Sensors & diagnostics最新文献

{"title":"Comparative performance of graphene and MXenes in flexible pressure sensors","authors":"Mohammed Nabeel, Nabil Kadhim Taieh, Mohammed Ahmed Shehab, Ying Li, Guangjun Gou, Adnan A. AbdulRazak and Khalid T. Rashid","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00223K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00223K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two-dimensional nano-conductors have led to the rapid development of flexible pressure sensors; however, studies need to establish direct application-based evaluations between MXene and graphene platforms. Specifically, this review synthesizes recent progress across sensing mechanisms (piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric), device architectures (microstructured films, porous foams/aerogels, textiles, and hybrid stacks), and performance metrics relevant to wearables and soft robotics. In particular, the operating regime determines the material selection process because graphene crack-network films demonstrate exceptional sensitivity to sub-kPa pressures for micro-physiological pressure measurement but MXene composites and textiles maintain their linear behavior and structural stability during mid- to high-pressure applications with excellent durability. Furthermore, practical limits differ: MXene requires encapsulation to mitigate oxidation and long-term drift in humid or sweat-rich environments, while graphene's crack-mediated transduction can introduce hysteresis and baseline evolution over extended cycling. Finally, the last part introduces a decision framework which links application restrictions to mechanism–material pairings while demanding standardized reporting methods that must include sensitivity ranges and load protocols and hysteresis and durability statistics to improve comparison and translation capabilities. Therefore, these guidelines enable the rational selection and engineering of MXene/graphene sensors for health monitoring and human–machine interfaces and soft robotic touch applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 455-487"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00223k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable enzyme-free glucose sensor using a flexible sericin-based conductive bio-composite","authors":"Xiaorui Huang, Yi Li, Boxiang Yang, Yuxuan Wu, Zhuocheng Jiang, Jiuxi Sui, Siyi Xing, Xue Zhang, Hualin Lan, Hanyan Zou, Yuchan Zhang and Guangchao Zang","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00188A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00188A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >With over 500 million people affected by diabetes worldwide, there is an urgent need for painless, continuous glucose monitoring. However, current wearable sensors are limited by enzyme instability, mechanical rigidity, and poor correlation with blood glucose levels. Here, we present an eco-friendly flexible biosensor fabricated from silk sericin, an abundant cocoon by-product, crosslinked with dialdehyde HPMC and functionalized with AuNPs–AMWCNTs. This dual-crosslinking strategy integrates sericin's biocompatibility with the high conductivity and catalytic activity of the nanocomposite, yielding a robust sensing layer that withstands 200 folding cycles without performance loss. The sensor exhibits a low detection limit of 4 μM and a sensitivity of 13.43 μA mM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small> in the physiologically relevant 25–400 μM range. This work offers a sustainable and reliable platform for real-time, continuous, and noninvasive glucose monitoring, with significant potential for next-generation wearable health devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 552-566"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00188a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-activation enhanced graphite additive manufactured polypropylene sensor for the detection of parathion in forensic and environmental samples","authors":"Karen K. L. Augusto, Larissa M. A. Melo, Elena Bernalte, Robert D. Crapnell, Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz, Orlando Fatibello-Filho, Wallans T. P. dos Santos and Craig E. Banks","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00125K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00125K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Parathion is a widely used pesticide that also acts as a hazardous toxicant, making its <em>in situ</em> detection crucial in both environmental and forensic contexts. As such, this study presents the development and application of a new additive manufactured electrodes composed of polypropylene (PP), carbon black (CB), and nitric acid-treated graphite (Gr(HNO<small>₃</small>)) for the electroanalytical detection of parathion. The physicochemical properties of the CB–Gr(HNO<small>₃</small>)/PP additive manufactured electrodes were thoroughly characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterisation revealed that introducing acid-treated graphite component significantly enhanced the electrode's electrochemical properties compared to untreated graphite electrodes. The electroanalytical performance of the CB–Gr(HNO<small>₃</small>)/PP electrode was subsequently assessed for the detection of parathion using adsorptive stripping square-wave voltammetry (SWAdSV), exhibiting a highly sensitive response, with a theoretical detection limit of 0.17 nM and a linear concentration range from 20 to 100 μM. The method demonstrated excellent reproducibility (RSD &lt; 4%) and selectivity, with minimal interference from common contaminants. Parathion detection was successfully validated in real samples, showing recovery values of 91.5% in river water, 105.5% in urine, 76.9% in saliva, 102.9% in vitreous humour, and 87.6% in serum. It is demonstrated that the proposed CB–Gr(HNO<small>₃</small>)/PP electrode provides an effective platform for parathion sensing, highlighting the potential of additive manufacturing in advancing real-world analytical applications for environmental and forensic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 381-392"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00125k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling the signal through interfacial design in aptamer-based electrochemical sensors","authors":"Ashkan Koushanpour, Yara Raphael, Edward J. Harvey and Geraldine E. Merle","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00181A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00181A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors represent a distinct class of biosensing platforms that convert target recognition events into faradaic signals through conformational changes at electrode interfaces. Unlike conventional chemical- or enzyme-dependent systems, E-AB sensors operate <em>via</em> purely physical transduction mechanisms, minimizing susceptibility to pH fluctuations, enzymatic degradation, or interfering side reactions. These attributes enable robust operation in complex physiological environments and have been demonstrated in clinically relevant contexts, including intraoperative cancer diagnostics. Nevertheless, broad implementation has been limited by challenges in interfacial chemistry, aptamer stability, electrode nanostructuring, and signal reproducibility. This review critically examines intrinsic factors governing E-AB performance, with emphasis on interfacial engineering, aptamer selection and modification, and nanostructured electrode architectures. Advances in molecular design and materials integration are highlighted, alongside emerging fabrication strategies that enhance sensitivity, dynamic range, and operational stability. By synthesizing recent progress and identifying persistent bottlenecks, this work outlines pathways toward realizing the clinical and technological potential of E-AB sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 4","pages":" 522-533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00181a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From laboratory to community: a perspective on colourimetric membrane sensor technologies for heavy metal monitoring in freshwater","authors":"Alessio Polvani, Amedeo Boldrini, Riccardo Gaetano Cirrone, Xinyu Liu, Luisa Galgani, Fiona Regan, Abu Bakar Kamara, Mohamed Sahr E Juanah and Steven A. Loiselle","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00172B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00172B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Heavy metal (HM) pollution continues to threaten freshwater ecosystems worldwide, disproportionately impacting low-resource communities where routine analytical monitoring is often absent. Despite advances in spectroscopy, electrochemical platforms, and automated sensing networks, regular monitoring of potential pollution events by local agencies remains constrained by high costs, specialised equipment, and the need for trained personnel. As a result, contamination events are frequently detected late—after ecological or public health damage has already occurred. Colourimetric sensing offers a complementary pathway toward decentralised early-warning systems. These sensors translate chemical information into visually interpretable colour changes, enabling rapid, inexpensive screening without laboratory infrastructure. In recent years, the field has seen a rise in bio-based membrane formats—cellulose, biopolymers, protein-derived films, and hybrid natural–synthetic composites—motivated by their sustainability, safety, and tunability. Yet their future impact will depend not only on analytical metrics but also on how well they fit into real-world monitoring ecosystems. This Perspective argues that the next decade of progress should be guided not solely by material innovation and continuously lower detection limits, but by a stronger focus on practical deployability, community integration, and environmental responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 326-336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00172b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ICT-driven Ag+ detection using xylene-spacer integrated naphthalene probes as fluorescent chemosensors: selectivity, practical monitoring, and anticounterfeiting","authors":"Narmatha Ganesan, Kavanya Srinivasan, Elizabeth Antony, Jan G. Malecki, Abisha Nancy Sukumar, Abiram Angamuthu, J. Prabhu and Raju Nandhakumar","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00202H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00202H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two xylene-linked naphthalene-based fluorescent probes, <strong>ONA</strong> and <strong>MNA</strong>, were designed, synthesized and fully characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry for the selective detection of Ag<small>⁺</small> ions. In a MeOH : H<small>₂</small>O (1 : 1, v/v) medium at physiological pH (7.3), both probes exhibited pronounced selectivity and high sensitivity toward Ag<small>⁺</small>. The sensing response arises from a synergistic mechanism involving restriction of C–O bond rotation, suppression of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process, and chelation-induced complex stabilization, leading to enhanced fluorescence accompanied by a hypsochromic shift. Quantitative evaluation through quantum yield measurements, limits of detection, and binding constant analysis confirmed efficient Ag<small>⁺</small> recognition. The practical applicability of the probes was validated through successful detection in real samples, including millets, vegetables, ointments, and soils, as well as bacterial imaging in <em>E. coli</em> and anticounterfeiting stamping applications. These results establish <strong>ONA</strong> and <strong>MNA</strong> as versatile and multifunctional fluorescent chemosensors for Ag<small>⁺</small> detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 413-424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00202h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXene-supported Cu–Ag nanohybrids for electrochemical nitrate and nitrite detection in alkaline media","authors":"Vishwanath Ankalgi, Mohammed Arkham Belgami, Bhakti Kulkarni, Sang Mun Jeong and Chandra Sekhar Rout","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00187K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00187K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on Ti<small>₃</small>C<small>₂</small>T<small>_<em>x</em></small> MXene functionalized with bimetallic Cu–Ag nanoparticles was developed for the selective and sensitive detection of nitrate and nitrite ions. Owing to the high surface area, excellent conductivity, and versatile surface chemistry of Ti<small>₃</small>C<small>₂</small>T<small>_<em>x</em></small>, the sensor exhibits dual linear response ranges for nitrate (0.1–10 mM and 10–100 mM), while enabling simultaneous nitrite detection across the same concentration intervals of nitrate addition. The detection limits for nitrate were calculated as 5.2 μM and 124.0 μM, with corresponding sensitivities of 220.75 and 5.095 μA mM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small>, and for nitrite (0.1–1 mM and 1–30 mM), the detection limits calculated were 0.031 μM and 0.211 μM with sensitivities of 898.12 and 131.35 μA mM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small>, respectively. The sensor further demonstrates remarkable selectivity against common interfering species and retains electrochemical stability over 100 voltammetry cycles. Validation through real-sample analysis in soil, lake water, and tap water yielded high recovery rates, underscoring its practical utility. Overall, this study highlights the successful deployment of MXene-based electrochemical sensing for nitrate and nitrite ions, extending the scope of MXene applications beyond conventional reduction processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00187k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical sensor for the detection of sunset yellow in food using a polyaniline/carbon nanopowder nanocomposite modified electrode","authors":"Judith Letsoalo, Gloria E. Uwaya and Omolola E. Fayemi","doi":"10.1039/D5SD00134J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD00134J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Food items frequently face the risk of adulteration, which can lead to serious health consequences. An example of food fraud is the addition of synthetic azo dye sunset yellow (SY), for colouring food (SY-FCF). This study reports the design of an electrochemical sensor for the direct detection of SY at a glassy carbon electrode modified with a polyaniline (PANI) and carbon nanopowder (CNP) nanocomposite (GCE–PANI/CNP). The individual components of the sensor and the nanocomposite were characterised using FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The developed electrochemical sensor (GCE/PANI/CNP) demonstrated optimal detection for SY using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at approximately 0.8 V, compared to individual modified electrodes. The detection limit (LOD) was calculated to be 1.81 nM, with a broad linear detection range spanning from 1 to 194 nM, using square wave voltammetry. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the designed sensor can be a great tool for detecting sunset yellow in food samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 3","pages":" 369-380"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd00134j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Highly selective detection of ethanol in biological fluids and alcoholic drinks using indium ethylenediamine functionalized graphene","authors":"Ramin Boroujerdi, Amor Abdelkader and Richard Paul","doi":"10.1039/D5SD90045J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SD90045J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Highly selective detection of ethanol in biological fluids and alcoholic drinks using indium ethylenediamine functionalized graphene’ by Ramin Boroujerdi <em>et al.</em>, <em>Sens. Diagn.</em>, 2022, <strong>1</strong>, 566–578, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SD00011C.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 1","pages":" 105-105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sd/d5sd90045j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: High resolution voltammetric and field-effect transistor readout of carbon fiber microelectrode biosensors","authors":"Whirang Cho, Harmain Rafi, Seulki Cho, Arvind Balijepalli and Alexander G. Zestos","doi":"10.1039/D5SD90047F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5SD90047F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘High resolution voltammetric and field-effect transistor readout of carbon fiber microelectrode biosensors’ by Whirang Cho <em>et al.</em>, <em>Sens. Diagn.</em>, 2022, <strong>1</strong>, 460–464, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SD00023G.</p>","PeriodicalId":74786,"journal":{"name":"Sensors & diagnostics","volume":" 1","pages":" 104-104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12690546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}