Animal Bioscience最新文献

{"title":"Exploitation of pig by-product: physicochemical properties and flavor of Dachang Tang: effect of cooking time.","authors":"Tongxiang Yang, Jiayin Wei, Xiangtian Wu, Yunfei Wang, Kongyang Wu, Xu Duan, Wenchao Liu, Weiwei Cao, Linlin Li, Chung Lim Law, Junliang Chen, Guangyue Ren","doi":"10.5713/ab.24.0894","DOIUrl":"10.5713/ab.24.0894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to determine the optimal cooking time for Dachang Tang in order to promote Chinese cuisine culture and to improve the utilization of pig large intestines, thereby reducing resource waste.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The raw pig large intestines were cleaned with water and flour, then boiled with selected spices for 40 mins to reduce off-odors. Subsequently, the large intestines were stir-fried with oil, garlic, and Zanthoxylum bungeanum for a specified duration, before being added to the original broth. The pig large intestines were then cooked for 10 mins, 20 mins, 40 mins, and 60 mins, respectively. Samples were collected at each cooking times to analyze their basic nutritional components (moisture, protein, fat), texture, color, water state, fatty acids, volatile compounds, microstructure, and sensory characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With the increase in cooking time, the moisture and fat content decreased significantly, and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased (p<0.05). At 20 mins, pig large intestines exhibited optimal chewiness, color, surface integrity and sensory scores. Meanwhile, volatile flavor compounds mainly derived from spices, such as 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 3-ethyltoluene, estragole, and ethyl decanoate effectively masking the off-flavor caused by p-cresol and indole in pig large intestines, and provided fruity, spicy, fennel and citrus aromas to Dachang Tang.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A comprehensive analysis concluded that 20 mins was the optimal cooking time.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":"2266-2279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine promote bovine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via Akt/mTOR/P70S6K signalling pathway for cultured meat production.","authors":"Sajida Naseem, Mei-Fu Xuan, Huan Hua, Sungkwon Park, Abid Manzoor, Hailong Teng, Huaina Jin, Xiangzi Li, Qiang Li","doi":"10.5713/ab.24.0776","DOIUrl":"10.5713/ab.24.0776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Traditional meat production is insufficient to meet the increasing protein requirements, necessitating cultured meat, which is safe, worthwhile, and scalable. Fat is essential for making cultured meat more acceptable to consumers by enhancing flavour and providing a natural appearance. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue are a promising source for this purpose, but in vitro expansion of cells decreases their proliferation ability and increases cellular senescence. The objective of this study was to improve the proliferation and differentiation abilities of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, vitamin C (VC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) antioxidants were used to treat AD-MSCs from Yanbian cattle testicles. Cell counting kit, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot were used to test the cell viability and proliferation ability of AD-MSCs, ORO staining, triglycerides assay, and adipogenic specific markers expression were determined to analyse the adipogenic differentiation ability. Furthermore, oxidative stress parameters and activation of the Akt/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway were also studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that VC and NAC both increased proliferation and differentiation ability of AD-MSCs by increasing the expression of cell cycle regulatory and differentiation genes and proteins expression, and decreasing the expression of cell cycle inhibitory factors, and up-regulating stemness markers expression, while co-treatment showed enhanced effect. Oxidative stress was reduced by decreased reactive oxygen species production, malondialdehyde content, and enhanced glutathione activity, as well as declined cellular senescence. Subsequently, the Akt/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway was activated by VC and NAC+VC treatment in AD-MSCs, while NAC only activated Akt expression, indicating its role in controlled cell growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research concludes that NAC (2 mM) and VC (200 μM) improved the proliferation, differentiation potential, and stemness by decreasing oxidative stress and senescence, parallelly activating Akt/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway, while combined treatment (NAC+VC) enhanced these effects, providing bases for their utilisation to culture fat in cultivated meat production.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":"2250-2265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating fecal output and nutrient digestibility using acid detergent insoluble ash as an intrinsic marker in lactating dairy cows: technical note.","authors":"Jungeun Kim, Kiyeon Park, Houhua Hu, Chanhee Lee","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0130","DOIUrl":"10.5713/ab.25.0130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study was part of large experiments in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design where 4 dietary treatments (feed supplements) were examined. Fecal samples were obtained from the experiments via total collection (Experiment 1, n = 30; Experiment 2, n = 16). Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) and nutrients, and those were used to estimate fecal output (FO) and nutrient digestibilites. Data within each experiment were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS to determine diet, method (actual vs. estimated by ADIA), and their interaction on FO and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. A linear regression for FO between actual and estimated by ADIA was also conducted. The recovery of ADIA was 106% in both experiments. The use of ADIA tended to underestimate FO by 5% (Exp. 2, p = 0.09) and overestimate nutrient digestibilities by 2% to 5% (Exp. 1, p≤0.08). The linear regression resulted in the slope of 0.80 (against 1, p = 0.02) and the intercept of 1.93 (against 0, p = 0.21). In conclusion, ADIA is a potential marker for lactating cows in estimating FO when corrected by the factor obtained from the regression analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":"2149-2154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policy recommendations for sustainable livestock farming in South Korea.","authors":"Inkuk Yoon, Jong Hyun Jung, Sung Woo Kim, Sang Hyon Oh","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the transition towards sustainable livestock farming, emphasizing the role of policy instruments, challenges in implementation, and future directions. Major OECD member countries predominantly employ regulations, economic incentives, and promotional measures to promote sustainable livestock practices. Regulatory instruments, such as taxes and compliance obligations, are effective in addressing negative externalities, while economic incentives, like direct payment systems, are more accepted by stakeholders. Achieving policy effectiveness requires establishing consistent principles, ensuring stakeholder cooperation, and balancing regulatory and economic support. In South Korea, current policies include financial support for smart facilities, manure treatment, and eco-friendly products. However, there are gaps in greenhouse gas regulations and fragmented support measures. This study advocates comprehensive support systems and integrated manure management to address challenges like manure and odor management, which are critical for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The integration of ICT technologies into livestock farming is highlighted as a means to improve management efficiency and competitiveness. Furthermore, the introduction of a \"Sustainable Livestock Public Subsidy System\" is proposed to encourage sustainable practices. This includes a certification system covering all production stages, ensuring products meet environmental and welfare standards. This study emphasizes the need for a decentralized subsidy management approach, tailored to regional conditions, to enhance policy effectiveness. It also addresses the importance of fostering a new workforce in the livestock sector, advocating for support for young and female farmers. Finally, the establishment of public-private governance is suggested to facilitate voluntary participation and consensus among stakeholders, ensuring a successful transition to sustainable livestock farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint transcriptome-wide and proteomic analysis of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of sheep wool fiber diameter.","authors":"Lin Yue, Zengkui Lu, Tingting Guo, Bowen Chen, Jianbin Liu, Chao Yuan","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Wool fiber diameter is a crucial phenotypic trait of wool and a key determinant of its economic value. Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that influence wool fiber diameter is a fundamental approach to optimizing wool fineness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, fine-wool Alpine Merino sheep exhibiting three distinct fiber diameter ranges were selected for comprehensive whole-transcriptome and proteome analyses of skin tissues.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>This led to the identification of key microRNAs (oar-miR-23a, oar-miR-23b, oar-miR-150, and oar-miR-218a), critical circular RNAs (circRNA3051, circRNA0315, and circRNA_1477), and multiple pivotal genes (LOC10112037, LOC105614079, IGFBP1, IGFBP4, and MAPK9). Correlation analysis employed to construct an integrative regulatory network suggested a strong association between modulation of wool fiber diameter and metabolism of energy and lipids.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings further elucidate the biological mechanisms governing the regulation of wool fiber diameter, providing a theoretical foundation for advancing the wool industry through refinement of wool diameter and enhancements in wool quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid on methane production, rumen fermentation, rumen microflora and nutrient digestion of Liuyang black goats.","authors":"Ying Yun, Ting Liu, Hui Hui Liu, Hui Zhang, Faming Pan, Lijing An, Xinji Wang, Guoyan Xu, Qiangwen Gu, Chen Zheng","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the effects of dietary tannic acid on methane production, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota in Liuyang black goats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve adult goats were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (CON) and a treatment group (TAN) that received 2 % tannic acid in their diet. The experiment had two stages, each with a 10 - day adaptation and a 5 - day sampling phase. Methane emission was measured using a mobile open-circuit respirometry system, while rumen fluid samples were analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia nitrogen, and microbial composition via 16S rRNA sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that the tannic acid significantly reduced overall methane emission (p < 0.05), methane per voluntary feed intake (VFI, p < 0.05), dry matter intake (DMI, p < 0.05), acid detergent fiber intake (ADFI, p < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI, p < 0.05). Microbial analysis showed increased relative abundance of Firmicutes (p < 0.05) and decreased Methanobrevibacter and Prevotella. Tannic acid also improved ADF digestibility (p < 0.05) and altered VFA profiles by increasing acetic acid to propionic acid ratios and valeric and butyric acids (p < 0.05). Tannic acid supplementation also increases the ratios of acetic acid to propionic acid, as well as valeric and butyric acids (p < 0.05), while increasing the digestibility of ADF (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dietary tannic acid effectively reduced methane emission and enhanced feed efficiency in Liuyang black goats by modifying rumen fermentation and microbial activity. These findings suggest tannic acid's potential as a sustainable feed additive for ruminants, although long-term impacts on health and productivity require further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of prenatal auditory stimulation on physiological stress and neurotransmitter levels in developing embryos and day-old ducklings.","authors":"Yashini Subramaniam, Suriya Kumari Ramiah, Intan Shameha Abdul Razak, Aimi Nabilah Hussein, Ahmad Hanafi Sulong, Zulkifli Idrus","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to determine the effects of prenatal auditory stimulation (PAS) on serum levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), ceruloplasmin (CPN), alpha-1acid-glycoprotein (AGP), corticosterone (CORT), ovotransferrin (OVT), and dopamine (DA) in duck embryos and hatchlings. Fertilised Khaki Campbell duck eggs were subjected to the following auditory stimulation treatments: 1) no additional sound treatment other than the background sound of the incubator's compressors at 40 dB (CONTROL), 2) exposure to pre-recorded traffic noise at 90 dB (NOISE), and 3) exposure to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K 488 at 90 dB (MUSIC). The NOISE and MUSIC treatments were for 20 min/h for 24 h (a total of 8 h/d), starting from embryonic days (ED) 13 to hatching. Prenatal auditory stimulation did not influence hatchability rate, body weights at ED 21 and post-hatch day (PH) 1. The MUSIC and NOISE treatments elevated HSP70 at ED21 compared to the Control, while opposite results were observed at PH1. The AGP, CPN and CORT were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by PAS at ED21. However, at PH1, the Control ducklings showed significantly higher OVT and AGP. The NOISE and MUSIC treatments attenuated DA activity at ED21 and PH1, respectively. PAS induces a physiological stress response in embryos but does not impact hatchability or hatchling weights. Exposure to MUSIC and NOISE effectively reduces stress during incubation and hatching, enhancing stress resilience in day-old ducklings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel indirect calorimeter system for measuring gas exchange and determining digestibility, nutrient retention, and net energy in diets fed to group-housed pigs.","authors":"Cristhiam Joseph Munoz Alfonso, Hans Henrik Stein, Su A Lee","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel indirect calorimeter chamber system has been built at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (IL, USA). The unit consists of 6 respiration-metabolism chambers where temperature and humidity are controlled, gas analysis units, a data management unit, a mechanical room, and an air-conditioned feed storage room. The chambers are airtight and each chamber has the capacity to hold more than 1 pig depending on size. Using the system, concentrations of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy, and digestibility and retention of nutrients can be determined in diets fed to pigs on an ad libitum basis. A recovery test was performed using propane combustion. The recovery rate of oxygen ranged from 86.7 to 108.7% with a mean of 99.0% and a coefficient of variation of 6.27%. The recovery rate of carbon dioxide ranged from 100.0 to 101.0% with a mean of 100.6% and a coefficient of variation of 0.29%. In summary, a novel calorimeter unit allows for pigs to be group-housed and given ad libitum access to feed and water. This system is believed to be representative of commercial settings, and therefore, net energy can be determined in diets fed to pigs under conditions similar to those used in commercial production.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of strategic nutrient reduction and exogenous enzyme supplementation on mineral and energy balance in growing pigs.","authors":"Gerardo Ordaz, Sergio Gómez, María de Lourdes Angeles, Maria Alejandra Pérez","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the effects of strategic nutrient reduction in combination with exogenous enzymes (phytase, pectinase, and β-glucanase) on mineral and energy balance in growing pigs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four barrows (age: 97±5 days) with an average initial body weight of 49.26±0.42 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates under controlled conditions. Diets were offered for 10 days, consisting of a 5-day adaptation period followed by a 5-day total-collection balance period. Pigs were assigned to four experimental treatments: a positive control diet (PC-100) with standard levels of metabolizable energy (ME), calcium, phosphorus, and mineral premix; a negative control diet (NC-100) with the same mineral premix but reduced by 100 kcal/kg ME, 0.05% calcium, and 0.10% phosphorus, supplemented with the enzyme blend; and two additional diets based on NC-100 with a 33% (NC-67) and 66% (NC-34) reduction in the mineral premix. Productive performance, apparent fecal digestibility (AFD), nutrient retention, and energy efficiency were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that mineral reduction (33% and 66% vs. the recommended level) together with exogenous enzymes did not affect daily weight gain or feed efficiency (p > 0.05). However, a significant decreased total nitrogen excretion (from 13.66 to 10.72 g/day; p < 0.001), and increased proportion of retained nitrogen relative to absorbed nitrogen (from 73.46% in PC-100 to 81.69% in NC-34; p = 0.0025) were observed. AFD of phosphorus improved with enzyme supplementation (up to 74.89% in NC-100; p < 0.01), and zinc digestibility increased significantly with mineral premix reduction (up to 50.01% in NC-34; p < 0.01). ME remained stable among treatments (p = 0.06), with average values ranging from 3,593 to 3,642 kcal/kg.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Strategic reduction of dietary minerals (33% and 66% vs. the recommended level), and energy, in combination with exogenous enzymes, improved nutrient utilization without negatively affecting short-term growth performance in growing pigs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Peptidogenomics Decoding Yak Non-Conventional Peptides: Functional Mapping and Biopotential Mining of Genetic Resources.","authors":"Jingyun Chen, Lu Yang, Weilu Zhang, Yili Liu, Yong Yong Wei, Li Wang, Mingfeng Jiang, Biao Li","doi":"10.5713/ab.25.0408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.25.0408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Non-conventional peptides, have been found to play a key role in basic plant and animal biological processes. This study aims to investigate from the perspective of NCPs to reveal the adaptive molecular genetic mechanisms of yaks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We established an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline, constructed a customized six-frame translation database using high-throughput mass spectrometry, and applied it to the large-scale identification of NCPs in several vital organs/tissues of yaks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to conventional peptides, these NCPs exhibit unique properties derived from introns, UTRs, out-of-frame exons, and intergenic regions. Additionally, our findings indicate that translation events are more prevalent in unannotated transcripts than previously believed. Combined with transcriptome analysis and ribosome mapping analysis, 727 NCPs were determined to be derived from lncRNA and 944 NCPs were determined to be derived from circRNA. Interestingly, the number of hydrophobic amino acids in NCPs was found to be higher than that of hydrophilic amino acids in almost all tissues; whereas for CPs the results were reversed. These findings suggest their potential involvement in maintaining protein stability and combating oxidative stress. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the 38 candidate peptides further confirmed their physiological functions; however, specific physiological mechanisms require further investigation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a substantial portion of the yak genome can be translated into molecules with biological functions which is highly significant for functional genome research, and these unique hidden molecules will provide basic data for future biomedical development and plateau disease treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7825,"journal":{"name":"Animal Bioscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}