Sensors & diagnostics最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Diffuse reflectance-based spectroscopic technique for real-time estimation of localized blood oxygenation parameters from human fingertips: a preliminary study","authors":"Ajay Kumar, Kalaivani Chellappan, Aulia Nasution, Dnyandeo Pawar, Manoj Kumar Patel and Rajesh Kanawade","doi":"10.1039/D5SD90049B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD90049B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Diffuse reflectance-based spectroscopic technique for real-time estimation of localized blood oxygenation parameters from human fingertips: a preliminary study’ by Ajay Kumar <em>et al.</em>, <em>Sens. Diagn.</em>, 2022, <strong>1</strong>, 1236–1242, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SD00126H.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 426-426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd90049b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) electrochemical biosensors for rapid and label-free detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae","authors":"Vincent Vezza, Veerappan Mani, Niamh Docherty, Adrian Butterworth, David Alcorn, Paul A. Hoskisson and Damion Corrigan","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00210A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00210A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Severe sepsis presents a critical healthcare challenge where rapid pathogen identification is vital for timely intervention. Current diagnostic methods, however, remain inadequate, often delaying targeted treatment. Using readily available printed circuit board (PCB) electrodes, we address this need by developing a low-cost electrochemical DNA biosensor for rapid detection of <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> using the <em>lytA</em> gene as a biomarker. Through systematic evaluation of commercial and custom PCB designs (P1–P4), gold-plated PCB P4 was found as the optimal platform, demonstrating sensitive detection of <em>lytA</em> sequences (20 bp at 4.50 pM limit of detection in buffer) and clinically relevant 235 bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons in 100% human serum (1.0–100 pM) within 15 min at room temperature using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The performance of the biosensor originates from the optimized electrode geometry, surface properties, and robust self-assembled monolayer functionalization, enabling specific recognition of bacterial DNA without sample pretreatment. This work establishes PCB-based biosensors as a promising solution for point-of-care sepsis diagnostics, offering significant advantages in speed, cost, and operational simplicity compared to conventional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 596-610"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00210a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular sensing transforms olfactory diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine: a critical review","authors":"Ling Leng, Ruihan Zhang, Yuxia Shan, Rong Chen, Minghui Yang, Zhenze Cui and Yuan Liang","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00196J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00196J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Objectifying and standardizing diagnostic methods are essential steps toward the modernization and global recognition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The “four diagnostic methods”, namely, inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry, and palpation, constitute the fundamental diagnostic framework of TCM, among which olfactory diagnosis plays a vital role. This method relies on identifying characteristic odors from the breath or secretions of a patient to guide syndrome differentiation (Bian Zheng). However, conventional olfactory diagnosis remains highly subjective depending on the practitioner's experience, which results in inconsistent outcomes and challenges in reproducibility and quantification. The integration of medical science with modern sensing and analytical technologies provides a transformative pathway to overcome these limitations. Recent studies have shown that exhaled breath contains a complex spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that collectively form a personalized “breathprint”, reflecting physiological and pathological states. Objective analysis of these VOCs enables quantifiable, evidence-based characterization of disease-related odors, thereby providing a scientific foundation for olfactory diagnostics in TCM. This review summarizes advancements in VOC detection methodologies, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electronic nose (e-nose) systems paired with data-driven analytical frameworks, to advance the transformation of traditional olfactory diagnosis in TCM into a standardized, evidence-based diagnostic paradigm.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 441-454"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00196j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoplasmonic core–shell nanoraspberry chip for ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of SARS-CoV-2: a modular nanobiosensor for respiratory virus diagnostics","authors":"Nnamdi Nwahara, Saba Niaz, Muthumuni Managa, Christian I. Nkanga, Oluwasesan Adegoke and Ojodomo J. Achadu","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00185D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00185D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of robust and ultrasensitive point-of-care diagnostics for viral pathogens, particularly for seasonal respiratory viruses, remains a critical challenge, as traditional biosensing platforms often suffer from signal instability and poor performance in complex biological matrices. Here, we report a dual-component surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunosensor designed to mitigate some of these limitations through a new hotspot engineering strategy. Our platform is centred on a core–shell Au@Ag nanotag fabricated from branched gold nanoraspberries (AuNRBs), which provides a high density of plasmonic hotspots. A conformal Ag shell confines the 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) reporter within these nanogaps, establishing a unique “gap-confined” Raman reporter architecture that enhances signal stability and reproducibility. This nanotag is complemented by a second SERS-active component: a capture sensor chip of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) modified with a dense layer of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). When implemented in a sandwich immunoassay for the SARS-CoV-2 S2 spike protein, this dual-enhancement platform achieved a sensitive detection range of 1–500 ng mL<small>⁻¹</small> with an ultralow limit of detection of 1.07 pg mL<small>⁻¹</small> (15.3 fM) in PBS and 1.30 pg mL<small>⁻¹</small> (18.6 fM) in human serum albumin (HSA). Although these results demonstrate strong analytical sensitivity and rapid assay performance within 30 min, further studies are required to assess clinical robustness, scalability and long-term stability. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of the proposed SERS system as a versatile platform for rapid, on-site pathogen diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 567-578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00185d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of a bipolar electrode arrangement involving ion-selective electrodes in vertical farming, with the self-controlled supply of macro- and microcomponents","authors":"Ewa Jaworska, Agata Michalska and Krzysztof Maksymiuk","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00193E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00193E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >All-solid-state potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with plastic membranes are attractive analytical tools due to the simplicity of the apparatus and their ease of use. The implementation of ISEs into a bipolar electrode system working in self-powered mode would open new and attractive possibilities, far beyond typical analytical purposes. In the present work, the applicability of such systems for vertical farming, <em>e.g.</em>, in hydroponics, is evaluated as a proof of concept. This approach can be used for long-term monitoring of the concentration of electrolytes (macrocomponents, <em>e.g.</em>, potassium or chloride ions) in solutions. Another innovative application proposed herein utilizes the properties of the bipolar electrode system to allow for self-adjustment of the concentrations of components <em>via</em> spontaneous charge transfer processes occurring at both poles of the bipolar electrode. We demonstrate that a self-powered bipolar electrode system composed of an active metal (zinc) and an ISE can be applied for the controlled release of minute amounts of microelements, in this case, zinc ions. The ion flux is selectively controlled by a chemical stimulus, namely, the composition and concentration of a neutral electrolyte (macrocomponents), as well as the properties of the bipolar electrode system.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 543-551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00193e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snapshot of long COVID in young adults: fast screening using electronic noses","authors":"José Alberto Ulloa-Rosales, Sofía Bernal-Silva, Mariana Palau-Vázquez, Sandra Cadena-Mota, Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana, Jan Mitrovics, Fátima Rosales-Arellano, Luis Daniel Becerra-Montes, Gabriela Flores-Rangel, Andreu Comas-García, Boris Mizaikoff and Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00204D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00204D","url":null,"abstract":"<p > <em>Background</em>: Long COVID (LC) is a multisystemic condition characterized by persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although most research focuses on older or hospitalized individuals, young adults are frequently overlooked despite significant effects on their academic, professional, and social functioning. <em>Methods</em>: This cross-sectional study evaluated 78 university students (median age 20 years; 56.4% female) with prior COVID-19 infection, classified according to the WHO Delphi consensus definition. Sociodemographic, clinical, and spirometry data were collected, and exhaled breath samples were analyzed using an electronic nose system (e-Nose) under controlled conditions. Chemometric and machine learning techniques—Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares–Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates (CAP), and Random Forest (RF)—were applied to identify LC-associated volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns. <em>Findings</em>: LC prevalence was 29.5%. Acute-phase fatigue, (odds ratio) (OR = 3.22), dyspnea (OR = 6.09), nausea (OR = 3.57), and vomiting (OR = 11.37) were significantly associated with LC. Post-acute anosmia (OR = 3.65), sleep disturbances (OR = 4.34), and bradycardia were also more frequent among LC cases. All participants exhibited normal spirometry. e-Nose data revealed distinct group-associated VOC patterns and demonstrated promising discriminatory potential between LC and control participants (PCA variance 94.1%; CAP <em>R</em><small>²</small> = 0.95; PLS-DA accuracy 97.4%, <em>Q</em><small>²</small> = 0.534). The RF model achieved an out-of-bag error of 3.42% and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 0.966. <em>Interpretation</em>: Nearly one-third of young adults experienced LC despite normal pulmonary function, suggesting substantial subclinical and systemic alterations. e-Nose breath analysis represents a promising, non-invasive, and rapid approach for LC screening; while these findings support the feasibility of breath-based screening for LC, further validation in larger and independent cohorts is required before clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 534-542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00204d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an integrated label-free electrochemical sensor with sample collection for the detection of Acinetobacter baumannii","authors":"Sallam Al-Madhagi, Souna Elwary, Luay Fawzi Abuqatouseh and Mohammed Zourob","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00130G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00130G","url":null,"abstract":"<p > <em>Acinetobacter</em>, a genus of bacteria capable of infecting humans, is found in the healthcare environment. <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (<em>A. baumannii</em>), which is one of the most important species in the genus <em>Acinetobacter</em>, causes bloodstream, wound, and pneumonia infections in immunocompromised patients. This bacterium adapts to various conditions and develops antibiotic resistance, making it challenging to manage in healthcare settings. In this study, an integrated label-free electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of <em>A. baumannii</em> non-coding RNA (ncRNA). This integrated sensing platform, consisting of two parts: the sample collection unit and the detection electrode, has been developed. The sample collection was fabricated from paper for collecting the sample and integrated with a heating probe for lysing the bacteria and releasing the ncRNA. The detection mechanism relies on the hybridization of the bacterial ncRNA to the thiolated complementary sequences immobilized on the sensor surface. The sensor employed a three-electrode chip and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The increase in the current due to the hybridization event with the target ncRNA was quantified. To create a user-friendly sensor, sample collection pads were integrated with the electrochemical sensor, which was subsequently employed to collect and identify bacteria from contaminated surfaces. The developed sensor exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity, with a 5 pM limit of detection (LoD) and 15 pM limit of quantification (LoQ), respectively. It has been demonstrated that the sensor has the capability to detect non-coding RNA from <em>A. baumannii</em> in samples from cell cultures. This sensor offers a promising approach for direct bacterial detection in a single device, eliminating the need for multiple pre-test steps or DNA amplification.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 404-412"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00130g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in current and emerging techniques for the detection of PFAS – the forever chemicals","authors":"Vibhas Chugh, Paul Gaskin and Waye Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00166H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00166H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are now regulated at ultra-trace levels in drinking water, with guideline values in the low ng L<small>⁻¹</small> (ppt) range in many jurisdictions, demanding highly sensitive, robust, and cost-effective monitoring tools. Regulatory drivers increasingly emphasize not only detection of legacy PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA, but also broader chemical coverage, routine compliance monitoring, and rapid screening at the point of use. This review critically surveys PFAS sensor technologies developed over the last decade, encompassing optical (colorimetric, fluorescence, and surface plasmon resonance), electrochemical (voltammetric, impedimetric, and potentiometric), and emerging biosensing and whole-cell reporter platforms. For each sensor class, typical limits of detection (from low ppb down to sub-ppt in optimized systems), dynamic ranges, regeneration, and compatibility with repeated measurements in real and complex water matrices are summarized. The underlying recognition and transduction principles—including molecularly imprinted polymers, host–guest interactions, ion-selective membranes, nanomaterial-enhanced interfaces, and biological recognition elements—are highlighted to connect materials design with analytical performance. Across these platforms, key advantages include miniaturization, rapid response, and potential integration into portable or on-line monitoring systems, whereas major limitations involve selectivity among structurally similar PFAS, matrix interferences, long-term stability, and limited multi-analyte capability. This review discusses how current research addresses these challenges through preconcentration strategies, sensor arrays, nanostructured materials, and integrated sample handling, and outlines future directions toward regulatory-grade, field-deployable PFAS sensors capable of continuous monitoring, multiplex detection, and scalable deployment in drinking water and environmental surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 305-325"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00166h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition of illicit date rape drugs: a luminescence sensing perspective","authors":"Sunita Kyndait, Trisha Das, Dikshit Bokotial and Aniket Chowdhury","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00186B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00186B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The consumption of recreational and addictive substances has rapidly increased owing to the legalisation of cannabinoids and the emergence of new potent synthetic psychoactive substances such as stimulants, depressants, and opioids. Moreover, due to lucrative financial aspects, the cooperation between international organised criminal syndicates has led to a surge in the worldwide distribution of narcotics. The use of darknet, encrypted software, and untraceable communication has also complicated the detection and confiscation of the drugs. Although the major attention of the law enforcement has been directed towards addictive substances, the non-lethal party drugs or illicit date rape drugs have gradually emerged, which could induce long-term psychological and physical trauma on the victim. Several heavy instrument-based and portable devices are now commercially available for their detection, which rely on various spectroscopic and spectrometric principles. The use of luminescent molecules in this regard proves beneficial due to their portability, sensitivity, selectivity, and, most importantly, sensing capacity even in clandestine environments. Although several literature reports are available on the sensing of illicit narcotics encompassing all types of psychoactive drugs, such as opioids, cathinones, cannabinoids, and synthetics, a comprehensive exploration of illicit date rape drugs remains elusive. Therefore, in this perspective, an attempt is made to comprehensively evaluate all types of luminescent sensors, which are reported for the detection of illicit date rape drugs, including GHB, benzodiazepines and ketamine.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 488-521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00186b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1,8-Naphthalimide-derived reactivity-based fluorescent probes for detection and imaging of H2S","authors":"Mannanthara Kunhumon Noushija, Alenthwar Vamshi Krishna and Sankarasekaran Shanmugaraju","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00201J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00201J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen sulfide (H<small>₂</small>S) is both an important biological signaling molecule and a toxic environmental pollutant, making its precise detection essential for biomedical research and environmental monitoring. Among the various sensing platforms available, amino-1,8-naphthalimide (<strong>Nap</strong>)-based fluorescent probes have become powerful tools for real-time H<small>₂</small>S detection due to their high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, biocompatibility, and quick response. <strong>Nap</strong> fluorophores offer several inherent advantages—including strong and tunable emission, prominent intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) characteristics, large Stokes shifts, and easy structural modification—making them especially attractive as scaffolds for developing activity-based probes. This review highlights recent developments in <strong>Nap</strong>-derived fluorescent sensors for H<small>₂</small>S detection, categorizing the probes based on their reactive sites and sensing mechanisms, such as thiolysis, reduction, and nucleophilic substitution. For each category, we explore structure–function relationships, photophysical properties, sensing performance, and practical applications in biological and environmental settings. Finally, we address current challenges and future directions in designing next-generation <strong>Nap</strong>-based probes with enhanced ratiometric responses, targeted subcellular localization, two-photon excitation capabilities, and improved suitability for <em>in vivo</em> imaging. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive perspective to guide the rational development of innovative fluorescent tools for accurate and efficient H<small>₂</small>S detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 2","pages":" 184-207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00201j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}