American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Aseptic protocol breaches are common among veterinary students scrubbing, gowning, and gloving into surgery.","authors":"Karly M Souders, Stanley E Kim","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the frequency of aseptic protocol breaches (APBs) among veterinary students scrubbing, gowning, and gloving into surgery and identify factors that may be associated with APBs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was an observational cross-sectional study. Students on clinical rotations at an academic small animal teaching hospital from May to July 2023 in the services of Orthopedic, Soft Tissue, Oncologic, and Neurologic Surgery were observed while scrubbing, gowning, and gloving into surgery, and APBs and donning times were recorded. Stage of rotation (early vs late), service type, duration of donning surgical attire, and previous surgical experience were also recorded. The χ2 and points biserial tests were used to assess for associations between APBs and the aforementioned factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At least 1 APB was noted in 45 (46.3%) of the 96 procedures observed. The most common mistakes noted were contact of the sterile towel onto nonsterile surfaces (17.7%), contact of the gown with nonsterile surfaces (17.7%), touching sterile objects with bare hands (12.5%), and improper scrubbing technique (17.4%). There was no association between APBs and service type, previous scrub experience, or stage of rotation. Those who made an APB had longer gowning and gloving times, 4.60 (1.40) minutes, than those who did not make an APB, 3.71 (0.91) minutes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that APBs are common among veterinary students and highlight reasons for contamination during scrubbing, gloving, and gowning.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The data may be used to help improve asepsis protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis of bovine mammary glands induced with Escherichia coli.","authors":"Li Zhou, Zhuoma Luoreng, Xingping Wang","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0403","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To establish a model of Escherichia coli-induced bovine mammary gland inflammation and investigate alterations in protein expression in bovine mammary glands under different health conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>6 Chinese Holstein cows were selected and randomly assigned to 2 groups. Bovine mammary glands were induced with either 105 CFU/mL E coli (n = 3) or 1 X PBS (n = 3), and label-free quantitative proteomics was applied to explore the effect of E coli on the expression of proteins in bovine mammary glands. Then, these data were combined with transcriptome sequencing data for integrative analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 944 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified; 588 proteins were upregulated and 356 were downregulated in mastitis tissues compared to healthy tissues. Gene Ontology functional annotations unveiled that the identified DEPs were predominantly enriched in processes, such as the single-organism metabolic process, extracellular region, and catalytic activity. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, DEPs were prominently enriched in pathways related to type I diabetes mellitus, graft-versus-host disease, and peroxisome signaling pathways. InterPro analysis identified that the most significantly enriched functional structural domains were the epidermal growth factor-like calcium-binding domains, C-type lectin folds, and C-type lectins. By combining transcriptomic with proteomics data, 7 (cytochrome P450 family 51 subfamily A member 1, ethanolamine kinase 1, carbonic anhydrase 2, complement factor H, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, CD5, and IL-33) hub genes (proteins) closely associated with mastitis development were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings offer a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying bovine mastitis.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Our study presents a promising approach to understanding the mechanism of E coli infection, with a particular focus on the induction of bovine mastitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine: poultry researchers support animal and industry health.","authors":"Jessica Knight, Alonso G P Guedes, Laura K Molgaard","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":"86 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-based radiation treatment plans for dogs may be feasible with the use of generative adversarial networks.","authors":"Nicola Billings, Ryan Appleby, Amin Komeili, Valerie Poirier, Christopher Pinard, Eranga Ukwatta","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.08.0248","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.08.0248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this research was to examine the feasibility of utilizing generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate accurate pseudo-CT images for dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used head standard CT images and T1-weighted transverse with contrast 3-D fast spoiled gradient echo head MRI images from 45 nonbrachycephalic dogs that received treatment between 2014 and 2023. Two conditional GANs (CGANs), one with a U-Net generator and a PatchGAN discriminator and another with a residual neural network (ResNet) U-Net generator and ResNet discriminator were used to generate the pseudo-CT images.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CGAN with a ResNet U-Net generator and ResNet discriminator had an average mean absolute error of 109.5 ± 153.7 HU, average peak signal-to-noise ratio of 21.2 ± 4.31 dB, normalized mutual information of 0.89 ± 0.05, and dice similarity coefficient of 0.91 ± 0.12. The dice similarity coefficient for the bone was 0.71 ± 0.17. Qualitative results indicated that the most common ranking was \"slightly similar\" for both models. The CGAN with a ResNet U-Net generator and ResNet discriminator produced more accurate pseudo-CT images than the CGAN with a U-Net generator and PatchGAN discriminator.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study concludes that CGAN can generate relatively accurate pseudo-CT images but suggests exploring alternative GAN extensions.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Implementing generative learning into veterinary radiation therapy planning demonstrates the potential to reduce imaging costs and time.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual (eyeball) estimation by observers with varying echocardiographic experience reliably identifies severe but not moderate decreases of the fractional shortening in dogs.","authors":"Manuel Martin-Flores, Andrea L Desrochers, Mark Rishniw, Joaquin Araos","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0384","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the ability to visually estimate the fractional shortening in dogs and the impact of experience on those assessments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Right parasternal short- and long-axis cine loops from 25 dogs with varying fractional shortening (6.9% to 61.2%) were distributed online to observers with different levels of training in anesthesiology or cardiology and different experience (advanced, intermediate, beginner, or none) interpreting echocardiography. Observers were asked to estimate the fractional shortening and assign 1 of 5 categories: hyperdynamic (> 45%), normal (25% to 45%), mildly decreased (20% to 24%), moderately decreased (15% to 19%), or severely decreased (< 15%). The answers for all cases combined were graded as correct/incorrect based on each of the 5 fractional shortening categories and compared between participants of each level experience. In addition, answers were reanalyzed using 2 categories for fractional shortening, ≥ 20% and < 20%, to test the identification of clinically important decreased function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Answers from 240 participants were received. The overall rate of correct answers averaged between 45% and 47% for all levels of experience. This improved from 79% to 83% across all levels of experience when a 2-category scale was used. Participants with advanced experience performed slightly better. The success rate for identifying fractional shortening < 20% when the dogs had moderate and severe decreases was 50% to 54% and 92% to 96%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Visual estimations of the fractional shortening can be used reliably to identify cases of severe but not moderately decreased function.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>A basic echocardiographic exam may identify dogs with severely decreased fractional shortening. Measurements are required to distinguish those with moderate function.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygenic risk score prediction of complex diseases in companion animals: prospects, opportunities, and challenges.","authors":"Mehdi Momen, Peter Muir","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have become a crucial tool in biomedical research, offering insights into the genetic predispositions underlying complex diseases. Initially developed in human health, PRS values are analogous to estimated breeding values used in livestock for selecting desirable traits. While PRS risk prediction has gained traction in human health due to many genome-wide association studies and well-established phenotypic databases, companion animal research suffers from smaller sample sizes, limited genomic resources, and highly diverse genetic architectures across breeds. Genetic heterogeneity among companion animals, particularly dogs, complicates PRS risk prediction, as breed-specific variants and genetic architectures often require tailored prediction models. However, the use of PRS risk prediction in companion animals remains relatively underexplored. This paper investigates the reasons for this limited research and addresses the unique challenges and future opportunities that hinder the broader adoption of PRS risk prediction in companion animals, compared to humans and production animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From bark to bytes: artificial intelligence transforming veterinary medicine.","authors":"Casey L Cazer, Parminder Basran, Renata Ivanek-Miojevic","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.86.s1.editorial","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.86.s1.editorial","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":"86 S1","pages":"S4-S5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food motivation and owner feeding management practices are associated with overweight among Dog Aging Project participants.","authors":"Kathleen Gartner, Jessica M Hoffman, Kellyn E McNulty, Zihan Zheng, Audrey Ruple, Kate E Creevy","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.11.0358","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.11.0358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the associations of dogs' food motivation scores (FMS) and owners' feeding management scores (OMS; a measure of intensity of dietary control) derived from the Dog Obesity Risk Assessment questionnaire with dog physical condition and to investigate the potential impact of several factors on dogs' levels of food motivation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational prospective study of US dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project from 2019 through 2021. Participating owners completed standardized questionnaires, including information about their dogs' physical condition (overweight vs not overweight), and the Dog Obesity Risk and Appetite questionnaire for all dogs. Food motivation scores and OMS were calculated as percentages. Body condition scores for a subset of dogs were extracted from veterinary medical records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Questionnaire data (n = 13,890) and body condition score data (n = 200) were evaluated. Overweight physical condition was positively associated with OMS (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.057 to 1.064 per OMS percentage point). Overweight physical condition was also positively associated with FMS (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.014 to 1.019 per FMS percentage point). When controlling for age, sex, weight, and type of developed environment (rural, suburban, urban), FMS was higher (sporting, hound) or lower (nonsporting) for dogs from certain American Kennel Club breed groups compared to mixed-breed dogs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dog demographics and owner management choices are associated with physical condition in companion dogs.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Heightened awareness of factors associated with companion dog overweight equips veterinarians to recognize dogs at risk. Client education and future research into weight-control strategies can be targeted to this at-risk population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions in a population of dogs admitted to a referral hospital intensive care unit: preliminary observations.","authors":"Carlos Pizarro Del Valle, Paul Everest, Euan D Bennet, Alison E Ridyard","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0413","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare systemic inflammatory response syndrome-based (Sepsis-2) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment-based (Sepsis-3) definitions of sepsis in a population of dogs admitted to a small-animal hospital ICU. A secondary objective was to determine whether fulfilment of either definition was predictive of in-hospital mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective study. Clinical and clinicopathological data of 151 dogs entering an ICU at a university veterinary teaching referral hospital were prospectively collected over a total of 40 weeks, from March 1, 2020, through October 18, 2021, and used to retrospectively diagnose sepsis as per Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions. We then evaluated the ability of Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 criteria to predict in-hospital mortality in this population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 151 dogs admitted to the ICU during the study period, 20 dogs (13.2%) fulfilled the definition of sepsis according to Sepsis-2 criteria, whereas only 8 dogs (5.3%) met the Sepsis-3 criteria; only 2 dogs fulfilled both definitions of sepsis. All-cause in-hospital mortality of dogs fulfilling Sepsis-2, Sepsis-3, or both definitions was 40%, 62.5%, and 100%, respectively. Fulfilment of Sepsis-3 criteria was associated with a 4.6 times greater risk of in-hospital mortality compared to dogs who did not fulfill the Sepsis-3 criteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 criteria identified different populations of dogs. Fulfilment of Sepsis-3 criteria was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Further studies on the application of Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions are required to further explore differences in phenotypic expression of sepsis in dogs and their impact on outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of flunixin transdermal formulation in American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus).","authors":"Ashlyn C Heniff, Danielle A Mzyk, Claire B Giles, Larry J Minter, Ronald E Baynes, Julie A Balko","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of flunixin transdermal formulation in American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinically healthy, purpose-bred adult bullfrogs housed at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine were enrolled in a sparse-sampling population study. Frogs were administered 3.3 mg/kg transdermal flunixin meglumine (Banamine Transdermal; Merck Animal Health) on the dorsum via micropipette under manual restraint in July of 2022. Frogs were maintained in individual containers out of water for 4 hours and randomly assigned to 2 of the following venipuncture time points: 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hours, with 7 frogs sampled per time point. Blood was collected from the popliteal sinus. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine plasma flunixin concentrations. Data were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Flunixin was detected in all samples collected from 21 bullfrogs (9 males and 12 females). A mean peak plasma concentration of 2.39 µg/mL was reached between 1 and 2 hours. The elimination half-life was 15.0 hours. Plasma concentrations were similar across individuals at 1, 2, and 4 hours (range at 1 and 2 hours, 2.32 to 2.55 µg/mL) but were variable at 8, 12, and 24 hours (range at 24 hours, 0.16 to 1.79 µg/mL). Mucus and/or epithelial loss was noted at the drug application site in 18 of 21 frogs. No additional clinical signs or mortality occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Transdermal flunixin was systemically absorbed, and plasma concentrations exceeded established therapeutic ranges in other species. Most frogs developed mild cutaneous lesions.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Transdermal flunixin was detected in plasma for 24 hours; however, variability in plasma concentrations over time and topical side effects may limit its use.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143596075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}