American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Calf-related environments are reservoirs of Salmonella enterica on northeastern United States dairy farms with a history of endemic Salmonella Dublin infection.","authors":"Maya J Craig, Kevin J Cummings, Elisha A Frye, Julie D Siler, Rebecca J Franklin-Guild, Kelly L Sams, Casey L Cazer, Laura B Goodman","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify calf-related environmental reservoirs of Salmonella Dublin on 25 dairy farms with a history of endemic infection in the northeastern US. We hypothesized that maternity pens and calf housing areas were reservoirs of S Dublin on such farms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used real-time PCR to detect Salmonella enterica in samples collected from dairy farm environments and subsequently cultured PCR-positive samples. All confirmed S Dublin isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between farm location and PCR positivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 678 environmental samples collected, 50.1% were PCR positive for S enterica. A mixed-effects logistic regression model revealed calf-related equipment (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.7) and maternity pen areas (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 4.0 to 9.8) to have increased odds of testing Salmonella PCR positive in comparison to calf housing areas. Additionally, we isolated and antigenically confirmed S Dublin from maternity pens and calf housing areas. Core genome variation assessment of these isolates revealed high genetic similarity to human isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results demonstrate that maternity pens and calf housing areas can harbor S Dublin. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis highlights the potential for this pathogen to spread among human, animal, and environmental reservoirs.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Identifying maternity pens and calf housing areas as reservoirs of S Dublin can inform the development of targeted hygiene and biosecurity protocols for dairy herds with endemic infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposomal bupivacaine local analgesia reduces systemic inflammatory responses following equine laparoscopic surgery.","authors":"Lauren Luedke, Alexandria Clark, Dean A Hendrickson, Luke Bass, Gabriella Kawahisa-Piquini, Renata Impastato, Isabella Sabino, Lyndah Chow, Steven Dow, Lynn M Pezzanite, Gregg M Griffenhagen","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.08.0341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.08.0341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Liposomal local anesthetics have been shown to extend analgesia duration and improve pain scores dose-dependently in horses. Our objective was to assess concurrent impact on systemic inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>18 mares (age, 2 to 20 years) with normal ovarian anatomy were enrolled. Laparoscopic bilateral ovariectomies were performed standing with sedation. Local analgesia was: 80 mL bupivacaine hydrochloride (BHCl; n = 6), 30 mL 0.75% BHCl + 20 mL (low-dose) liposomal bupivacaine (LB) expanded to 80 mL with saline (LB20, n = 6), or 30 mL 0.75% BHCl + 40 mL (high-dose) LB expanded to equal volume around incision sites and mesovarium prior to ovariectomy (LB40, n = 6). Whole blood samples were obtained (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours), and plasma was separated. Serum amyloid A (SAA) and 23 cytokines were quantified via commercially available kits and multiplex immunoassay, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SAA increased postoperatively from 24 to 72 hours (548.11 ± 726.84, 957.76 ± 1,006.62, and 841.18 ± 953.4, respectively). Serum amyloid A was lower in the LB40 group versus the LB20 group at 48 hours (303 ± 347.74 vs 773.17 ± 733.19) and 72 hours (439.67 ± 461.53 vs 951.6 ± 1,052.4). Cytokine concentrations were quantifiable for 14 cytokines; differences between groups were seen for eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and IL-8. No group had consistently higher or lower values.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High-dose LB suppressed the systemic inflammatory response, resulting in lower SAA postoperatively following ovariectomy.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Infiltration of extended-duration local anesthetics decreased inflammatory responses postoperatively.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and evaluation of repurposing Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs targeting the pE165R protein of African swine fever virus.","authors":"Weiqi Zhao, Mengqi Zhao, Fuhui Chang, Yihan Yuan, Qinghua Geng, Shouhua Feng, Gen Lu, Kang Ou, Xiaoyue Chen, Shu Wei, Zuofeng Yang, Jinling Liu","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>African swine fever is a devastating swine disease lacking effective vaccines or antiviral drugs. The African swine fever virus (ASFV) pE165R deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase), critical for viral replication, is a promising antiviral target. Therefore, identifying inhibitors that target the pE165R protein represents a potential antiviral strategy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study computationally screened FDA-approved drugs against pE165R's crystal structure. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated inhibitor-pE165R interactions, and in vitro enzymatic assays quantitatively assessed inhibitory effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>4 candidates predominantly targeted pE165R's active pocket (Serine-72, Arginine-71, and Serine-73), suggesting competitive inhibition, with strong binding free energies (up to -40.5 kcal/mol) observed by molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In vitro assays confirmed dideoxyinosine triphosphate (77.9%) potently inhibited pE165R activity at 0.1mM.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Effective drugs against ASFV remain lacking. Based on a drug-repurposing strategy, this study screened the FDA-approved drug library for compounds targeting pE165R, a key protein involved in ASFV replication. Subsequent pharmacodynamic evaluation is expected to facilitate the identification of affordable and effective anti-ASFV therapeutics for clinical application, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the effective prevention and control of African swine fever.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of the ForeSight tissue oximetry system for estimating cerebral and renal tissue oxygen saturation in anesthetized dogs during hyperoxia, normoxia, and hypoxia.","authors":"Hisashi Sakata, Shiori Arai, Eric Gilleland, Eric Monnet","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the feasibility of the ForeSight tissue oximetry system for assessing regional cerebral and renal tissue oxygen saturation in anesthetized dogs across 3 oxygenation states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>6 anesthetized Beagles were included. ForeSight tissue oximetry sensors were applied to the cranium and left lateral abdomen to estimate regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) and regional renal oxygen saturation (rSrO2). The left dorsal pedal artery, right femoral vein, and right jugular vein were cannulated for arterial and venous blood sampling. The distal tips of the jugular and femoral venous catheters were positioned in the renal vein and the most cranial aspect of the internal jugular vein. During hyperoxia, normoxia, and hypoxia, 1-mL blood samples were collected simultaneously from all 3 sites and analyzed using a blood gas analyzer. Weighted reference oxygenation values (REF-CXB) were calculated. Correlation and agreement between REF-CXB and rScO2 or rSrO2 were assessed using repeated-measures correlation and Bland-Altman analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>rScO2 demonstrated moderate correlation with cerebral REF-CXB (r = 0.70; P < .01) but poor agreement. In contrast, rSrO2 showed no correlation with renal REF-CXB (r = 0.09; P = .62) and poor agreement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>rScO2 demonstrated moderate correlation with the blood gas-derived cerebral oxygen saturation reference estimate in anesthetized dogs, whereas rSrO2 did not reliably reflect the corresponding renal oxygen saturation reference estimate.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Trend monitoring of cerebral oxygenation with the ForeSight system may provide an adjunctive tool for real-time assessment of cerebral oxygenation in dogs undergoing general anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urine Molecular Fingerprinting: exploratory study of a promising technology for detecting cancer and nonneoplastic disease in dogs.","authors":"John Robertson, Amr Sayed Issa, Nikolas Dervisis, Kay McGuire, Joanne Tuohy, John Rossmeisl, Brycie Marine, Lori Jodar, Laura Marconato, Carlos Fonseca-Alves, Caitlin Feiock, Bobbi Conner, Courtney White, Erica B Fesler, Lacey Ngo, Romina Seifollahi Asl, Megan Luckzo, Ryan Senger","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.04.0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.04.0178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe a novel technology, Urine Molecular Fingerprinting (UMF), for analyzing the composition of urine and its application for neoplastic/nonneoplastic diseases in dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Voided urine samples from clinically healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs (n = 263), Golden Retrievers (214), West Highland White Terriers (79), German Shepherd Dogs (21), and other breeds (245). Samples were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and computational statistics. To illustrate the clinical relevance of UMF, samples from dogs with cancer (n = 142) or nonneoplastic diseases (19) were analyzed and compared with reference UMF databases of clinically healthy dogs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Breed-associated differences in UMFs were present in samples from clinically healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs, and West Highland White Terriers. The UMFs of purebred dogs were different from those of a cohort of mixed breed/other purebred dogs. There were no UMF differences associated with age, sex, or neutering status in Bernese Mountain Dogs. The Raman intensity profiles of UMFs from dogs with cancer or nonneoplastic diseases were different from UMFs of clinically healthy dogs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Preliminary, exploratory studies indicate that UMF is a promising technology for detecting cancer and nonneoplastic disease in dogs.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Urine Molecular Fingerprinting may be useful in the detection of cancer and nonneoplastic diseases in dogs. This technology could be adapted for testing in clinics, supplementing clinical, laboratory, and imaging information used for health assessments. The use of liquid biopsy technology, such as UMF, in canine cancer detection is addressed in the companion Currents in One Health by Robertson et al, JAVMA, June 2026.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemoadsorption with the Cytosorb adsorber can effectively reduce cell-free hemoglobin from porcine blood in vitro.","authors":"Florian Sänger, Saskia Herges, Katrin Hartmann, René Dörfelt","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.06.0261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the maximum capacity of the Cytosorb adsorber for clearance of cell-free hemoglobin (cfHb) in a porcine cfHb solution in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Anticoagulated porcine blood was centrifuged to separate plasma from RBCs. Red blood cell concentrate was stored in the freezer, thawed, and mixed with distilled water to achieve complete hemolysis. The cfHb solution was divided into 12 aliquots of 1,000 mL each. Six test runs were performed in a circular setup with the Cytosorb adsorber. Samples were collected before and after adsorber. After 20 L of processed cfHb solution, the storage bottle was exchanged, and a new storage bottle with 1,000 mL of the cfHb solution with the initial cfHb concentration was processed for another 10 L.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The initial median cfHb concentration of the porcine cfHb solution of 4.13 mmol/L (4.03 to 4.22 mmol/L) decreased to 2.70 mmol/L (2.54 to 2.79 mmol/L) after processing 20 L of cfHb solution. This corresponds to a median cfHb reduction of 22.1 g (21.9 to 27.1 g), which was primarily achieved during the first 10.0 L of processed cfHb solution. In the second storage bottle, no further relevant cfHb concentration decrease was achieved.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hemoadsorption using the Cytosorb adsorber effectively reduced cfHb concentration from a porcine cfHb solution in vitro. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Cytosorb adsorber for this experimental setup was about 22.1 g.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The Cytosorb adsorber might be a promising tool for removal of cfHb from the circulation in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces a delayed iron-handling transcript pattern in primary bovine macrophages.","authors":"Kevin Hall, Leah Dunston, Donghee Lee, Jong Hyuk Kim, John W Harvey, Cleverson de Souza","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize the timing and between-cow consistency of iron-handling transcript changes after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in primary bovine monocyte-derived macrophages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Macrophages from 5 adult Holstein donor cows were exposed to Escherichia coli LPS or PBS and profiled by RNA sequencing at 30 minutes and 6 hours in a paired design. The LPS-versus-PBS effects were estimated with cow-blocked negative-binomial models. Per-cow direction was examined, and 4 focal transcripts were compared directionally with a separate published cohort of 8 cattle sampled 48 hours after LPS exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A treatment-by-time interaction was detected for 5,461 genes. At 6 hours, transferrin receptor, STEAP3 metalloreductase, and solute carrier 11A2 transcripts increased by 2.61, 1.46, and 2.47 log2 fold, respectively, whereas solute carrier 40A1 decreased by 2.24 log2 fold. All 4 changes had the same direction in each of the 5 cows. The separate cohort showed the same direction for all 4 transcripts (transferrin receptor in 7 of 8 animals; the other genes in 8 of 8); its different protocol precluded kinetic replication.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LPS exposure was associated with a later, cow-consistent pattern of increased iron acquisition-associated transcripts and decreased ferroportin transcript abundance. The study does not establish protein abundance, cellular iron movement, or hepcidin dependence.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These transcript-level measures provide an ex vivo framework for studying variation in bovine macrophage iron-handling responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149029977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scientific influence on the rise: 2025 impact factors for JAVMA and AJVR.","authors":"Lisa A Fortier","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.87.10.editorial","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.87.10.editorial","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":"87 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous populations of bacteria and yeast as determined by culture and cytology in healthy and diseased guinea pigs.","authors":"Allison Foster, Jessie Vandenbruggen, Maud C O Ferrari, Isabelle Desprez","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.03.0137","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.26.03.0137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe yeast and aerobic bacterial organisms found on the skin of healthy and diseased guinea pigs using cytology and culture.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this cross-sectional study, guinea pigs were recruited over a 4-year period and were allocated into 1 of 3 groups: healthy, dermatological disease, or nondermatological illness. Aerobic bacterial and fungal culture swabs were obtained from predesignated sites. Guinea pigs with dermatological conditions had additional samples obtained from lesional skin. Acetate tape cytology samples were analyzed from all sites.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>46 guinea pigs were included: 16 in the healthy group, 16 in the dermatological group, and 14 in the nondermatological illness group. Staphylococcus xylosus was the most frequently identified bacterium. Aerococcus viridans was the second most frequently identified bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus was not isolated in any sites of dermatological disease. Although Malassezia yeast organisms were appreciated cytologically, none grew on culture. Dermatophytes were not identified in any guinea pigs without dermatological disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>S xylosus was the most frequently identified bacterium. Despite previous reports of S aureus being associated with dermatological disease in guinea pigs, it was not cultured from any lesional skin. Although no Malassezia organisms were cultured, they were present on cytology, suggesting that different testing techniques may need to be utilized for identification.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The information gained is valuable for understanding populations of yeast and bacteria identified through culture and cytology colonizing guinea pig skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified ultrasound-guided technique improves accuracy of median nerve perineural injection compared to \"blind\" techniques in equine ex vivo specimens.","authors":"Soledad Guiñón, Marco Marcatili, Marco Duz, Federica Cantatore","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.26.07.0307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the feasibility of a simplified ultrasound-guided technique (SUGT) for perineural injection of the median nerve ex vivo, to determine and compare the accuracy of 3 techniques for perineural injection of the median nerve (SUGT, \"blind\" proximal, and \"blind\" distal), and to evaluate and compare the dye distribution following perineural injection of the median nerve following each technique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was an ex vivo experimental study performed on thoracic limbs (from April through October 2025). Simplified ultrasound-guided technique and blind proximal were performed in paired limbs; in a separate group, blind distal was performed. One milliliter of methylene blue was injected for each technique. After 5 minutes, the limbs were dissected to assess median nerve staining and measure dye diffusion in proximodistal and craniocaudal directions. Accuracy was compared using McNemar and Fisher exact tests, and the extent of dye diffusion was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < .05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>22 forelimbs were included. The SUGT stained the median nerve in all specimens (11 of 11; 100% success rate). The success rates for blind proximal and blind distal techniques were 27.3% (3 of 11) and 0% (0 of 11), respectively. The SUGT was significantly more accurate than both blind techniques. There was no significant difference between blind proximal and blind distal. No significant differences in dye diffusion were detected among techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Perineural injection of the median nerve using SUGT is superior to blind proximal and blind distal techniques.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The use of SUGT in clinical cases should be considered when performing diagnostic analgesia of the median nerve in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}