American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Platelet-derived mitochondrial preparation did not alter early inflammatory markers in a bilateral lipopolysaccharide-induced model of equine synovitis.","authors":"Elham Khaliji, Krzysztof Marycz, Marta Horna, Jessica M Morgan, Larry D Galuppo, Natalia Vapniarsky, Jennifer M Cassano","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate IA autologous platelet-derived mitochondrial preparation versus vehicle control in a bilateral lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of equine synovitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>2 ng of LPS was injected into bilateral intercarpal joints of 6 horses over 3 months. Autologous mitochondria, isolated with a commercial kit, were injected into one joint, while the contralateral joint received a vehicle control, a within-subject controlled experimental design. Mitochondrial organelle appearance was visualized on transmission electron microscopy. Outcome measures included synovial fluid and whole-blood cytology, synovial fluid and serum multiplex cytokine assays, and synovial fluid leukocyte gene expression via quantitative real-time PCR from 0, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with nonparametric tests when normality assumptions failed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were observed between treated and control joints in synovial fluid cytology, cytokine expression, or gene expression. Following LPS, increased total nucleated cells were observed in synovial fluid. Systemic changes included elevation in IL-12 and reduction in IL-10. In synovial fluid, FGF-2 decreased and interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increased compared to baseline. Gene expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, matrix metallopeptidase 13, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 were upregulated whereas OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin-like GTPase and TNF-α were downregulated over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The bilateral LPS-induced synovitis model produced minimal systemic inflammation and moderate local joint inflammation. No benefit of this mitochondrial preparation was identified.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>While in concept there is potential for mitotherapy, our study design was unable to demonstrate benefits from this preparation in ameliorating the inflammatory effects of LPS-induced synovitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why our journals limit the number of words, figures, and tables.","authors":"Lisa A Fortier","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.86.08.editorial","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.86.08.editorial","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":"86 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraperitoneal fluid administration to neonatal calves.","authors":"Kate P Ferguson, Christopher T Quinn, Archie G Moffat, Allan J Gunn","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0103","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if Intraperitoneal fluid therapy (IPFT) is an effective rehydration therapeutic option for dehydrated neonatal calves. Perceived risks and unknown efficacy have limited IPFT implementation into practice. It is hypothesized that IPFT will be an efficient and safe method of fluid administration to healthy neonatal calves.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>4 L of isotonic saline was administered IP to healthy calves (n = 4). Control animals received no treatment (n = 2). Clinical and blood parameters were collected before and after fluid administration in all animals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Girth diameter and transabdominal ultrasonographic fluid depth changes indicated fluid absorption from the abdominal cavity following IPFT. Total plasma protein, chloride, and sodium concentration changes demonstrated fluid absorption into the systemic circulation. Clinical parameters and serum amyloid A concentrations indicated the absence of inflammation during or following IPFT administration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that IP saline was effectively absorbed into the systemic circulation within a clinically useful timeframe. Intraperitoneal fluid therapy is a viable treatment option for moderately dehydrated calves.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Fluid therapy is indicated in dehydrated calves primarily for volume replacement and when more than 8 days old for correcting acid-base aberrations. Those that are recumbent and unable to suck will likely require IV fluid therapy. The animals likely to benefit from IPFT are those that are able to suck and ambulate but are likely to require more than oral rehydration therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viscoelastic testing is improved following antivenom treatment in rattlesnake-envenomated equids.","authors":"Alessandro Migliorisi, Diana M Hassel, A Russell Moore, Benjamin W Blair, Pamela A Wilkins","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize coagulopathies before and after antivenom administration in rattlesnake-envenomated equids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Client-owned envenomated equids treated with antivenom at Colorado State University (2023 to 2024). Rattlesnake bite severity score (RBSS), platelet count, prothrombin time, activated thromboplastin time, D-dimers, antithrombin, and viscoelastic testing variables were assessed before and after antivenom administration. Paired comparisons of hemostatic variables between admission and approximately 24 hours, and correlation analysis with RBSS, were performed. Length of hospitalization (LOH) and outcome were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven acutely envenomated equids. Admit median (IQR) RBSS was 7 (4 to 7) out of 13. At admission, coagulopathies were present in all animals. Most common findings were thrombocytopenia, increased D-dimers, abnormal amplitude at 20 minutes (A20), and abnormal maximum clot firmness (MCF) on viscoelastic testing. On the day following admission, RBSS [3 (1 to 3)], A20 (admit, 15.8 ± 10; recheck, 26.4 ± 5), and MCF (admit, 18.7 ± 9.5; recheck, 28.8 ± 6) were improved. Significant correlations were found between RBSS and platelet count (ρ = -0.68; n = 12), activated thromboplastin time (ρ = 0.64; n = 14), A20 (r = -0.70; n = 14), and MCF (ρ = -0.56; n = 14). Median LOH was 2 days. The mortality rate was 0%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Coagulopathies are common in rattlesnake-envenomated equids, and viscoelastic testing allows for identification and monitoring of qualitative disorders.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Antivenom administration may mitigate venom's effects, reduce LOH, and improve outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tooth-supported, 3-dimensionally printed reduction guide improves alignment and efficiency in simple mandibular fracture repair in dogs.","authors":"Kangwoo Yi, Young Yu, Namsoo Kim, Suyoung Heo","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of a tooth-supported, 3-D-printed, patient-specific reduction guide (TPSRG) in improving alignment accuracy, reducing surgical time, and minimizing structural breaches in simulated mandibular fractures in canine cadavers compared with a nonguided freehand technique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This experimental ex vivo study involved 24 mandibles obtained from 12 skeletally mature canine cadavers without mandibular pathology. The experimental procedures were carried out from August 1, 2024, through February 1, 2025. Specimens were randomly assigned to either the guided or nonguided group. Mandibular fractures were simulated and stabilized with plate fixation and intraosseous wiring. Tooth-supported, 3-D-printed, patient-specific reduction guides were individually designed using CT imaging and computer-aided design software based on the dental anatomy of each specimen. Surgical time was recorded to assess procedural efficiency. Postoperative CT scans were used to evaluate fracture alignment (rostrocaudal, dorsoventral, and mediolateral angulations), fracture gap volume, and the presence of breaches involving the mandibular canal or tooth roots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Use of the TPSRG resulted in improved alignment in rostrocaudal and dorsoventral angulations and a smaller fracture gap compared to the nonguided group. Mediolateral alignment showed no difference. Surgical time was shorter in the TPSRG group. Structural breach rates did not differ between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The TPSRG enhanced alignment accuracy and surgical efficiency in mandibular fracture repair using canine cadaver models, though it did not significantly reduce the incidence of structural breaches.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>TPSRGs show promise as adjunctive tools to enhance precision and efficiency in the surgical management of simple mandibular fractures in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the feasibility of platelet-derived gene expression profiling in dogs with sepsis.","authors":"Robert Goggs, Marjory Brooks, Yao Zhu, Jacob Cawley, Chand Khanna, Samuel D Stewart","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the feasibility of gene expression profiling of platelets in dogs with sepsis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective observational feasibility study conducted at a university veterinary teaching hospital. All study dogs had CBCs and serum biochemistry profiles, and blood samples were collected for platelet isolation. Gene expression profiling of isolated platelets was performed using a commercial multiplex assay based on direct hybridization and detection of single RNA molecules bar coded with fluorescent probes. Quality control, normalization, and data visualization were performed using standardized workflows. Raw counts were exported, and differential expression between groups was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>6 client-owned dogs with sepsis and 6 healthy dogs were enrolled from March through August 2023. Platelet isolation and transcript profiling were successful for all dogs. The septic dog group included 3 males and 3 females with peritonitis (n = 3), pyometra (n = 2), and pyothorax. Principal component analysis did not fully segregate septic from healthy dogs, but disease status accounted for 59% of the variance. Upregulated genes contributing substantially to principal component analysis variance included those for S100 calcium-binding proteins (S100s) and cytokines. Significantly upregulated genes based on log2 fold change included S100A8, S100A12, cathelicidin, lactoferrin, and innate immune response signaling proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sample processing and data analysis workflows are scalable to larger, confirmatory studies to explore potential sepsis biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Platelet gene expression profiles might offer insights into sepsis pathophysiology and potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Follow-up studies are warranted to characterize platelet expression profiles in larger populations of dogs with sepsis and noninfectious critical illnesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A body weight-based formula of the canine aortic valve diameter for use in echocardiographic stroke volume and cardiac output calculations.","authors":"Christopher R Kennedy, Kris Gommeren, Laurentin Duriez, Anne-Christine Merveille","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To generate and test a formula to predict the echocardiographic aortic valve (AV) diameter (AVd) for use in echo-hemodynamic evaluations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Echocardiograms of hemodynamically stable dogs more than 1 year old that included images of the AV in the right parasternal inflow-outflow view with concurrent ECG were included. Exclusions included AV pathology, congestive heart failure, systolic dysfunction, sustained arrhythmias, congenital heart diseases, hypovolemia, systemic hypertension, and pericardial and pleural space diseases. The AVd was measured in centimeters in triplicate using digital calipers. A linear regression examined the relationship between weight and AVd, generating a predictive formula. Next, 20 dogs had their AVd measured and predicted, and stroke volumes were calculated using each method. These were compared using the paired Student t test, intraclass correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and Bland-Altman plots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 176 unique dogs included 64 (34.7%) normal hearts and 109 (61.9%) with preclinical myxomatous mitral and/or tricuspid valve disease. The median (range) age was 8 (1 to 16) years; weight was 9.6 (1.7 to 73) kg. The median (range) AVd was 1.20 (0.60 to 2.45) cm. The formula derived was AVd = 0.545 X (weight)0.347 (r2 = 0.875). Despite moderate agreement and low variation between the predicted and measured AVd, differences occurred due to mild systematic underestimation (-0.1 ± 0.13 cm), with consequent underestimation of stroke volumes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The formula allowed calculation of AVd, although underestimation resulted in differences between measured and predicted stroke volumes.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Using a formula can reduce acquisition and measurement error; however, it must be validated with a larger sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The magnitude of hyperchloremia in horses is associated with diarrhea and renal function.","authors":"C Langdon Fielding","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the signalment, diagnosis, treatment, and laboratory characteristics of horses with hyperchloremia and identify factors associated with the magnitude of the increased chloride concentration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Horses with a chloride concentration greater than 108 mEq/L were included in this retrospective study. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between diagnosis, treatment, and laboratory variables and the magnitude of hyperchloremia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>134 horses met the inclusion criteria for this study. Creatinine was a significant predictor (unstandardized regression coefficient [B] = 1.36; 95% CI, 0.51 to 2.21; P = .003) of an increased chloride concentration as was the presence of diarrhea (B = 1.43; 95% CI, 0.08 to 2.79; P = .039). Sodium concentration also showed a strong association with chloride in all models (B = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.53; P < .001). The mortality rate for the horses in this study was 24%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Horses with diarrhea are likely to be at risk for more profound hyperchloremia. There was also a positive association between increased creatinine and increased chloride.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Equine practitioners who diagnose and treat horses with diarrhea should be aware that significant hyperchloremia could develop. The changes in chloride concentration associated with increasing creatinine values require further research, but the finding supports the association between hyperchloremia and acute kidney injury observed in other species.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension indicate an extended absorption and elimination profile in swan geese (Anser cygnoid).","authors":"Yasmeen Prud'homme, Kate Gustavsen, Heather Knych, Kathryn Gamble","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (BLIS) after SC administration to swan geese (Anser cygnoid). The goal was to assess its potential as an extended-release local anesthetic infiltration in avian patients. It was hypothesized that BLIS at this dose would have low maximal plasma concentrations and a prolonged elimination profile similar to published mammalian data and without adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single dose of BLIS at 5.3 mg/kg was infiltrated SC in 6 adult swan geese (3 males and 3 females). Over the following 96 hours, blood samples were collected at 9 time points for analysis of plasma concentrations of bupivacaine. Concentrations were determined using HPLC-MS and plotted against time for pharmacokinetic analysis via nonlinear modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The harmonic mean terminal half-life was 14.8 ± 5.5 hours. The mean maximum concentration was 74 ± 21.9 ng/mL and was achieved in all geese within 8 hours. No adverse effects were noted.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results indicate that BLIS in swan geese has an extended absorption and elimination profile compared to local anesthetics in current use in avian species.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Protracted duration of local anesthesia in birds may improve patient care, welfare, and surgical outcomes by allowing a reduction of systemic anesthetic and analgesic doses and reducing the frequency of restraint or isolation needed for treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum gastrointestinal biomarkers are transiently affected by elective orthopedic surgery and acute enteropathy in dogs.","authors":"Sara A Jablonski, Danielle M Marturello, Karen L Perry, Romy M Heilmann, Joerg M Steiner, Daniel K Langlois","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate changes in gastrointestinal biomarkers over time in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery and in dogs with acute nonspecific diarrhea (AD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective cohort study of 20 dogs undergoing surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCL cohort) and 8 dogs with AD. Serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid, and C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin concentrations were measured before and 12 to 18 hours, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after surgery in the CCL group. These biomarkers were also measured in AD dogs at initial evaluation and 4 and 8 weeks postrecovery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum cobalamin (437 ± 186 ng/L) and folate concentrations (10.5 ± 4.8 ng/mL) at 12 to 18 hours were lower than corresponding cobalamin (630 ± 235 ng/L; P < .001) and folate concentrations (14.61 ± 6.3 ng/mL; P = .001) before surgery in CCL dogs. However, serum cobalamin (637 ± 195 ng/L) and folate concentrations (13.8 ± 5.7 ng/mL) at 4 weeks were higher than at 12 to 18 hours (P < .001 and P = .01, respectively) and similar to baseline. All 3 AD dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations below the reference interval at baseline had serum cobalamin concentrations within the reference interval at 4 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Major orthopedic surgery and acute nonspecific enteropathy transiently lowered serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in dogs.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Serum folate and cobalamin should be interpreted cautiously in the immediate postoperative setting or during acute gastrointestinal illness. Abnormalities should be reevaluated at a later date before pursuing other diagnostics or instituting supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}