Sensors & diagnostics最新文献

{"title":"Advancements in smart electrochemical gas sensors: bridging IoT, self-powering, and machine learning for healthcare","authors":"Hongyang Guo, Zhuoru Huang, Xiaojing Zhang, Haoting Zhang, Jiaying Sun, Yuzi Zeng, Yanjie Hu, Yong Zhou, Hao Wan and Ping Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00077G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00077G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrochemical gas sensors have attracted significant attention due to their high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting various gases. Recent advancements in microelectronics, materials science and computational technologies have driven the development of smart electrochemical gas sensors, enhancing their functionality with improved miniaturization, real-time data analysis, and remote monitoring capabilities. Furthermore, the integration of the internet of things, self-powered technologies and machine learning has expanded the potential of these sensors, enabling smart healthcare systems to adapt to complex and dynamic environments just as humans do. This paper reviews the basic sensing mechanisms, detection methods, recent developments of three types of electrochemical gas sensors and the related fabrication techniques. In addition, we further review their applications in three fields including air monitoring, breath analysis and microfluidic integration. Finally, current challenges, limitations, and future prospects are addressed, emphasizing the need for improved stability, selectivity, and energy efficiency to develop the next generation of electrochemical gas sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 12","pages":" 1060-1085"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00077g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a broadly adaptable TR-FRET serological assay for sensitive and specific detection of infectious disease antibodies in human sera","authors":"Walaa A. Bedewy, Claudia C. dos Santos, Marc J. Adler, Guennadi Saiko and Dustin J. Little","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00102A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00102A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Detecting antibodies (Abs) is essential for assessing acquired immunity to infectious diseases, particularly following vaccination or prior infection. However, conventional serological tests often suffer from several limitations, including labor-intensive preparation, the need for specialized biosafety facilities, and lengthy processing times. Moreover, they provide only qualitative results with limited specificity. While homogeneous serological assays offer a simpler approach to detect Abs in biological samples, their sensitivity is often compromised by high background interference. In this study, we present a time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay for detecting infectious disease Abs in human sera. Our assay demonstrates high sensitivity in distinguishing between an antigen and its specific antibody, with no detectable upper limit of detection or prozone effect. It is universally applicable to various antigen–antibody complexes including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, delivers accurate results within 15 minutes, and effectively mitigates background noise from human specimens. The development of this highly accurate immunoassay will enhance serological testing, making it faster, more reliable, and suitable for point-of-care settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 11","pages":" 1014-1023"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00102a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lab on chip for medical and clinical applications","authors":"Bhagyashree Gupte, Umesh Jadhav, Suresh Gosavi and Shweta Jagtap","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00096C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00096C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) devices represent systems where microfluidics converges with state-of-the-art technologies, playing an immense role in reshaping clinical and biomedical sciences. This review deeply explores the design principles and diverse applications of LoC devices, ranging from point-of-care diagnostics to entire human-on-a-chip devices. Notably, LoC devices showcase remarkable adaptability and versatility. While LoC devices offer many advantages over conventional laboratory assessment methodologies including small sample size, reduced assay time and cost-effectiveness, the field faces many challenges in terms of designing, standardizing and large-scale production of the devices. In the end, while shedding light on how LoC devices stand at the forefront of the innovative technologies in the field of clinical and biomedical sciences, the review also emphasizes on their applications and integration with state-of-the-art technologies like AI and machine learning, along with their limitations and the further necessary developments for their widespread acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 11","pages":" 939-965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00096c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards electrochemical sensing of gemcitabine release from hybrid nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer cells","authors":"Adeolu Oluwasanmi, Kelly Brown, Clare Hoskins and Lynn Dennany","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00110B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00110B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Theranostic clinical translation has been hindered by the lack of analytical tools facilitating interrogation. Here we report the detection of a chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine, released <em>via</em> heat trigger, from a hybrid iron oxide–gold theranostic nanoparticle surface <em>in vitro</em> in pancreatic cancer cells by electrochemiluminescence directly addressing this analytical gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 11","pages":" 966-972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00110b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An imidazole-based fluorescent sensor for selective detection of Cu2+ and BF3 with environmental applications","authors":"Prakash Seenu and Sathiyanarayanan Kulathu Iyer","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00021A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00021A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The specific detection of Cu<small>²⁺</small> and BF<small>₃</small> provided the basis for the design of the distinctive dual-sensing chemosensor, 2-(benzo[<em>d</em>]thiazol-2-yl)-6-(1,4,5-triphenyl-1<em>H</em>-imidazol-2-yl) phenol (<strong>SP26</strong>). <strong>SP26</strong> was synthesized successfully using a multi-step process, with its identity confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and HR-MS analysis. The studies were conducted in an 8 : 2 THF/water mixture. The ligand was solubilized in THF/water, whereas the cation salts were dissolved in water. The absorption measurements indicated no detection of cations other than Cu<small>²⁺</small>. The emission experiments revealed that the optical selectivity for the Cu<small>²⁺</small> ion leads to a reduction in emission intensity. Likewise, with BF<small>₃</small>, the emission intensity diminishes with the bathochromic shift. The limit of detection (LoD) for Cu<small>²⁺</small> is 381 pM, and for BF<small>₃</small> it is 307 pM. After adding BF<small>₃</small> and Cu<small>²⁺</small> to <strong>SP26</strong>, the complex formation was so quick that it happened within a fraction of a second. Triethylamine (TEA) was used for BF<small>₃</small>, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for Cu<small>²⁺</small> to determine the reversibility. FT-IR, HR-MS, Job's plot, DFT, and <small>¹</small>H NMR titration analyses confirmed that chemosensor <strong>SP26</strong> was bound to Cu<small>²⁺</small> and BF<small>₃</small>. Paper test strips showed the potential of the chemosensor <strong>SP26</strong> for the environmental detection of Cu<small>²⁺</small> and BF<small>₃</small>. The quantitative analysis of Cu<small>²⁺</small> was examined with environmental water samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 11","pages":" 973-983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00021a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-modified titanium carbide MXene as an effective platform for the immobilization of toluidine blue and H2O2 biomarker detection in biological samples","authors":"Devarasu Mohanapriya and Kathavarayan Thenmozhi","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00114E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00114E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of reliable and cost-effective electrochemical sensors for hydrogen peroxide (H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>) monitoring is crucial in biomedical diagnostics, especially in early disease diagnosis. Herein, we prudently synthesized an acid-functionalized COOH–Ti<small>₃</small>C<small>₂</small>T<small>_<em>x</em></small> MXene, onto which a toluidine blue (TB) redox mediator was covalently immobilized and employed for the distinctive determination of H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>. The synthesized COOH–Ti<small>₃</small>C<small>₂</small>T<small>_<em>x</em></small> MXene is coated over a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), followed by the covalent immobilization of the electroactive TB dye through the <em>N</em>-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-<em>N</em>′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/<em>N</em>-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling reaction. This in turn results in the firm anchoring of the TB dye by establishing a stable amide linkage between the –COOH group of COOH–Ti<small>₃</small>C<small>₂</small>T<small>_<em>x</em></small> and the free –NH<small>₂</small> group of TB. Thus, the obtained TB/COOH–Ti<small>₃</small>C<small>₂</small>T<small>_<em>x</em></small>/GCE sensor demonstrates an excellent electrocatalytic response for H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> determination over a broad linear range of 5 μM to 100 μM and 100 μM to 1.1 mM with a high sensitivity of 0.61 μA μM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small> and a low detection limit of 1.5 μM. Notably, the fabricated electrode demonstrated exceptional stability and reproducibility as well as high selectivity and sensitivity in the detection of H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>. Furthermore, the developed sensor showed very good recovery towards the detection of H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> in milk and serum samples. The attained analytical performance is attributed to the improved electrical wiring between the TB mediator and the conductive MXene platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 11","pages":" 984-994"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00114e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a selective-iodide indicator for live-cell imaging and evaluation of CFTR activity","authors":"Jared Morse, Prasanna Ganesh, Kathrine Cowart, Gabriella Ballestas, Fung Kit Tang and Kaho Leung","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00086F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5SD00086F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Cystic fibrosis (CF) arises from mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Monitoring <small>I</small><small>^{<small>−</small>}</small> transport serves as a critical approach for evaluating CFTR function in live cells, providing a foundation for the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic treatments. Here, we report an iridium(<small>III</small>) complex (<strong>I-Sense</strong>) for the selective and pH-independent imaging of intracellular <small>I</small><small>^{<small>−</small>}</small>. By tracking cellular iodide <small>I</small><small>^{<small>−</small>}</small> uptake, <strong>I-Sense</strong> facilitates the evaluation of CFTR activity in live cells, providing a valuable tool for the functional characterization of CFTR activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 10","pages":" 833-838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12394795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gate voltage effect on fluorinated and non-fluorinated copper phthalocyanine OTFT-based ammonia sensors","authors":"Sofia Gallardo-Pascual, Benjamin King, Sujithkumar Ganesh Moorthy and Benoît H. Lessard","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00103J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00103J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have emerged as a promising platform for gas sensing applications due to their low-power operation, room-temperature sensitivity, and structural tunability. In this work, we investigate the effect of gate voltage (<em>V</em><small>_GS</small>) on the ammonia (NH<small>₃</small>) sensing performance of OTFT-based sensors using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc, p-type) and its fluorinated derivative (F<small>₁₆</small>CuPc, n-type) as the active layers for the first time. Devices were exposed to NH<small>₃</small> concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm, and their electrical responses were monitored across different <em>V</em><small>_GS</small> values. Results demonstrate that modulating <em>V</em><small>_GS</small> significantly impacts key sensing parameters, including relative response (RR), sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), and response/recovery kinetics. The lowest LODs achieved were 0.4 ppm for CuPc and 0.21 ppm for F<small>₁₆</small>CuPc. These findings highlight the potential of <em>V</em><small>_GS</small> modulation as a powerful strategy to optimize OTFT sensor performance and provide a new dimension of tunability for gas detection technologies at room temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 11","pages":" 1006-1013"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00103j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable paper-based microfluidic device for rapid on-site screening of milk adulterants","authors":"Anushka, Aditya Bandopadhyay and Prasanta Kumar Das","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00090D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00090D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Milk adulteration remains a significant public health concern in India, where conventional laboratory-based detection methods are often costly, time-consuming, and impractical for field use. This study introduces a novel paper-based microfluidic device designed for rapid, low-cost detection of multiple milk adulterants. The device comprises a 3D-printed strip holder and utilizes gravity-assisted capillary flow through porous paper, eliminating the need for hydrophobic barriers or external power sources. Its modular design allows for easy reuse of the holder while only replacing the paper strip for successive tests. The platform enables visual detection of common adulterants—including neutralizers, starch, hydrogen peroxide, urea, detergents, and boric acid—<em>via</em> reagent-specific colorimetric responses. The device meets the ASSURED criteria of World Health Organization for point-of-care diagnostics, offering a promising tool for decentralized milk quality monitoring and contributing to both consumer safety and improved supply chain transparency in the dairy industry. The device demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.03% for urea and hydrogen peroxide, outperforming existing paper-based methods. The results were validated across five independent trials per condition, with high reproducibility and minimal cross-reactivity, confirming the diagnostic reliability of the platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 10","pages":" 902-916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of ferrous ions in extracellular vesicles at the single-particle level by nano-flow cytometry","authors":"Zuzhe Kang, Chenxi Liu, JunYan Chen, Qiujin Wu, Yunyun Hu, Haonan Di and Xiaomei Yan","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00060B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00060B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Iron, particularly redox-active ferrous ions (Fe<small>²⁺</small>), is essential for biological processes. Despite their pivotal roles, analysis of Fe<small>²⁺</small> ions within individual extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been hindered by the ultralow Fe<small>²⁺</small> content and substantial heterogeneity of EVs. To address this, we developed a novel approach by integrating an Fe<small>²⁺</small>-specific fluorescent chemosensor (<strong>Ac-FluNox</strong>) with nano-flow cytometry (nFCM) for precise single-EV Fe<small>²⁺</small> mapping. Method specificity to Fe<small>²⁺</small> was validated <em>via</em> Fe<small>²⁺</small>-loaded liposomal models at the single-particle level. Comprehensive profiling of Fe<small>²⁺</small> distributions in HT-1080-derived EVs under varying ferroptotic stress conditions revealed the striking heterogeneity in Fe<small>²⁺</small> loading among EVs and a strong positive correlation between EV Fe<small>²⁺</small> levels and their parental cells. Notably, we identified an EV-mediated Fe<small>²⁺</small> export mechanism that functionally parallels to ferroportin (FPN)-dependent iron efflux, suggesting EVs may serve as a compensatory iron-release pathway during FPN inhibition. The nFCM platform achieved superior detection sensitivity with high throughput (up to 10<small>⁴</small> particles per min), providing a powerful analytical tool for investigating EV heterogeneity and Fe<small>²⁺</small>-mediated regulatory networks in iron homeostasis and ferroptosis-related pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 10","pages":" 895-901"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d5sd00060b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}