Sensors & diagnostics最新文献

{"title":"Biological properties and DNA nanomaterial biosensors of exosomal miRNAs in disease diagnosis","authors":"Zhikun Zhang, Md. Ahasan Ahamed and Dayong Yang","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00373J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00373J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are important biomarkers in molecular diagnostics, prognosis, and personalized medicine. The miRNAs that are found within exosomes, also known as exo-miRs, have been shown to demonstrate increased levels of both abundance and stability. Thus, exo-miRs show potential as a reliable biomarker for further investigation. Due to the programmable nanostructures, biocompatibility, and excellent molecular recognition ability, biosensing platforms based on DNA nanomaterial are considered promising for detecting exo-miRs in clinical analysis, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. Although considerable advancements have been achieved in exo-miR-based testing, there are ongoing challenges in accurately detecting and analyzing multiple targets concurrently at low concentrations in complex biological samples. The primary focus of our research is to thoroughly analyze the biogenesis of exo-miRs, carefully assess their levels of expression in various clinical diseases, and comprehensively investigate their correlations with a wide range of diseases, including cancer, infection, and neurodegenerative disorders. We also examined recent progress in DNA nanomaterial-based detection methods for exo-miRs. This study explores the challenges and intricacies faced during the creation and execution of exo-miR tests within a clinical setting to diagnose diseases. The successful development and implementation of DNA nanomaterials for exo-miR detection can significantly revolutionize the early detection, monitoring, and management of various medical conditions, leading to enhanced healthcare outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 273-292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00373j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label-free quantification of single-stranded DNA utilizing enzymatic digestion and an off-the-shelf glucose test strip†","authors":"Faisal Hossain and Michael J. Serpe","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00318G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00318G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A method was developed for quantifying single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) through enzymatic digestion and using commercially available glucose test strips. The process involves the initial digestion of ssDNA using a combination of exonuclease 1 and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, leading to the liberation of phosphates from the ssDNA backbone as free orthophosphate. Subsequently, the orthophosphates react with maltose and maltose phosphorylase, producing equivalent amounts of glucose to orthophosphate. The resulting glucose, which can be related to the ssDNA concentration, can be measured amperometrically with an off-the-shelf glucose test strip connected to a mini potentiostat. This method offers versatility, allowing the determination of ssDNA, regardless of nucleotide-count or sequence, with increased sensitivity as the number of nucleotides (NT) in the DNA increases. The method exhibits a limit of detection of 780 nM for 22-NT, 527 nM for 53-NT, 422 nM for 75-NT, and 329 nM for 87-NT ssDNA, and a linear range of 0–2 μM. To selectively quantify a specific ssDNA target, a magnetic microparticle-based isolation step was incorporated, demonstrating high selectivity for quantifying a particular ssDNA target from a mixture. The method holds potential for label-free quantification of ssDNA that can have an impact in myriad fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 256-264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00318g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging synthetic imagery and YOLOv8 for a novel colorimetric approach to paper-based point-of-care male fertility testing†","authors":"Olgac Özarslan, Begum Kubra Tokyay, Cansu Soylemez, Mehmet Tugrul Birtek, Zihni Onur Uygun, İpek Keles, Begum Aydogan Mathyk, Cihan Halicigil and Savas Tasoglu","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00348A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00348A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of paper-based systems has revolutionized point-of-care (POC) applications by enabling rapid, robust, accurate and sensitive biochemical analysis, infectious disease diagnosis, and fertility monitoring, in particular, in male fertility monitoring, offering portable, cost-effective solutions compared to traditional methods. This innovation addresses high costs and limited accessibility of male fertility testing in resource-poor settings. Male infertility, a significant issue globally, often faces stigma, hindering men from seeking care. This study introduces a novel approach to male fertility testing using colorimetric analysis of paper-based assays, enhanced by synthetic imagery and the YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once) object detection algorithm. Synthetic imagery was employed to train and fine-tune YOLOv8, enhancing its capability to accurately detect color changes in paper-based tests. This colorimetric detection leverages smartphone imaging, making it both accessible and scalable. Initial experiments demonstrate that YOLOv8’s precision and efficiency, when combined with synthetic data, significantly enhance the system's ability to recognize and analyze colorimetric signals, positioning it as a promising tool for male fertility POC diagnostics. In our study, we evaluated 39 semen samples for pH and sperm count using standard clinical tests, comparing these results with a novel paper-based semen analysis kit. This kit utilizes reaction zones that exhibit color changes when exposed to semen samples, with images captured using a smartphone under varied lighting conditions. Despite a limited number of images, our synthetically trained YOLOv8 model achieved an accuracy of 0.86, highlighting its potential to improve the reliability of colorimetric analysis for both home and clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 336-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00348a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An origami colorimetric paper-based sensor for sustainable on-site and instrument-free analysis of nitrite†","authors":"Denise Gregucci, Maria Maddalena Calabretta, Faisal Nazir, Robert Josue Rodriguez Arias, Federico Biondi, Riccardo Desiderio and Elisa Michelini","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00308J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00308J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Paper-based sensors have been widely used thanks to their potential for creating simple, low-cost, and sustainable analytical devices, making them particularly suitable for environmental monitoring. The aim of this work is to develop a ready-to-use colorimetric paper sensor, based on the Griess reaction, for nitrite on-site monitoring. We here address the requirement for a sustainable, sensitive, and low-cost nitrite sensor that combines, for the first time i) the use of paper as a support, ii) the immobilization of Griess reagents, iii) the origami strategy for triggering chemical reactions without the need for handling chemicals, and iv) a smartphone as a detector for quantitative measurements. While previous sensors for nitrite detection rely on a complex assay workflow and require separate instrumentation, our paper sensor simply needs a smartphone or, for qualitative results, the naked eye for instrument-free detection. The paper sensor showed satisfactory analytical performance for analysis of drinking water with recoveries from 87 to 110% and limits of detection and quantification for NO<small>₂</small><small>⁻</small> of 0.27 mg L<small>⁻¹</small> and 1.11 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>, respectively. The sustainability of the sensor was also evaluated supporting its potential use for rapid monitoring of nitrites across a range of applications, including water quality assessment in agricultural runoff, wastewater treatment, and surface water monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00308j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paper sensors for the measurement of nitric oxide release from endothelial cells","authors":"Syed Hassan Ali and Raphaël Trouillon","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00154K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00154K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous and important biological mediator. However, its detection and chemical analysis are challenging due to its short lifetime in biological conditions. Paper-based NO sensors combining the ease of fabrication and affordability of paper with the quantitative capabilities of electrochemical methods are presented for the detection and quantification of NO in cultured cells. Nafion-coated and eugenol-functionalized paper devices were built and characterized using a NO donor. The electrochemical interferences from nitrite, a common interferent for NO sensing, were successfully screened out. Finally, preliminary data were obtained from 100 000 endothelial cells cultured directly, in an extracellular matrix, on the paper device. In response to vascular endothelial growth factor exposure, NO secretion was detected and quantified.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 310-319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00154k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotin/avidin-free sandwich aptamer-based lateral flow assay (ALFA) for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis","authors":"Christine Aubrey C. Justo, Vasso Skouridou, Piet Cools, Guy Mulinganya, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano and Ciara K. O'Sullivan","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00342J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00342J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of low-cost, rapid point-of-care tests (POCT) for the detection of the parasite <em>Trichomonas vaginalis</em> is listed in the recent WHO global research priorities for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Aiming to contribute to this call and aid in ending STIs as a public health threat, we report the development of a DNA aptamer-based POCT for <em>T. vaginalis.</em> Herein, we report an aptamer-based lateral flow assay (ALFA) based on dual aptamers for the detection of <em>T. vaginalis</em>. This is the first report of an ALFA that does not rely on biotin/streptavidin for either capture or reporter molecule. Aptamer capture and recognition relies on the use of an UV-crosslinked aminated capture aptamer on the nitrocellulose membrane and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with a thioctic acid-modified reporter aptamer. The developed ALFA has an estimated laboratory production cost of less than 1 € per test, with the running buffer and the ALFA strip stable for at least 1 year at room temperature (22 °C). The assay requires three simple operator steps from sample procurement to result with a 15-minute runtime. The developed ALFA can detect down to 1.6 × 10<small>⁵</small><em>T. vaginalis</em> per mL and shows no cross-reactivity to common vaginal microorganisms and no matrix effect from clinical cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples is observed. Preliminary clinical evaluation using CVLs demonstrated that the assay has perfect concordance with wet-mount assay on matching vaginal swabs. The developed rapid test offers a simple, stable, and low-cost diagnostic test for <em>T. vaginalis</em>.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 216-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00342j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimally and non-invasive glucose monitoring: the road toward commercialization","authors":"Shunhua Min, Haoyang Geng, Yuheng He, Tailin Xu, Qingzhou Liu and Xueji Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00360H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00360H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The increasing global prevalence of diabetes has led to significant advancements in glucose monitoring technologies. Since the introduction of enzyme-based glucose biosensors in the 1960s, these devices have evolved to enable real-time and dynamic glucose monitoring, with electrochemical biosensors playing a crucial role. Recent innovations have expanded glucose sensing into non-invasive and minimally invasive methods, utilizing optical, millimeter wave, ultrasound, and bioimpedance techniques to provide user-friendly and painless alternatives. This review examines the current state and future prospects of glucose monitoring technologies, particularly focusing on wearable sensors for <em>in vivo</em> applications. It explores the key mechanisms of electrochemical and alternative sensing methods, highlighting their evolution, adaptability to different biofluids, and integration into multiplexed systems for improved diabetes management. Emerging wearable devices offer continuous and real-time feedback, which is essential for effective glucose regulation. The review also addresses challenges such as biocompatibility, accuracy in fluctuating physiological conditions, and external factors that can affect sensor performance. Furthermore, it analyzes the commercial landscape, from established continuous glucose monitors to next-generation technologies, highlighting opportunities for personalized care. The aim of this review is to guide future research in developing advanced and efficient glucose monitoring solutions tailored to meet patient needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 5","pages":" 370-396"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00360h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new perspective on the AIE and ACQ of phosphinine-anchored luminescent materials as visual and ratiometric sensors for Ag+ and Hg2+ ion detection in live cells†","authors":"Saravanan Enbanathan, Umamahesh Balijapalli, Manojkumar Dhanthala Thiyagarajan, Selin Manojkumar, Saravanakumar Manickam and Sathiyanarayanan Kulathu Iyer","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00345D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00345D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The effective synthesis of phosphinine-based (<em>E</em>)-2-((2,6-dicyano-1,1-diphenyl-λ<small>⁵</small>-phosphinin-4-yl)methylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (<strong>MHC</strong>) and (<em>E</em>)-4-((2-(benzo[<em>d</em>]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)-1,1-diphenyl-λ<small>⁵</small>-phosphinine-2,6-dicarbonitrile (<strong>BHP</strong>) sensor materials resulted in the characterization of their notable photophysical characteristics, including aggregation, solvatochromism, and sensing ability. Upon application, the ratiometric emission properties of the <strong>MHC</strong> and <strong>BHP</strong> probes were evaluated, and they exhibited noteworthy selectivity and sensitivity for silver (Ag<small>⁺</small>) and mercury (Hg<small>²⁺</small>) ions over other metal ions. After conducting a thorough photophysical investigation, the detection limits (LODs) for Ag<small>⁺</small> and Hg<small>²⁺</small> were determined to be as low as 8.7 and 8.6 nM for <strong>MHC</strong> and 280 and 340 pM for <strong>BHP</strong>, respectively. In addition, <strong>MHC</strong> and <strong>BHP</strong> were examined as capable sensing materials for Ag<small>⁺</small> and Hg<small>²⁺</small> ions on paper strip-based sensors and bio-images. <small>¹</small>H NMR titration, HRMS analysis and DFT studies validated the binding processes of <strong>MHC</strong> and <strong>BHP</strong> with Ag<small>⁺</small> and Hg<small>²⁺</small> ions. These findings contribute to the future development of practical onsite detection of Ag<small>⁺</small> and Hg<small>²⁺</small> ions in ecological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 247-255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00345d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avoiding commercial kit-based DNA isolation and purification steps: a rapid method for Cryptosporidium oocyst detection†","authors":"Rabbee G. Mahmudunnabi, Amandeep Singh Pannu, Nam-Trung Nguyen, Helen M. Stratton and Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00344F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00344F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Current routine diagnostic tests for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts in water are performed in centralised laboratories using the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) approved USEPA Method 1623.1. This method uses fluorescent microscopy, which suffers from artefacts and false positive responses from contaminating oocyst-size particles. Additionally, existing molecular detection methods based on real-time PCR (qPCR) require purified nucleic acid, primarily relying on laborious, time-consuming, and expensive centralised laboratory-based DNA isolation procedures using commercial kits. Both the microscopy and PCR-based molecular techniques are not suitable for rapid detection due to the nature of the experiment and instrumentation. This study reports a rapid and simple method that eliminates the need for multi-step DNA isolation and purification procedures. The method involves the direct heat lysis of magnetically isolated <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts from water samples, followed by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based detection. The analytical performance of this assay reveals a LOD of 0.17 copies per μL of genomic DNA (gDNA) with a dynamic range from 1.05 × 10<small>⁴</small> copies per μL to 1.05 copies per μL. We simulated the matrix effect by putting mud into tap water and spiked oocysts to demonstrate the practical applicability of the assay. The designed LAMP detected as low as 5 and 10 oocysts per 10 mL of tap water without and with simulated matrices, respectively. The ultrasensitive nature of this assay can be attributed to its acceleration due to targeting an intron-less gene. We propose that this simple and rapid method can be extended to detect various types of pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00344f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the preparation of laser-derived 3D porous graphene electrodes for modification-free sensing of heavy metal ions†","authors":"Ismaila Diédhiou, Amal Raouafi, Sami Hamzaoui, Modou Fall and Noureddine Raouafi","doi":"10.1039/D4SD00290C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SD00290C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Heavy metallic cations are prevalent in the environment and have detrimental effects on human health and flora. Research into methods for their detection is increasing. Laser-derived graphene electrodes (LDGEs) have gained popularity in electrochemical applications owing to their straightforward preparation, cost-effectiveness, porous structure, high specific surface area, and advantageous electronic properties. In this study, we showed that the fine-tuning of laser beam parameters, such as power and speed, as well as the electrochemical detection parameters, allowed detecting heavy metal ions, specifically Cd<small>²⁺</small> and Pb<small>²⁺</small>, using carefully optimized porous LDGEs, without the need of adding any other metals such as Bi<small>³⁺</small>. The optimal LDGEs, respectively fabricated with a laser power and speed of 6.4 W and 30 cm s<small>⁻¹</small> were characterized using electrochemical measurements, digital imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, confirming the 3D porous structure. The LDGEs were then subjected to square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry for the simultaneous detection of Cd<small>²⁺</small> and Pb<small>²⁺</small> in a 0.1 M acetate-buffered solution at pH 4. The key metrics for the LDGE-based sensor were as follows: sensitivities of 0.45 (Cd<small>²⁺</small>) and 0.93 (Pb<small>²⁺</small>) μA ppb<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small>, linear ranges spanning from 25 to 1000 ppb (Cd<small>²⁺</small>) and 10 to 500 ppb (Pb<small>²⁺</small>), and detection limits of 6.13 ppb (Cd<small>²⁺</small>) and 2.96 ppb (Pb<small>²⁺</small>) (at S/N = 3).The electrochemical sensor could simultaneously detect Cd<small>²⁺</small> and Pb<small>²⁺</small> in real samples, including ore and tap water. This underscores the applicability and versatility of the optimized LDGEs for heavy-metal ion detection in complex environmental matrices.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 202-215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/sd/d4sd00290c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}