures, hold clinical significance due to their impact on various surgical procedures, including kidney transplantation, abdominal aorta reconstruction, interventional radiology, and urologic operations. Therefore, identifying these potential developmental variations is essential for effective surgical management to preserve renal function and ensure optimal patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"697-703"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Performance of Grayscale Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Mass-forming Breast Lesions.","authors":"H Madhuri, M Aruna Devi, G Sravani","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_101_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_101_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In our study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of grayscale ultrasonography (USG) in risk stratification of mass-forming breast lesions. Our study included 90 cases, in which 88 were females and 2 cases were male with age ranging from 16 to 73 years. Out of 90 lesions, 51 (58%) lesions were benign and 39 (39%) lesions were malignant. High-resolution USG done in all 90 lesions revealed sensitivity (90.2%), specificity (74.36%), positive predictive value (PPV) (82.14%), negative predictive value (NPV) (85.29%), and accuracy (83.33%). Calculated weighted kappa value 0.665, indicating better level of agreement in predicting malignant lesions compared to gold standard. Our study revealed that USG is sensitive and specific test in detecting malignant lesions with high PPV and NPV; the calculated weighted kappa value was 0.665, indicating better level of agreement in predicting malignant lesions compared to gold standard.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":"23 4","pages":"529-534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieval of Broken Guidewire from the Hip Joint Protruding inside the Pelvic Cavity: A Rare Case Report.","authors":"Vinay Prabhat, Kamlesh Kumar, Kumar Gaurav, Rohit Topno","doi":"10.4103/aam.aam_51_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aam.aam_51_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hardware breakage in the form of guide wire or drill bit is a devastating complication particularly if occurs around hip joint during cephalo-medullary nailing. It should be removed on urgent basis as it can migrate to the pelvic cavity and damages adjacent neuro-vascular bundle and visceral organ immediately as well joint arthritis later on. There are very few cases report available in the literature with retrieval techniques by using disc forceps, pituitary forceps, oversized reamers, arthrotomy with joint dislocation and through ilioinguinal approaches occasionally. We are presenting an interesting and rare case of broken guide wire inside hip joint protruding into the pelvic cavity which got retrieved through lower midline open laparotomy approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":7938,"journal":{"name":"Annals of African Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"737-739"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141974898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}