Sensors & diagnostics最新文献

{"title":"Transition metal dichalcogenides as platforms for biosensing, phototherapy, and drug delivery","authors":"Yilin Tang, Ziheng Huang, Keyue Tian and Feng Luo","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00238A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00238A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are advancing from model nanomaterials to clinically relevant biointerfaces. Their atomic thickness, tunable band structures, strong light–matter coupling, and chemically addressable surfaces enable this progress. This review connects structure–property–function relationships to synthesis routes, including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and solution-phase exfoliation. These methods control layer number, phase, defect chemistry, and lateral size. We outline how covalent or non-covalent functionalization, heterostructuring, and doping expand colloidal stability, targeting specificity, and robustness in physiological media. TMDCs leverage their high surface area and semiconducting properties to enable ultrasensitive biosensing across field-effect, electrochemical, and fluorescence/colorimetric approaches. They also enable stimuli-responsive drug delivery with spatiotemporal control and multimodal bioimaging. Modalities span photoluminescence, photoacoustic, two-photon, and MRI-hybrid platforms. Broadband near-infrared absorption supports efficient photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies, enabling synergistic theranostics. Mechanically compliant, conductive composites position TMDCs for tissue engineering and regenerative scaffolds. We critically assess biocompatibility and long-term fate, focusing on phase or defect chemistry, protein coronas, reactive oxygen species, and degradation pathways. Translational bottlenecks include batch variability, scalable manufacturing with phase control, deep-tissue activation, standardized characterization, and regulatory readiness. We map these to a practical roadmap integrating reproducible synthesis, harmonized materials descriptors, <em>in vivo</em> pharmacokinetics or toxicology standards, and interoperable device integration. Together, TMDCs are emerging as a coherent materials platform for precision diagnostics, targeted therapy, and regeneration, with milestones toward clinical adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 5","pages":" 649-673"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00238a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in multiplexed electrochemiluminescence immunoassays","authors":"Yu Liu, Chunyan Liu, Zhihui Dai and Weiliang Guo","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00236B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00236B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassays have emerged as a powerful method for multiplex biomarker detection due to their advantages of low background noise, high sensitivity, and ease of miniaturization, holding significant applications in precision medicine and <em>in vitro</em> diagnostics (IVD). This article systematically reviews recent advances in ECL-based multiplex immunoassays, focusing on two primary strategies for achieving multiplex detection. One is the spectrum-resolved strategy that enables differentiation of multiple targets by utilizing multicolor ECL luminophores, such as metal complexes and quantum dots, which emit light at distinct wavelengths. The other is the spatially resolved strategy that employs technologies including microarrays, microfluidic chips, and encoded microbeads to physically separate detection sites, allowing high-throughput analysis with just one luminophore. This review summarizes innovative designs under both strategies aimed at enhancing detection performance, discusses their applications in the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders, and addresses current challenges related to analytical performance, system integration, and clinical use. Finally, prospects for ECL technology in IVD and precision medicine are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 5","pages":" 674-686"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00236b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Rapid detection of Candida albicans in urine by an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensor","authors":"Tina D'Aponte, Maria De Luca, Nikola Sakač, Martina Schibeci, Angela Arciello, Emanuela Roscetto, Maria Rosaria Catania, Vincenzo Iannotti, Raffaele Velotta and Bartolomeo Della Ventura","doi":"10.1039/D5SD90051D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD90051D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Rapid detection of <em>Candida albicans</em> in urine by an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensor’ by Tina D'Aponte <em>et al.</em>, <em>Sens. Diagn.</em>, 2023, <strong>2</strong>, 1597–1604, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sd00209h.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 611-611"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd90051d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biophysical characterization of spCas9 binding and cleavage using real-time electronic biosensors","authors":"Deependra Kumar Ban, Kshama Parate, Deepta Bharadwaj, Austin Wong, Lorelai Schoch, Kenneth Visk and Kiana Aran","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00227C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5SD00227C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >CRISPR–Cas9 enables curative genome editing but requires precise control of target recognition, particularly when single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence specificity. Conventional biochemical and optical assays often rely on endpoint or ensemble-averaged measurements and therefore fail to resolve the real-time binding dynamics underlying off-target interactions. Here, we report a label-free, non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (nfEIS) platform that directly monitors <em>sp</em>Cas9–gRNA interactions on gold microelectrodes with single-base resolution at the sickle cell disease (SCD) locus. A guide RNA was designed to perfectly match the SCD mutation (A to T) while introducing a single PAM-proximal mismatch with the wild-type DNA (WD) sequence. Using 63-nucleotide synthetic DNA substrates representing SCD and WD targets, concentration-dependent binding assays were performed to extract equilibrium parameters. Hill-model analysis revealed higher affinity for the SCD target (<em>k</em><small>_D</small> = 0.09 nM) relative to WD (<em>k</em><small>_D</small> = 0.3 nM), confirming strong on-target binding and weakened interaction at the mismatch site. Magnesium dependence evaluation showed that 5 mM Mg<small>²⁺</small> enhanced discrimination by stabilizing on-target complexes while destabilizing mismatched binding, whereas at 1 mM Mg<small>²⁺</small> this selectivity was lost. Time-resolved kinetic measurements using 1 nM <em>sp</em>Cas9 and exponential fitting of the curve revealed rapid association (<em>t</em><small>_1/2</small> = 1.85 min) and dissociation rates (<em>t</em><small>_1/2</small> = 5.24 min) for SCD, consistent with efficient R-loop formation. In contrast, the WD target exhibited slower association (<em>t</em><small>_1/2</small> = 2.68 min) and recurring transient binding with delayed dissociation (<em>t</em><small>_1/2</small> = 34.38 min), corroborated by endpoint gel assays. Cas9 lacking gRNA showed only weak, unstable interactions. Overall, these results demonstrate that Cas9 specificity arises from both affinity differences and binding-residence dynamics. nfEIS thus provides a real-time, label-free platform for probing Cas9 fidelity, Mg<small>²⁺</small>-dependent activation, and gRNA design for therapeutic genome editing and diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 5","pages":" 718-729"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12999271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147488987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to “Advances in Nanomaterials for Sensors in Early Disease Diagnosis”","authors":"Anitha Devadoss, Suman Singh and Murugan Veerapandian","doi":"10.1039/D6SD90004F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SD90004F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A graphical abstract is available for this content</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 438-440"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d6sd90004f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered bacteria-enabled biosensing: integration with artificial intelligence for enhanced diagnostic precision","authors":"Qiuke Jing, Hongmei Liu and Decheng Wu","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00200A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00200A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Engineered bacteria—microbial strains endowed with bespoke functionalities <em>via</em> genetic or protein engineering—represent a cornerstone of synthetic biology. These living diagnostics have shown immense potential across diverse sensing applications, including disease diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and food safety assessment. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have further propelled the field by enabling the efficient analysis of complex biological datasets, identification of nuanced signal patterns, and rational optimization of genetic circuits. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental design principles underpinning engineered bacterial biosensors, encompassing chassis selection, genetic circuit construction, and signal transduction modules. We then explore emerging roles of AI in component discovery, regulatory circuit refinement, and predictive modeling of system behavior. Representative case studies highlight the translational potential of these intelligent biosensors in real-world monitoring scenarios. Finally, we discuss key challenges—including biosafety, long-term stability, and regulatory hurdles—and propose future directions for the development and clinical implementation of AI-augmented engineered bacterial sensing platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 5","pages":" 625-648"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00200a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DSE–ESIPT-active organic luminogen for “turn-on” enantioselective recognition of chiral amino alcohols and selective hydrazine sensing","authors":"Aakash Venkatesan, Baru Venkata Naga Sahithi, Francis Joy, Rupali Patel, Aatika Nizam and Vasantha Veerappa Lakshmaiah","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00214A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00214A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of dual-state emissive (DSE) organic luminogens has elevated the ease of recognition of various biological analytes, which demonstrates the multifaceted potential of dual-state emitters. Therefore, in this study, we synthesised a dual-state emissive excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-based organic luminogen, (<em>E</em>)-4-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-5-one (ANMB), exhibiting excitation-dependent phototunability with large Stokes shifts of 109 nm and 155 nm in both the solution and solid states, respectively, underscoring its potential as a biosensor. The metal-chelating ability of ANMB was investigated, revealing significant fluorescence quenching upon coordination with Cu<small>²⁺</small> ions, leading to 96% reduction in emission intensity. The introduction of biological analytes, such as amino alcohols, enabled fluorescence recovery, where ANMB demonstrated enantioselective recognition: a single emission peak for the <em>S</em>-enantiomer and dual emission peaks for the <em>R</em>-enantiomer. Furthermore, ANMB demonstrated high selectivity for hydrazine detection in both the solution and solid states, with new emission bands observed at 411 nm and 432 nm, respectively, indicating a fluorescence shift from green to blue. Complementarily, ANMB was successfully applied for real-time imaging of hydrazine in food and plant samples, showcasing its practical adaptability. Additionally, <em>in silico</em> molecular docking studies were performed, revealing the potential therapeutic activity of ANMB against diarrheal targets. Overall, this work highlights the multifunctionality and tunability of DSE–ESIPT-based organic luminogens, positioning ANMB as a promising candidate for the selective recognition of biologically significant analytes in analytical and real-world contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 579-595"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00214a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of proton-mediated detection of ascorbic acid with a Ni–Co bimetallic MOF based extended gate FET","authors":"Guru Prasad Kuppuswamy, Akshaya Vinukumar, Kishore Pushparaj, Sujitha Murugaiyan, Larisa Lvova, Surya Velappa Jayaraman, Corrado Di Natale and Yuvaraj Sivalingam","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00217F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00217F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The possibility to quantify ascorbic acid (AA) using a Ni–Co MOF-coated carbon paper electrode within an extended gate FET setup (EGFET), operated at zero gate potential (open-circuit potential, OCP), has been investigated. Under these conditions, the Ni–Co MOF/CP electrode outperformed the single metal-based Ni-MOF and Co-MOF, demonstrating a wide detection range from 454 nM to 224.9 μM, encompassing both low and high AA levels in human blood, and a response time under 7 seconds. The sensor has shown a pronounced selective response to AA in the presence of several potential interferents such as glucose, sucrose, nicotine, lactose, and fructose. The sensitivity of the Ni–Co MOF/CP sensor to AA was estimated as 6.5284 nA μM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small>, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 45.1 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 136 nM. These findings indicate the potential and suitability of the Ni–Co MOF/CP electrode for detecting ascorbic acid in human blood serum. A key novelty of this work is the use of OCP to detect AA with Ni–Co MOF/CP, leveraging proton conduction <em>via</em> a combined Grotthuss and vehicular mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 5","pages":" 705-717"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00217f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Rapid detection of major Gram-positive pathogens in ocular specimens using a novel fluorescent vancomycin-based probe","authors":"Richa Sharma, Harinee Rajagopalan, Maxime Klausen, Mani Vimalin Jeyalatha, Muhammed Üçüncü, Seshasailam Venkateswaran, Appakkudal R. Anand and Mark Bradley","doi":"10.1039/D5SD90048D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD90048D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Rapid detection of major Gram-positive pathogens in ocular specimens using a novel fluorescent vancomycin-based probe’ by Richa Sharma <em>et al.</em>, <em>Sens. Diagn.</em>, 2022, <strong>1</strong>, 1014–1020, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sd00061j.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 425-425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd90048d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Noninvasive and point-of-care screening of snoring by breath monitoring using ion-in-conjugation polymer-based humidity sensors","authors":"Ze-Kun Chen, Wei-Wei Bai, Ying-Qian Huo and Jing-Hui He","doi":"10.1039/D5SD90050F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD90050F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Noninvasive and point-of-care screening of snoring by breath monitoring using ion-in-conjugation polymer-based humidity sensors’ by Ze-Kun Chen <em>et al.</em>, <em>Sens. Diagn.</em>, 2023, <strong>2</strong>, 721–725, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SD00042G.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 427-427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd90050f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}